The Doctrine of the Jainas, Described after the Old Sources c8.18

c8.18

§ 58. The Units. Logically the "masses" are preceded by their parts, and these appear as the desa and the paesa. But while the paesa are essential for the structure of the world, the desa represent but calculable quantities. So, *e.g.*, the fundamental facts dhamma, adhamma and ākāsa do not exist in their totalities in the lower, the upper and the higher regions of the world, but only in their parts mentioned (desa), whereas in the total world (loga) they do not exist in parts but wholly with the exception of ākās'atthikāya, which, as we saw, is existent in the world as well as in the non-world (Viy. 522 a). On the other hand (see again Viy. 522a) we may just as well examine a unit of space as to whether it contains the atthikāya either completely or in parts (*egammi*¹ ākāsa-paese). For other considerations containing the desa and the paesa see Viy. 149a, 493a, 714a; Pannav. 8a. Let us make it quite clear that it is the paesa or the "units" which in their totality, and in their totality only, constitute the "masses". No fraction of either, however large, may replace them, and any deduction is as little admissible as with a concrete object (*no khaṇḍe cakke* . . . —*sakale cakke* . . . Viy. 148a). With motion, rest and space this comglomeration which lacks both beginning and originator (visasā) is not a merger, but the units of one and the same mass are strung up like the links of a chain. They do not mix like milk and water (Viy.