Early Monastic Buddhism v1.c18.s5.6

v1.c18.s5.6

(1) *Dukkha*: Birth is *dukkha*, so are old age, death, grief, lamentation due to the death of friends and relatives, etc.; physical and mental pain; meeting uncongenial persons; separation from dear ones; disappointment in obtaining the desired objects. In short, the congregation of five *khandhas* is *dukkha* as it is always accompanied by pain, being subject to change, and ultimately decay.⁵ (2) *Samudaya*: It is attributed to *taṇhā* (desires, thirst) which may be for (i) worldly objects, (ii) repeated existence or (iii) dissolution of bodies.¹