The History of Buddhist Thought c31: Index
The History of Buddhist Thought c31
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Index
c31.1
Abbhutadhamma, anga, 277 Ābhassara, Ābhāsvara world, 88, 111 Abhayagiri, vihāra, 40 Abhayagirivāsins, Dhammarucis, 38, 40, 292 Abhibhāyatana, 51 Abhidhamma, Abhidharma, 32, 98, 146, 156, 158 ff., 166, 213, 266, 276; developments in, 153 ff.; at first Council, 28, 278; Sarvāstivādin, 160, 167, 228, 275; psychology in, 160 ff.; of Mahāyāna, 285 Abhidhamma-piṭaka, 273 ff., 277, 278 Abhidharma-kośa, 65, 161, 166, 175, 176, 228, 238, 285 Abhidharma-vibhāshā-śāstra, 175 Abhijñā, see Knowledges, higher Abhimukhī, 208 Abhinishkramaṇa-sūtra, 281 Abhiniveśa, 79 Abhiññā, see Knowledges, higher Abhisheka, see Consecration Abhivinaya, 276 Absolute, 217, 297; see Reality, Truth Acalā, 209 Ācariyavāda, 31, 37 Achelakas, 115 Action, doctrine of, 73, 116 Adbhuta-dharma, anga, 278 Adhikaraṇa-samatha rules, 21, 268 Adhimukticaryābhūmi, 210 Adhipati, 220, 221 Ādibuddha, system, 248 Ādideva, 191 Ādikarmika, 170, 195 Afghanistan, 154, 174 Āgamas, 157, 266; in China, 251; four, 192, 273 ff. Aggregates, see Saṅkhāras Ahaṃkāra, 78, 79 Ahoganga hill, 30 Ajanta, 69 Ajātasattu, 8, 10, 39; visits Buddha, 72; Council, 35 Ajita (Maitreya), 201 Ajita Kesakambalin, 72, 76, 124, 125, 260 Ājīvikas, 73, 76, 115 Akaniṣṭha heaven, 242 Akiriyavāda, see Non-action Akshobhya, 185 Akutobhayā, 219
c31.2
Ālambana, 220 Ālāra Kālāma, 80, 137, 140, 143 Ālaya-vijñāna, see Store-consciousness Alexander of Epirus or Corinth, 153 Aliya-vasāni, 156 Amitābha, 179, 185, 191, 192, 207, 254, 258; Amida, 255 Amitāyurdhyāna-sūtra, 254 Amitāyus, 193, 255 Anāgāmin, see Non-returner Anāgata-bhayāni, 156 Analysis, see Paṭisambhidā Ānanda, 68, 127, 175, 183; recites the Dhamma, 28, 177, 278 Anantara, 220 Ānantariya, crimes, 112 Anāthapiṇḍika, 141 Anattalakkhaṇa-sutta, 101, 102, 140 Anattavāda, 99; see Ātman Andhakas, 172, 291 Andhras, 41, 154 Angas, 3, 5; parts of Canon, 269, 276 ff. Angavijjā, 143 Aṅguttara-nikāya, 271 Animitta, 217, 218 Anityatā, see Impermanence Aniyata rules, 18 Annihilation, personal, 72, 103, 106, 124, 132, 226, 235, 260; of karma, 114 ff.; in Nirvāṇa, 123 ff., 127 Anomā, 137 Antigonus Gonatas, 153 Antinomies, 218, 257 Antiochus II, 153, 154 Antony, St., 12 Anupādisesa, 122 Anurādhapura, 40 Anussatis, six, 56 Apadāna, 273, 279 Aparagodānīya, 68 Aparaśailas, Aparaseliyas, 38, 40, 172, 173, 288, 289, 292 Aparimitāyurjñāna-sūtra, 188 Apocryphal works, 279 Appamaññā, see Brahma-vihāras Appanihita, 217, 218 Apparitional birth, 68, 118, 174, 203 Aprāpti, 163 Arahat, Arhat, 49, 118, 167, 169, 170, 177, 192, 212, 259; the first, 140; falling back, 121, 131, 164; laymen and arahatship, 26, 155, 198; women, 129; in Mahāyāna, 180 ff., 191, 208; see Disciples Āraṇyakas, 83 Arcishmatī, 207 Aristotle, 74, 233 Arūpāvacara, see Formless world Āryadeva, 228 Asamjñisattvas, 111, 241 Asanga, 229, 230, 242, 244, 297 ; life, 237 ; his logic, 245 Āsavas, 48, 60, 115, 118, 120, 121, 131, 148, 241 Ascetic (samaṇa), 72, 82, 89 Asceticism, 11 ff., 196, 247 ; in brahminism, 86 ; thirteen practices, 23 ; see Self-mortification. Aṣṭasāhasrika-prajñāpāramitā, 215 ff., 285 Āśis, 79 Asita, 135, 142, 147 ; Kāladevala, 135 Asoka, 8 ff., 39, 42, 147, 166 ; date, 9, 34 ; and third Council, 33 ; edicts, 35, 85, 153 ff. ; missions, 154 Āsravas, see Āsavas Assaji, 140 Assakas, 5, 6 Assalāyana, 85 Asubhas, 54 Asuras, 69, 110, 180, 191 Aśvaghosha, 80, 86, 236 Āṭānāṭiya-sutta, 186, 188, 286 Atharva-veda, 82, 186 Ātmabhāva, 98 Ātman, self, eternal, 74, 75, 93 ; in Vedas, 94 ; in Upanishads, 94 ff. ; denied, 36, 98 ff., 166, 259 ; in Mahāyāna, 179, 215, 222, 223, 225, 232, 234 ; in Yogāchāra, 239, 240 Ātmavāda, 75, 98, 100 ff. Atomic theory, 165, 257 Attā, see Ātman Attadiṭṭhi, attagāha, 99 Attainments, 44, 49, 63, 80, 112, 118, 135 ff., 189, 241 ; four, five, 50 ; eight, nine, 52, 135 Attha, Artha, 159 Aṭṭhaka-vagga, 272 Austerities, see Self-mortification Avadānas, 6, 134, 167, 169, 170, 177, 282, 283 ; anga, 277, ff. Avadāna-śataka, 279, 286 Avaivartacaryā, 201, 202 Avalokitam, 189 Avalokita-sūtras, 189 Avalokiteśvara, 70, 180, 187 ff., 211, 254, 258 ; creates the world, 191 ; a man, 191 ; meaning of the name, 189 ; visits Ceylon, 192 Avantakas, 38, 39 Avanti, Avantis, 5, 6, 30
c31.3
Avantiputta, king, 84 Āvaraṇa, obstructions, two, 239, 241 Avataṃsaka, see Buddhāvataṃsaka ; school, see Kegon Avīci, 111, 190 Avidyā, Avijjā, see Ignorance Avijñapti, 162, 229 Avyākṛta, see Undetermined questions Awakening of Faith, 236 Āyatana, sphere or basis of sense, 55, 164, 218, 222, 234 ; stage of existence, 51, 129 Ayodhyā, 4
