The Doctrine of the Jainas, Described after the Old Sources c6.103.3

c6.103.3

Nor is the astronomy of the Jains, as, above all, it is offered to us by the Sūrapannatti, a creation of his own, but it rather reflects the thinking of generations. This becomes equally clear by the usage of "we" instead of "I" and by the absence of polemics¹. As to the aspect of the world, however, it bears Mahāvīra's stamping by his doubling the widths of geographical units, a geometrical line with the quotient 2 (§ 122). This, perhaps, accounts for the contention that there are two suns and moons over Jambuddīva, which then leads up to the doubling of further stars (§ 128). The arithmetical line is applied in Mahāvīra's teaching to the sums. Of a sum (*jumma* or *rāsi* or *rāsi-jumma*)² continuously diminished by 4 there remains 4 (or 0), 3, 2 or 1, and it is called accordingly by the terms used at dice-playing *kaḍa-jumma*, *teoya*, *dāvara* or *kali-oya* (Viy. 744b)³, and even *khuddāga* may be paced at the head of these names of *khudda-jumma* (Viy. 948b). They are called small "sums" as against the "large" ones, *mahā-j.* (Viy. 964b). They are sums expressing by their name not only the final remainder but also the number of the factors, the latter always preceding in the bipartite names of *kaḍa-jumma-kaḍajumma*, *k.-teoya*, etc.⁴. These calculations—to be found in the last passages of the Viy.—are applied in the most different connexions⁵, though even Abhayadeva fails to know what to do with the latter¹.