The Doctrine of the Jainas, Described after the Old Sources c9.17

c9.17

§105. The concrete (*bāyara*) elemental beings do not occur in the same way everywhere in the world, but we find them in all of its three sections. They represent the palpable occurrence of the elements, and, to mention but some of them, they appear in the forms of earth, minerals, metals; of water, clouds, snow; of flame, coal, lightning; of breath, wind, storm. Their concrete shapes are, resp., those of the lens, the drop (*thibuga*), the quiver, and the flag (Thāṇ. 234b; Jīv. 11a, 24b, 27a; 29a; Pannav. 410b). The animate elements of earth, water, and wind² appear in a concrete shape (Pannav. 71b ff.) except in the centre world at all obvious places also within the sphere of the subterranean and heavenly dwellings and, naturally, also in the structure of the hulls enveloping the lower world (§ 107). In the watery hulls there are also concrete vegetable bodies with their souls; acc. to Viy. 278 b clouds come into existence also in the lower world and in the upper world as a work of gods (*deva, asura, nāga*). Fire only is confined to the centre world as far as it is inhabited by men. It comes into being at a fire-place (*iṅgālakariyā*), but it comes to glow (*ujjalai*) only when joined by the wind (*vāuyāya*) (Viy. 696 b). The lower (two- to four- sensed) and the higher animals (*pañcendiya tirikkha-joṇiya*) occur in the lower and centre world at places where, according to their kind, they belong (*tad-ekka-desa-bhāe*). We shall consider them when dealing with the centre world (§ 113).