c31.4
Baddhamānā, 202 Bahuśrutīyas, Bahussutakas, 38, 288 Bairat Edict, 155, 156 Bala, see Powers Baluchistan, 154 Bandhumā, 201 Behar, 1, 3 Benares, 140, 143, 192 Bengal, 4 Bhabru Edict, 155, 156 Bhaddakaccānā, 7 Bhadrakalpika-sūtra, 286 Bhadrayānikas, Bhadrāyaṇiyas, 290, 291 Bhagavadgītā, 43, 184, 199 Bhagavat, 151 Bhagavatī-sūtra, 6 Bhaishajyarāja, 187, 207 Bhakti, 178, 189, 194, 199, 200, 258 Bhalluka, 139 Bhasmeśvara, 193 Bhava, see Coming to be Bhavacakra, see Wheel of Becoming Bhavāgra, limit of existence, 50, 52, 112 Bhāvanāmārga, 171 Bhikkhunī-vibhanga, 268 Bhojas, 154 Bhūmi (stages), see Bodhisatta Bīja, seeds, 238 ff. Bhūtatathatā, 215 Bimbisāra, 5, 7, 8, 10, 137, 140, 142, 144 Bindusāra, 8, 9, 10 Birth, 59, 70 ; four kinds, 118 ; see Rebirth Bodhi, see Enlightenment Bodhi tree, 138, 142, 143, 146 ; Sambodhi, 155 Bodhicaryāvatāra, 196 Bodhicitta, see Thought of enlightenment Bodhidharma, 253, 254 Bodhipakkhikā dhammā, 55, 56 Bodhisatta, 7, 8, 214, 216 ; career, 174, 198 ff., 212, 241, 253, 281 ; ten stages, 200 ff. ; twelve, 210 ;
c31.5
doctrine, 142, 147, 148, 167 ff., 178 ff., 189 ff. ; in Theravāda, 168 ff., 204 ; in Sarvāstivāda, 170, 275 ; in Mahāvastu, 173, 201, ff.; vow, 150, 168, 181, 195, 201, 202, 211, 227 ; worship, 194, 203 ; four kinds of conduct, 201 ; eight sins 195 ; prayers by, 196 ; ten vows 206 ; meaning of term, 167
c31.6
Bodhisattvabhūmi, 205, 210
c31.7
Bodies of a Buddha, see Trikāya, Dharma-kāya Nirmāṇa-kāya, Sambhoga-kāya
c31.8
Body (rūpa), 61, 96, 101, 124, 162, 240 ; (kāya), 96, 124 ; (sarīra), 124 ; of a Buddha, see Trikāya
c31.9
Bojjhangas, see Enlightenment
c31.10
Brahma, 87, 90, 99, 109 ; as ātman, 95 ; in the sense of excellent, 50 ; union with, 119
c31.11
Brahmā, god 50, 76, 87, 88, 125, 180 ; Sahampati, 139 ; Mahā Brahmās, 69, 86, 135, 137
c31.12
Brahmacariya, religious life, 44, 46, 140, 143
c31.13
Brahmajāla-sutta, 74 ff., 82, 98, 143
c31.14
Brāhmaṇas, 71, 82, 83, 108
c31.15
Brahma-vihāras, 50, 64, 81, 87, 207
c31.16
Brahma-world, 50, 64, 86 ff., 111, 112, 185, 206
c31.17
Brahmin schools, 77
c31.18
Brahmins, Brahminism, 2, 3, 71 ff., 82 ff. ; (arahat), 90 ; gods, 191, 245
c31.19
Breathing exercises, 53, 116
c31.20
Buddha, Gotama biography, 1, 133 ff., 270 ; genealogy, 7 ; birth, 10, 142 ; three palaces, 143 ; renunciation, 137, 143 ; striving, 116, 137 ; enlightenment, 3, 116, 139, 143 ; decides to preach, 139, 143 ; first sermon, 140, 144 ; death, 9, 144, 145, 201 ; five eyes, 150 ; marks, 142, 180 ; titles, 7, 150 ff. ; not a god, 174 ; see Tathāgata, Bodies
c31.21
Buddhas, seven, 142, 147, 186, 248 ; three (of this cycle), 138 ; twenty-seven, 147 ; eighty-one, 193 ; of the ten quarters, 185, 193 ; as gods, 178 ; eight conditions for becoming a Buddha, 134, 171, 204 ; three bodies, see Trikāya.
c31.22
Buddha-gayā, 3
c31.23
Buddhaghosa, 63, 124, 150, 151, 161, 273
c31.24
Buddhahood, 147, 150, 166 ff., 244, 253 ; in Mahāsanghika, see Docetism ; in Mahāyāna, see Tathāgata, Tathatā ; in Yogachāra, 241 ff. ; see Tathāgata
c31.25
Buddhavamsa, 133, 134, 141, 147, 172, 204, 273, 280, 282
c31.26
Buddhavatamsaka sūtra, 251, 286 ; school, 252
c31.27
Buddhi, 78, 79
c31.28
Buddhism, origin, 2 ; as religion, 56, 92, 93, 253 ; decline, 185, 196, 246, 247
c31.29
Burden-sutta, 100
c31.30
Burma, 9, 41, 249, 257
c31.31
Burnouf, E., 261
c31.32
Bu-ston, 238, 275
c31.33
Caitta, 220
c31.34
Caityaśailas, 173, 288
c31.35
Cakravartin, 4 ; see Universal king
c31.36
Cambodia, 249, 257
c31.37
Candra-sūtra, 286
c31.38
Canon, Pāli, 262 ff. ; chronology, 42 ; analysed, 266 ff. ; committed to writing, 157, 158, 265 ; Sarvāstivādin, 42, 264, 267, 273, 275 ff., 282 ; of Mahāsanghikas, 280 ; of Mahāyāna, 177 ff., 251, 262, 283 ff.
c31.39
Career, see Yāna
c31.40
Cariyā-piṭaka, 273
c31.41
Caryāmārgabhūmisūtra, 205
c31.42
Castes, 1, 82, 84 ff., 110, 135, 198, 247, 270
c31.43
Causal Formula, 58 ff., 91, 97, 104, 139, 163, 253 ; Buddhaghosa’s interpretation, 63 ; as cosmology, 60, 79 ; in Mahāyāna, 66 ff., 195, 208, 211, 219, 221 ; as derived from Sānkhya, 77
c31.44
Causation, 58 ff. ; as a general law, 67 ; Mahāyāna doctrine, 68, 219 ff. ; in Tendai school, 251
c31.45
Causes, four, 220 ; different senses, 62, 63, 221
c31.46
Cessation, 43, 48, 50, 58 ff., 121, 209, 219, 221, 223, 260 ; two, 162 ; of consciousness, 131 ; see Nirvāṇa
c31.47
Cetanā, see Will
c31.48
Cetiyavādas, 288
c31.49
Ceto, 121
c31.50
Ceylon, 4, 7, 9, 22, 38, 154, 157, 158, 191, 192, 200, 231, 249, 257, 283
c31.51
Chain of Causation, see Causal Formula
c31.52
Champā, 3
c31.53
Chandāgārikas, 290, 291
c31.54
Chandragupta, Chandagutta, 6, 8 ff.
c31.55
Chandrakīrti, 217, 229
c31.56
Channagirikas, 290, 291
c31.57
Charms, see Spells
c31.58
Chārvākas, 73
c31.59
Chetis, 5
c31.60
China, 249 ff., 254 ; Buddhism introduced, 250
c31.61
Chinese travellers, 250
c31.62
Cholas, 153, 154 Chronicles, 6 ff. Chronology, 6 ff., 174 ; of Upanishads, 90 ; of Buddha’s life, 141, 143 ; post-Asokan, 174 ; of Mahāyāna, 199, 212, 237 Citravistara, 202 Citta, 61, 96, 98, 161 ; contemplation on, 54 ; in Yogāchāra, 231, 233 ff. Cittapāṭalī, 69 Coming to be (bhava), 59, 61, 64, 128 ; fetter, 89, 112, 118 Commandments, see Moral Precepts Common sense, 233 Concentration, 17, 43, 44, 47, 217, 218, 269 ; in Mahāyāna, 180, 192, 206, 209, 221, 232, 233, 237 Conception, 61, 64, 65, 70, 79, 132, 174 ; theory of, 67, 104, 105 ; of Buddha, 135, 147 Conditions, causal, four, 220 ; eight for becoming Buddha, 134, 171 Confession, 15, 16, 196 Confidence, four subjects of, 209 Consciousness, 96, 98, 130, 161, 220 ; one of the khandhas, 55, 61, 162, 240 ; in the causal formula, 59, 70, 78, 234 ; as transmigrating, 103 ff. ; a food, 104 ; the last, 131 ; rebirth-consciousness, 62, 63, 104, 105, 131, 132 ; in Yogāchāra, 233 ff. ; seventh (manas), 233, 235 ; eight, see Vijñānamātra Consecration of a bodhisatta, 203, 209, 210 Contact, touch, 59, 70, 240 Contemplations, four, 52, 55, 207, 270 Conversion, 236 Cosmogony, 86 ; Sānkhya, 78, 79, 81 ; Vedic, 87 ; Buddhist, 88, 191 Cosmology, 50, 56, 63, 75, 111, 257 Councils, 8 ff., 27 ff., 158 ; see Rājagaha, Vesālī, Pāṭaliputta, Kanishka Craving, 59, 62, 70, 105, 234 Cullavagga, 22, 27, 35, 267 Cycles (kalpas), 88
c31.63
Damamūka, 279 Damayanti, 151 Darśanamārga, 171 Daśabhūmika, section of Mahāvastu, 201 Daśabhūmika-sūtra, 195, 204, 211, 226, 252 Daśa-śikṣāpadāni, see Moral precepts Dasuttara-sutta, 270 Depravities, ten, 120, 131, 150 ; Kilesa-Māra, 146
c31.64
Destinies (gati) five, 68 ; six, 69, 110, 111 Devadatta, schism, 144 ; five rules, 24 ; future Buddha, 183 Devānampiya, 154 Devaśarman, 275 Devātideva, 174 Devices for meditation, see Kasiṇas Devices, skill in, see Skill Devotion, see Bhakti Dhamma, Dharma, doctrine, 13, 89, 159 ; Sutta-piṭaka, 268 ; preached to a woman, 20 ; to laymen, 20, 21 ; as law, 108, 109 ; of Asoka, 153, 155 Dhamma, thing, idea, 78, 162, 164, 215, 224, 226, 232, 243 ; contemplation on, 54 ; five categories of Yogāchāra, 234 Dhammacakkappavattana-sutta, 140 Dhammadinnā, 121 Dhammaguttikas, see Dharmaguptas Dhammapada, 272 ; anga, 277, 278 Dhammapariyāya, 268 Dhammarucis, 40, 41, 292 Dhammasaṅgaṇi, 35, 160, 274 Dhammuttarikas, 290 Dhanananda, 8 Dhāraṇīs, see Spells Dharma, doctrine, see Dhamma Dharma, god, 247 Dharmādharmau, 79 Dharmaguptas, 22, 27, 32, 38, 281 ; Canon, 276, 278, 290, 291 Dharmākara, 193 Dharmakāya, 226, 241, 244 ; essential, 242 ; in Theravāda, 243 Dharmakīrti, 245 Dharmālokas, 207 Dharmameghā, 209 Dharmanairātmya, 218 Dharmapāla, 239 Dharma-skandha, 275 Dharmatā, 216 Dharmottariyas, 290, 291 Dhātu, 218, 222, 234 Dhātukathā, 274 Dhātu-kāya, 275 Dhutangas, Dhūtaguṇas, 23 Dhyāna, see Trance ; school, see Zen ; perfection of, 208, 211 Dhyāni-buddha, 248 Dhyāyitamuṣṭi-sūtra, 223 Dīgha-nikāya, 269 Dignāga, 245 Dīpaṅkara, 7, 134, 135, 147, 168, 273 Dīpavaṃsa, 7 Disciples, five, 116, 137, 140, 144, 180, 183 ; sixty sent to preach, 140 ; of Hīnayāna, 1, 170, 177, 181, 190, 195, 204, 210, 216, 253 ; stages, 170 ff., 204, 208, 231, 232 ; see Arahat Divine ear, 30, 49 Divine eye, 48, 113, 139, 148 ff. Divyāvadāna, 68, 279 Docetism, 40, 167, 173, 174, 203, 210, 243 Dogma, 92 Dreams, of Māyā, 135; five, 110, 138; interpretation of, 208 Duality, 232 Dūrangamā, 208 Durārohā, 202 Durjayā, 202 Dvangulakappa, 32
c31.65
Eastern Park, 141 Education, 158 ff. Efforts, four, 52 Eight conditions for becoming Buddha, 134, 171 Eighteen schools, see Schools Ekāgra, 232 Ekākṣarī, 285 Ekavyohārikas, Ekavyavahārikas, 288 Ekottarika, 271 Elephant, white, 135 Emanation, 87; emanation formula, 79, 81 Empedocles, 74 Enlightenment, seven parts, bodhyanga, 53, 55, 207; thirty-seven items, 55; of disciples and Pratyekabuddhas, 129, 169; of Buddha, 8, 139, 143; in Mahāyāna, 210, 216, 223, 244, 254; see Arahat Entering the stream, 117, 118, 140, 169, 191, 192; in Mahāyāna, 215 Epistemology, 289; in Yogāchāra, 239, 241, 244 Equanimity, 47; brahmavihāra, 51; perfection of, 211 Esukārī, 85 Eternal life, 106 Eternalism, permanence, 75, 98, 99, 103, 106, 124, 127, 132, 222, 226, 235 Exercises for meditation, 49 ff.; breathing, 53 Existence in Mahāyāna, 216, 225, 235 Externality, 240 Extinction, see Annihilation, Nirvāṇa Eyes, five, of Buddha, 150
c31.66
Fa Hien, 24, 250 Faculties, moral, 53, 207; of sense, in Sāṅkhya, 78, 79 False imagination, see Vikalpa Fatalism, 72, 73
c31.67
Feeling, 59, 70, 161, 162, 240; contemplation on, 54 Fetters, 55, 112, 117, 118; ten, 120; as Māra, 146 Fichte, 236 Five monks, see Disciples Five points of Mahādeva, 33, 173 Fivefold bonds, 114 Foods, four, 104 Formless world, 52, 63, 111, 112, 120 Form-world, 50, 51, 63, 111, 120 Fortune-telling, 46, 143 Fruit, 112 ff., and Path, 118, 169 Funeral offerings, 109, 110
c31.68
Gandhāras, 4, 5, 6, 237 Gandharva, gandhabba (embryo), 65, 104 Gāthā, anga, 277, 278 Gati, see Destinies Gautama, see Gotama Geography of Buddhism, 3 ff., 90 Geyya, anga, 277 Ghosts, see Pretas Giving, perfection of, 208 God (issara), 75, 76, 194, 199, 203; in Yoga, 80; gods in Buddhism, 91, 174, 178, 258; meditation on, 56; created by Avalokiteśvara, 191; as laymen, 217; goddesses, 187 Godhika, 121, 131 Gokulikas, 288, 289 Gold and silver, 19, 24, 26, 30, 45, 46 Gosāla, 72, 73, 115 Gotama, clan name, 7, 151, 281; see Buddha Gotra, 7, 142, 151; five, 210 Gotrabhū, 171 Gotrabhūmi, 210 Grace, 258 Grasping, 55, 59, 62, 70, 79, 222, 223, 234; four kinds, 98 Great Council, see Mahāsanghikas Great Kings, four, 111, 135, 139, 186, 227, 270 Great utterance, 95 Groups, five, see Khandhas Guṇa-kāraṇḍavyūha, 189, 190 Guṇas in Sāṅkhya, 77, 79
c31.69
Habit-energy, 235 Haimavatas, Hemavatas, 38, 40, 289, 290, 292 Heart (hadaya), 161, (citta), 96, (ceto), 121 Heavens, 50, 63, 64, 69, 72, 86, 111, 155, 156 Hells, 69, 70, 89, 111, 113, 114, 181, 190, 223 Hemavatas, Hemavatikas, see Haimavatas
c31.70
Heretics, 25, 117, 231, 232 ; the six, 71 ff. Heroism, perfection of, 208, 209 Hetu, 220 Hīnayāna, 170, 177, 224, 228, 253 Hindrances, five, 46, 54, 55, 120 Hiuen Tsiang, 25, 40, 175, 238, 250 Hodgson, B. H., 247, 248, 261
c31.71
Iddhi, magic powers, 16, 17, 19, 47, 48, 52, 149, 150, 173, 207 Idealism, 236 ; modern, 257 Ignorance, 59, 70, 234 Illusion, 236 ; see Māyā Immeasurables, see Brahma-vihāras Immortality, 106 Impermanence, 68, 121, 163, 176, 207 Individual, 105, 106, 166, 238 ff. ; see Pudgalavāda Individuation, 105 Indra, see Sakka Indriyas, see Faculties Intoxicants, 25 Īśvarasena, 245 Itivuttaka, 272 ; anga, 277 I-tsing, 250
c31.72
Jains, Jainism, 1, 6, 11, 14, 16, 71, 73, 76, 147, 151, 165, 190 ; karma doctrine, 115, 117 ; release, 119 ; Nirvāna, 122, 123 ; survival of sect, 247 ; chronology, 9 Jālandhara, Council, 175 Jalogikappa, 32 Jambudvīpa, Jambudīpa, 9, 68, 135 Janavasabha-sutta, 269 Janmanideśa, 202 Japan, 249, 250 ff. ; sects, 250, 252 ff., 256 Jātaka, 32, 133, 134, 141, 227, 272, 279 ; anga, 277, 278 Jeta, prince, 141 Jetavana vihāra at Sāvatthī, 141 ; in Ceylon, 40 Jetavaniyas, 38, 40 Jhāna, see Trance Jina, 7, 151 Jīva, 124 Jivita, 163 Jñāna-prasthāna, 275 Jñeyāvaraṇa, 239, 241 Jodo school, 252, 254 ff.
c31.73
Kaccāna (Mahā-), 84, 201 Kāla, nāga, 152 Kālacakra Tantra, 287 Kāladevala, see Asita Kālāsoka, 8, 10, 31, 34, 35 Kali age, 191 Kalingas, 41, 154 Kalpas, Kappas, see Cycles Kāmāvacara, see Sensual desire Kambojas, 4 ff., 85, 154
c31.74
Kammaṭṭhāna, 49 ff. Kammavācā, 22 Kanakamuni, see Konāgamana Kanishka, 158, 236 ; council, 174 ff., 212 Kanjur, 249, 285 Kant, 218, 257 Kapilavatthu, 135, 140, 144 Kāraṇḍavyūha, 187, 188, 190 ff., 286 Karma, 11 ff., 44, 72, 107 ff., 149, 234, 259 ; black, etc., 112 ; as transmigrating, 105 ; transferred, see Merit ; annihilated, 114 ff. ; and vāsanā, 235, 239 ; in Hinduism, 108, 199 ; in Gītā, 199 ; in Jainism, 48, 115, 119 Karmamīmāmsā, see Mīmāmsā Karma-śataka, 279 Kashmir, 4, 5, 38, 167, 176, 178 Kasinas, 49 Kāsis, 4, 5 Kassapa, Kāśyapa, Buddha, 168, 171 Kassapa (Mahā-), 27 ff., 34, 201 Kassapa, three ascetics, 140, 144 Kassapikas, Kāśyapīyas, 38, 290, 291 Kathāvatthu, 34 ff., 69, 100, 117, 153, 160, 163 ff., 171 ff., 245, 274 Kathina ceremonies, 267 Kātyāyana, see Kaccāna Kātyāyanīputra, 275 Kaukkuṭikas, 288 Kauṇḍinya, see Koṇḍañña Kaurukullakas, 38, 39, 289 Kauṣṭhila, 275 Kāya, see Body Kegon, school, 252 Khaggavisāna-sutta, 273, 278 Khandhas, skandhas, five, 55, 61, 64, 97, 100 ff., 132, 162, 166, 216, 218, 222, 224, 234, 260 ; in Yogāchāra, 240 Khandhakas, 21, 267 Khemā, 129 Khuddaka-nikāya, 271 Khuddaka-pāṭha, 272 Kilesas, see Depravities Kiriyavāda, see Action Kisāgotamī, 137 Kleśāvaraṇa, 239, 241 Knowledge, full (paññā), 44, 49, 121, 150, 204, 208, 269 ; perfection of wisdom, see Wisdom ; a perfection (jñāna), 209 ; samyagjñāna in Yogāchāra, 234, 235 Knowledges, three, 48, 49, 148, 149 ; higher (abhiññā), 49, 160 ; five, 171, 207 ; six, 49 Kolas, 3 Komazawa Daigaku, 256 Konāgamana, 152, 168 ; Konāgamana, stupa, 155
c31.75
Koṇḍañña, 136, 140, 183 Korea, 249, 250 Kosalas, 1, 4, 5, 38, 271 Kosambī, 30, 38, 167 Krakucchandra, see Kakusandha Krishna, 179, 184, 185, 194, 199, 258 Kṣaṇikavāda, see Momentariness Kṣānti, stage of disciple, 171 ; see Patience, perfection of Kṣatriyas, 1, 83 ff., 135 Kujula Kadphises, 175 Kukkulā, 289 Kukkulikas, 288 Kumārila, 98 Kurus, 5 Kuṣāṇas, 174 Kusinārā, 8, 145 Kwan-yin, 189
c31.76
Lāghulovāda, 156 Laity, 1, 20, 21, 44, 121, 154 ff., 170, 190, 292 ; and arahatship, 26, 155, 198 ; householders’ Vinaya, 198, 270 ; in Mahāyāna, 179, 185, 198 ff., 211, 226, 227, 247, 255 ; as gods, 217, 231 ; in Hinduism, 199 Lalita-vistara, 134, 174, 282, 286 Land of bliss, see Sukhāvatī Laṅkāvatāra-sūtra, 230 ff., 241, 242, 251, 284, 286 ; in Zen, 253 ; on meat-eating, 25, 233 Laukikāgradharmas, 171 Liberation, see Release Logic, 165, 166, 198 ; schools, 244, 245 Lokeśvararāja, 193 Lokottaravādins, 38, 40, 173, 262, 280, 288 ff. Lokuttara, see Supramundane Lotus, 24, 178 ff., 226, 231, 251, 252, 286 Louis IX of France, 187 Love, 50, 117, 140 ; perfection of, 211 Lumbinī grove, 135
c31.77
Macchas, 5 Mādhava, 227 Madhurā, see Mathurā Madhyadeśa, 280 Mādhyamikas, 179, 213, 228, 233, 236, 237 Magadhas, 1, 3, 5, 38, 41, 83, 156, 167, 192 Māgadhī, 264 Magas of Cyrene, 153 Magic, 107, 108, 287 ; magic powers, see Iddhi ; formulas, see Spells Mahābhārata, 151 Mahābhūta, 78 Mahābodhivamsa, 34 Mahābrahmā, see Brahmā
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Mahādeva, five points, 33, 173 Mahā-Govinda-sutta, 270 Mahāmati, 233 Mahāmegha-sūtra, 286 Mahānidāna-sutta, 270 Mahā- and Culla-Niddesa, 32, 159, 272 Mahānirvāṇa-sūtra, 251 Mahāpadāna-sutta, 270, 279 Mahāpajāpatī, see Pajāpatī Mahāparinibbāna-sutta, 28, 29, 144, 145, 269, 286 Mahā-Samaya-sutta, 270, 286 Mahāsammata, 7, 89 Mahāsanghikas, 31, 38, 40, 41, 153, 205, 288, 289 ; origin, 33, 292 ; buddhology, 167, 173, 200 ff., 228, 244 Mahāsangītikas, see Mahāsanghikas Mahā-Satipaṭṭhāna-sutta, 270 Mahāsena, 7 Mahāsthāmaprāpta, 193 Mahāsudassana-sutta, 269 Mahāvagga, 22, 267 Mahāvamsa, 7 Mahāvastu, 134, 151, 156, 173, 201 ff., 262, 264, 280 ff. Mahāvibhāshā, 176 Mahāvihāravāsins, 38, 40 Mahāvira, Jain, 73, 115, 147 Mahāyāna, 40, 41, 177 ff. ; two systems, 237, 256, 257 ; origin, 169, 170 ; Vinaya, 22, 284 ; on meat-eating, 25 ; sūtras, 174, 177 ff., 196, 261 ; Canon, 262, 283 ff. Maheśvara, god, 191, 193, 194 ; see Śiva ; bodhisattva, 194 Mahimsāsakas, Mahīśāsakas, 38, 290 ff. Mahinda, 9, 10, 41, 154 Maitreya, Metteyya, 168, 172, 180, 184, 237, 270, 286 ; gotra, 201 ; Yogāchāra author, 238, 242, 297 Majjhima-nikāya, 270 Makhādeva, 50 Makkhalin, see Gosāla Mālālaṅkāravatthu, 141 Malaya, 231 Mallas, 3, 151 Manas, Mano, 96, 98, 161 ; in Sāṅkhya, 78, 79 ; in Vedas, 94 ; in Yogāchāra, 233 ff., 240 Manaśceṣṭā, 240 Manaskāra, 240 Mānatta practice, 18 Maṇḍala, 193 Maṇipadma, 187, 188 Mañjuśrī, 180, 183, 194, 223 Mantra school, see Shingon Māra, 131, 137, 142 ; origin, 146 ; four, 146 ; contest with, 138, 143, 145 ff. ; daughters of, 139, 146, 283
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Materialism, 72, 73, 161, 229 Mathurā (Madhurā), 38, 39, 84, 167 Māṭikā, 266, 276 Ma-tsu, 253 Maudgalyāyana, see Moggallāna Maurya empire, 10, 38 Māyā, illusion, 214, 216, 233 Māyā, queen, 7 ; her dream, 135 Mazdaeans, 178 Meat-eating, 24, 25, 233 Mecca, 287 Meditation, subjects of, 49 ff. ; see Trance, Concentration Megha-sūtra, 188 Memory and vāsanā, 235 Menander, 243 Merit transferred, 196, 254, 258, 259 Meru, Mt., 69 Metaphysics, 285 Metteyya, see Maitreya Middle District, 135 Middle Way of Nāgārjuna, 219 Milinda-pañha, 243 Mīmāmsā, 98, 199, 229 Mind, see Manas, Citta Mind-formed image, body, 47, 173, 174, 243, 244 Min-ti, emperor, 250 Missions of Asoka, 9, 41, 153, 154 Moggaliputta, 33 ff. Moggallāna, 68, 253 ; converted, 140 Moksha, see Release Momentariness, 164, 165, 222, 234, 257 Monasteries, vihāras, 158, 228 ff., 237, 247, 255 ; single huts, 18, 20 ; see Veluvana, Jetavana, Pubbārāma Monasticism, see Asceticism; rules, see Vinaya ; Christian, 12 Moneya-sūta, 156 Mongolia, 245, 249 Monism, 236, 252 Monotheism, 185, 258 Moral precepts, five, eight, for laymen, 26, 135, 199 ; ten for novices, 25, 46 Morality, 44, 154, 155 ; and religion, 13, 258, 259 ; perfection of, 207, 209 ; the Moralities, 45 ff., 269 Motion impossible, 219, 223 Motive, 117, 259 Muhammadans, 247, 287 Mūla-Sarvāstivādins, 15, 22, 38, 39, 41, 268, 279 Muṇḍa, king, 5 Muṇḍā languages 3 Muni-gāthā, 156, 278 Murdhānah, 171 Mysore, 153 Mysticism, 221, 225, 226, 229, 236, 238, 239, 246, 258 ; in Japan, 253, 255
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Myth, 107 ; of creation, 88 ; of Māra, 145, 146
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Nābhakas, 154 Nābhapamtis, 154 Nāga, 139, 180, 186, 188, 258 ; realm, 69, 231 ; girl, 183 Nāgārjuna, 65, 211 ff., 217, 219, 221 ff., 226 ff., 231, 237, 245, 256, 257, 283, 284 Nāgasena, 243 Naked ascetics, see Achelakas Nālaka-sutta, 156 Nālandā, 239 Nāma, name, a saṅkhāra, 163 ; category of Yogāchāra, 234 Nāma-gotra, 97 Nāma-rūpa, 59, 70, 78 ff., 97 ; in Upanishads, 97 Nāmatika, 23 Nanda, 141 Nandas, nine, 8, 10 Nārāyaṇa, 191 Nāstika, 217, 229 Nātaputta, 73 Negativism, 217 ; see Void Nepal, 1, 4, 247, 248 Net of knowledge, 150 Nibbuta, 137 Nichiren school, 250, 252, 256 Nidāna, occasion, 133 ff., 142 ; stages in Gotama’s career, 134 ff.; in the Causal Formula, 58, 70 ; anga, 277 ff. Nidāna-kathā, 134, 283, 284 Niddesa, 32, 159, 272 Nigaṇṭhas, see Jains Nihilism, 217, 229, 256 ; see Annihilation, Void Nikāyas, 157 ff., 266 ; analysed, 268 ff. Nimitta, category of Yogāchāra, 234 Nine abodes of beings, 111 Nirmāṇa-kāya, 243, 244 Nirmāṇarati gods, 111 Nirupadhiśeṣa, 122 Nirutti, 159 Nirvāṇa, 8, 13, 118 ff., 134, 155, 224, 260 ; two kinds, 131, 162, 224 ; at enlightenment, 143 ; opposed to Buddha career, 181, 182, 204 ; in Mahāyāna, 67, 181 ff., 191, 214, 216, 222 ff., 258 ; same as transmigration, 224 ff. ; in this life, 76 ; as annihilation, 123 ff., 243 ; and laymen, 26, 155, 198 ; in Yogāchāra, 235 ; heretical theories, 75 ; in Wheel of Becoming, 68 ; derivation, 122, 124 ; epithets, 128 Nirvāṇa-sūtras, 286 Nissaggiya pācittiya rules, 18
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Nissayas, four, 23 Niyama, 171 Non-action, doctrine, 72 Non-existence, 235 Non-returner, 118, 169, 192 Novices, rules, see Moral precepts Nuns, 15, 121, 129, 156, 267 ; order founded, 144 Nyāya, 231, 245
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Okkaka, 89, 142 Oṃ manipadme hūṃ, 187, 192 Omniscience, in Theravāda, 134, 139, 148 ff., 168 ; in Mahāyāna, 178, 209, 241, 258 ; Jain doctrine, 115, 148 Once-returner, 117, 169, 191, 192 Ontology, 60, 75, 79, 162 ; in Yogāchāra, 233, 239, 242, 244 Order of monks, 1, 8, 9, 14 ff., 27 ff., 156, 157 ; in Mahāyāna, 198 ; see Nuns Ordination, 22, 32 Orissa, 247 Otani Daigaku, 256
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Paccekabuddha, Pratyekabuddha, 168, 169, 177, 178, 192, 208, 210, 216, 231, 253 Pachomius, St., 12 Pācittiya, 18 ; rules, 19 Padhānas, see Efforts Padmapāṇi, Padmadhara, 188 Padmottama, 192 Pain, cause of, 48, 58 ff., 66 ; cessation, 48, 117, 125, 129 ; in Upanishads, 131 ; in Sānkhya, 120 Pajāpati, god, 108, 125 Pajāpati (Mahā), 7, 141, 180 Pakudha Kaccāyana, 72, 73, 124 Pāladas, 154 Pāli, 261 ; home of, 38, 41 ; see Canon Pañca-nekāyika, 266, 269 Pañcarakshā, 287 Paññatti, see Prajñapti Paññattivādas, 288 Pañchālas, 5 Pāṇḍyas, 154 Panjab, 174, 178 Paññā, see Knowledge Pantheism, 203, 252 Pārājika, 16 Pārāyaṇa, 273, 278 Pātimokkha, 15 ff., 22, 42, 45, 266, 267, 269 ; analysed, 15 ff. ; for nuns, 15, 268 ; of bodhisattvas, 195 Patthāna, 275 Pāyāsi-sutta, 270 Paramārtha, author, 237 Paramārtha, truth, 219
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Perfuming, see Vāsanā Pāramitā, Pāramī, see Perfections Paranirmitavaśavartin gods, 111, 206 Paratantra, 229, 235, 241 Parāvṛtti, see Revulsion Pāricchattaka, Pārijātaka, 69 Parikalpita, 229, 235, 241 Parinibbāna, Parinirvāṇa, 121, 122, 131, 224 ; parinibbuta, 131 ; parinirvṛta, 124 Parinishpanna, 229, 235, 241 Paritta, 186, 286 Parivāra, 32, 267 Parmenides, 218 Pārsva, 115, 147 Pasenadi, 51 Pāṭaliputta, 9 ; Council, 10, 33 ff., 153 Patañjali, 57 Path, Eightfold, 13, 53, 115, 132, 149, 150, 155, 191 ; four stages, 117, 118, 120 Paṭibhāna, 159 Paṭicca-samuppāda, see Causal Formula Pāṭidesaniya rules, 20 Patience, perfection of, 207, 209 Paṭisambhidā, 32, 159, 209 Paṭisambhidā-magga, 273 Pāvā, 30 Pavāraṇā, 22, 267 Penance, 17, 18 Perception, 61, 162, 240 ; form of contemplation, five, ten, 54 ; twenty, 56 Perfection of Wisdom, sūtras, see Prajñāpāramitā Perfections, six, 24, 147, 183, 205, 211, 241 ; ten, 138, 207 ff. ; in Theravāda, 134, 172, 204, 211, 273, 283 Permanence, doctrine of, see Eternalism Persian influence, 178 Peshawar, 237 Pessimism, 43 Peta, see Preta Peṭaki, 266 Petavatthu, 111, 272 Phassa, see Contact Philosophy, 92, 130 ; of Mahāyāna, 252, 256, 257 Pilgrimages, 145 Pindola, 237 Pirit-pota, see Paritta Piṭakas, 175, 265 ff. ; in Mahāyāna, 284 ff. Piṭinikyas, 154 Planes of existence, 50, 63, 111 Plato, on the soul, 95 Ploughing festival, 136 Popularity, elements of, 209 Powers, five, moral, 53 ; ten, of a Buddha, 149, 209; perfection of, 209 Prabhākarī, 207 Prabhūtaratna, 183, 185 Prajāpati, see Pajāpati Prajñā, Prajñāpāramitā, see Wisdom, perfection of Prajñāpāramitā system, 67, 230; sūtras, 212, 214 ff., 226, 231, 243, 251, 284 ff. Prajñapti-śāstra, 275 Prajñaptivādins, 38, 288, 289 Prakaraṇa-pāda, 275 Prakṛti, 77, 79 Prakṛticaryā, 201, 210 Pramuditā, 206 Praṇidhāna, see Bodhisatta, Vow Prāpti, 163 Prasannapadā, 219 Prātimoksha, see Pātimokkha Pratisamvit, see Paṭisambhidā Pratyekabuddha, see Paccekabuddha Preta, Peta, 68, 70, 109 ff., 190 Priyadasi, 156 Prodigal son, 182 Psychology, 160 ff., 166; in Yogāchāra, 233 Ptolemy II, 153 Pubbārāma, 141 Pubbaseliyas, see Pūrvaśailas Pudgala, Puggala, 36, 96, 100, 222 Pudgalavāda, 39, 100, 101, 166, 228 Puggala-paññatti, 148, 160, 274 Pūraṇa Kassapa, 72, 73 Purāṇas, 7, 9 Pure Abode, Suddhāvāsa, 191 Pure Land School, see Jodo Pūrṇa, 183, 275 Purusha, person, 77, 96, 119, 120 Pūrvaśailas, Pubbaseliyas, 38, 40, 172, 173, 289, 292 Pūrvavideha, 68, 237 Pushpamaṇḍitā, 202
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Rāhula, 7, 136, 141, 183, 203 Rājagaha, 3, 68, 137, 140, 141, 144; first Council, 27 ff., 175, 201, 267 Rājagiriyas, 292 Rākshasī-sūtra, 192 Rāmāyaṇa, 231 Rāshtrapālaparipṛcchā, 286 Ratnadvīpa, 182 Ratnakūṭa sūtras, 286 Rāvaṇa, 231 ff. Reality, 222, 225, 236, 252, 253, 257, 258; in different schools, 229; see Truth Rebirth, 11, 61, 109 ff., 112, 147, 223; knowledge of, 48 Rebirth-consciousness, 62 ff., 104, 105, 131, 132 Reciters, 133, 192 Reincarnation, see Rebirth
c31.87
Relativity, 217, 257 Release, 112, 119 ff., 156, 222, 256; temporary, 121, 131; two kinds, 121, 148, 149; three, 208; in Upanishads, 87, 96; of Jains, 119 Religion and Buddhism, 56, 92, 93, 178, 179, 253, 256, 257 Remembrance of former births, 48, 49, 75, 105, 148, 149, 260 Remembrances, six, 56; of Buddha, 148; of the gods, 56 Rémusat, A., 261 Rengo Daigaku, 256 Renunciation, Great, 137; perfection of, 211; five, 138 Requisites, four, 19; eight, 19, 137 Resolution, perfection of, 211 Retreat, 22, 140, 144, 267 Retribution, see Fruit Revata, 30 ff. Revulsion, 223, 231, 232, 236, 241, 242 Rig-veda, 94, 109, 186 Ripening, 112, 149, 195 Rissho Daigaku, 256 Ritual, 82, 107; works, 71, 83 Romantic Legend, 281 Roots of demerit, 114, 120 Roots of goodness (merit), 171, 184, 206, 210 Rope and snake, 225, 235 Rose-apple tree, miracle, 116, 136 Rousseau, 252 Rta, 109 Rubruk (W. de), 187 Ruchiraketu, 227 Rucirā, 202 Rules of training, see Moral precepts Rūpa, see Body, Form Rūpāvacara, see Form-world Rūpavatī, 202 Ryukoku Daigaku, 256
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Sabbakāmin, 31 Sabbatthivādas, see Sarvāstivādins Sacrifice, 11, 13, 87, 107, 108, 110, 199 Saddharmapuṇḍarīka, see Lotus Sādhumati, 209 Sāgaliyas, 40, 41, 292 Sahajāti, 31 Śaka era, 175 Sakadāgāmin, see Once-returner Sāketa, 4 Sakka, Śakra (Indra), 125, 139, 180; heaven of, 35, 69, 111, 135 Sakkāya, see Satkāya Sakya tribe, 4, 49, 141, 142 Śākyamuni, 150, 182, 183, 185, 201, 203 Salvation through annihilation of karma, 114, 115, 119; see Release Samādhi, see Concentration Samaṇa, see Ascetic Sāmaneras, see Novices Sāmaññaphala-sutta, 72, 91 Samāpattis, see Attainments Samayavimutti, 131 Sambodhi, see Bodhi tree Sambhoga-kāya, 242, 244 Saṃkantikas, Saṃkrāntivādas, see Sautrāntikas Sāmmitīyas, Sammitis, 38, 39, 100, 228, 290 Sampadā, three, 44 Saṃsāra, see Transmigration Saṃskāras, see Saṅkhāras Saṃvṛti, 219 Samyagjñāna, category of Yogācāra, 234, 235 Saṃyutta-nikāya, 271, 277 Śāṇḍilya, 95 Sandrocottus, see Chandragupta Sangha, see Order Saṅghādisesa rules, 17 Saṅgīti, 27, 160 ; saṅgītikāras, 158 Saṅgīti-sutta and Saṅgīti-paryāya, 160, 270, 275 Sañjaya Belaṭṭhiputta, 73 Śaṅkara, 256 Saṅkhāras, Saṃskāras, 59, 61, 70, 104, 222, 240 ; associated with consciousness, 162 ; not associated, 163 Sāṅkhya, 77 ff., 130, 229, 231 ; and release, 120 ; date, 91 Saññā, see Perception Śāntideva, 189, 194 ff. Sarasvatī, 191, 227 Sāriputta, 125, 159, 160, 180, 181, 253, 270, 275 ; called Upatissa, 156 ; sutta, 156 Sarvadarśanasamgraha, 227 Sarvākārajñatā, 241 Sarvam asti, 164 Sarvāstivādins, 15, 22, 39, 41, 158, 161, 181, 212, 228, 237, 290, 292 ; and third Council, 34 ; list of schools, 38 ; Canon, 176, 177, 249, 262, 276 ff., 283 ; doctrines, 162 ff. ; buddhology, 167 ; in Mahāyāna, 190, 192, 200 ; at Council of Kanishka, 175 ff. Sāsanavamsa, 40 Sassatavāda, see Eternalism Satipaṭṭhānas, see Contemplations Satkāya, Sakkāya, 117, 190, 223 Saupādisesa, 122 Sautrāntikas, 228, 229, 290, 291 ; Suttavādas, 290 ; Saṃkantikas, Saṃkrāntivādas, 290, 291 Sāvatthī, Śrāvastī, 4, 141, 190 Saviours, 195, 258 Schism, 23, 24, 32, 33, 37 ff., 112, 144
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Schmidt, I. J., 261, 285 Schools, eighteen, 8, 37 ff., 172, 288 ff. ; in Mahāyāna, 169, 174, 178, 212 Schopenhauer, 252 Scriptures, see Canon Sects, see Schools Sekhiya rules, 21 Seleucus Nicator, 9 Self, see Ātman Self-existence, see Svabhāva Self-love, 51 Self-mortification, 11 ff., 88, 115 ff. ; of Buddha, 116, 137, 144 Sensation, 59, 61, 161 Sense-organs, 59, 70 Senses, six, 54, 64, 70 Sensual desire, world of, 50, 63, 111 Sensus communis, 233 Set Mahet, 4 Shamanism, 255 Shin sect, 256 Shingon School, 252, 254 ff. Shintoism, 254 Siam, 9, 41, 249, 257 Siddhattha, 7, 136, 138, 146, 150 Siddhatthakas, 292 Sigālovāda-sutta, 198, 270 Signless, 218 Signs, four, 114, 133, 136, 174 Sikhin, Śikhin, 168, 191 Sikkhāpadas, Śikṣhāpadāni, see Moral precepts Śikṣhāsamuccaya, 195 Silas, 45 ff., 269, 274 Sīmā, 22 Simeon, 136 Singiloṇakappa, 32 Śiva, 179, 191, 193, 194, 199 Six-syllabled spell, 188, 190, 192 Sixteen powers, 5 Skandhas, see Khandhas Skill in expedients, devices, means, 181, 184, 234 ; perfection of, 208, 209 Solipsism, 257 Soma, 94 Soṇadaṇḍa, 84 Sopadhīśesa, 122 Soreyya, 30 Sotāpatti, see Entering the Stream Soto School, 256 Soul, 93, 95, 166 ; see Ātman Sparśa, see Contact Spells, 186 ff., 193, 227, 246, 270, 287 ; in Japan, 255 Spencer, H., 252 Spiritualism, 125, 128 Śrāvakas, see Disciples Stages of Mastery, 51 Stages of the Path, 117, 118 ; in Sarvāstivāda, 170, 171 ; of release, 52; of Bodhisatta, see Bodhisatta Sthaviras, see Theravādins Sthiramati, 238 Store-consciousness, 234 ff., 239 ff.; Universal or Individual, 234, 238, 239 Subconscious, 162, 240 Subhadda, Subhadra, 27 ff.; last disciple, 143 Śubhakṛtsnas, 111, 113 Subhūti, 216 Subjectivism, see Vijñānamātra Substrate of rebirth, upādi, upadhi, 55, 66, 122, 128, 131, 132, 214, 224 Suchness, see Tathatā Sudatta, Anāthapiṇḍika, 141 Suddhodana, 7, 135, 142, 144 Śūdras, 84, 85 Sudurjayā, 208 Sugata, 148, 151 Suicide, 16, 17, 131 Sujātā, 137, 138 Sukhāvatī, 190 ff., 211, 254, 255, 258 Sukhāvatīvyūha, 185, 193, 254, 286 Sumanā, princess, 259 Sumedha, 134 Suññata, 218 Śūnya, Śūnyatā, Śūnyavāda, see Void Superhuman faculties, see Iddhi Supramundane, 173, 174, 241; see Docetism Sūrasenas, 5, 38 Surat, 194 Surveying the World, 150, 189 Surveys, 135, 189 Sūrya-sūtra, 286 Sūtra, 268; in Mahāyāna, 286 Sūtra of the forty-two Sections, 250 Sūtranta, 228, 268 Sutta, 32, 268; anga, 277 Suttanipāta, 99, 142, 272 Suttanta, 268 Sutta-piṭaka, analysed, 268 Sutta-vibhanga, 266 Suvarṇaprabhāsa, 226, 244, 251, 287 Svabhāva, self-existence, 220; three, 234, 239, 241 Svāhā, 187 Śvetaketu, 95
c31.90
Tambapaṇṇi, Tāmraparṇī, 154 Tāmraśāṭīyas, 38 Taṇhā, see Craving Tanjur, 249, 287 Tanmātras, 78, 79 Tantra, section of Canon, 287, 295, 296 Tantric Buddhism, 65, 245 ff., 254 Tantrism, 188, 193, 229, 245 ff., 295, 296
c31.91
Tapas, see Self-mortification Taprobane, 154 Tapassu, 139 Tārā, 194 Tāranātha, 194, 212, 228 Tatha, tathā, 151 Tathāgata, Buddha, 7, 103, 140; meaning, 151; ten powers, 149, 209; in Mahāyāna, 180, 193, 194, 210, 214 ff.; in Yogāchāra, 234, 241; knowledge of, 149, 150, 181; eternal, 57, 184, 227, 243, 251, 258; see Buddha Tathāgata, released person, 98, 124 ff., 130, 183, 225; (satta) 125 Tathāgatagarbha, 232, 234, 297 Tathāgataguhyaka, 295 Tathatā, 215, 219, 225, 234, 235, 239, 241, 253 Taxila, 4 Ten practices of Vajjians, 8, 30, 173 Tendai School, 251, 252, 256 Tennyson, 252 Thera- and Therī-gāthā, 272, 277 Theravādins, 38, 40, 41, 200, 290; and Milinda-pañha, 243 Thirty-three gods, 35, 111, 135 Thirty-two constituents of the body, 54 Thirty-two marks, 142, 180, 270 Thomas à Kempis, 194 Thought, see Citta Thought of enlightenment, 169, 196, 201, 205, 206, 210 Three bodies of a Buddha, see Trikāya Tibet, 48, 245, 249; Canon, 285 Time, see Momentariness Tipiṭaka, Pāli, 265 ff.; Tibetan, 284, 285; Chinese, 287 Tīrthakaras, 231; see Heretics Tissa, see Moggaliputta Touch, see Contact Toyo Daigaku, 256 Trance, dhyāna, 44, 47, 116, 118, 131, 136, 208; meditation, 253; perfection of, 208, 209 Transformation-body, see Nirmāṇakāya Transformations of consciousness, 240, 241 Transmigration, saṃsāra, 71, 72, 131, 132; in Mahāyāna, 222; same as Nirvāṇa, 224 Tree of enlightenment, see Bodhi tree Trikāya, 226, 242 ff. Triṃśakakārikā, Triṃśikā, 238, 240 Tripiṭaka, see Tipiṭaka Triple body, see Trikāya Tṛṣṇā, see Craving Truth, two kinds, 201, 219, 256, 257, 283 ; ten, 208 ; perfection of, 211; the four truths, 13, 42, 43, 112, 198, 208, 253 ; contemplation on, 55; Mahāyāna interpretation, 223 Tushita, Tusita, heaven, 135, 142, 203, 207, 210, 237
c31.92
Ucchedavāda, see Annihilation Udāna, fervent utterance, 137, 139 ; Pāli work, 129, 272, 280 ; anga, 277 Uddaka Rāmaputta, 137, 140, 143 Uddāna, 265 Ujjeni, 38, 39, 41, 167, 264 Umā, Umeśvara, 193 Uncompounded dharmas, 162, 163 Undetermined, apraṇihita, 217, 218 Undetermined questions, 74, 124, 126, 131 Universal king, 4, 136, 137, 142, 202, 203, 205, 210, 270 Upādāna, see Grasping Upadeśa, anga, 277 ff. Upadeśa-śāstra, 175 Upādi, Upadhi, see Substrate Upagupta, 33, 36 Upāli, 268 ; recites the Vinaya, 28 Upanishads, 71, 82 ff., 109, 229 ; ethics, 109, 117 ; release in, 119, 130 ; and sacrifice, 199 Upasampadā, 22 Upatisa-pasina, 156 Upatissa, see Sāriputta Upāyakauśalya, see Skill in expedients Uposatha, 5, 15 ff., 22, 30, 135, 266 ; vows, see Moral precepts, eight Uruvelā, 140 Ushmagata, 171 Uttaragrantha, 268 Uttarakuru, 68 Uttarāpathakas, 291 Uttaraśailas, 173, 288, 289 Uttaratantra, 297
c31.93
Vacchagotta, 126, 127 Vaibhāshikas, 176, 222, 228, 229, 275 Vaipulya, anga, 277 ; sūtras, 278 Vaiśeshika, 229 Vaishnavism, 185 Vaiśyas, 84, 85 Vajiriyas, 292 Vajjī, Vajjian monks, Vajjiputtas, 3, 5, 8, 30 Vajjiputtakas of Vesālī, 30 ff., 291 ; see also Vātsīputrīyas Vajracchedikā, 214, 215, 285, 286 Vajragarbha, 206
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Vajrapāṇi, 194 Vajrasūci, 86 Vālika park, 31 Vaṃsas, see Vatsas Varuṇa, 109, 191 Vāsanā, 235, 239 Vāsiṣṭhas, 151 Vassa, see Retreat Vasubandhu, 161, 162, 166, 176, 228 ff., 245, 284, 285 ; life, 237 Vāsudeva, 199 Vasumitra, 33, 39, 175, 275 Vatsas, Vaṃsas, 5, 38, 39, 167 Vātsīputrīyas, 38, 39, 100, 102, 228, 290, 291 ; (Vajjiputtakas) 290 Vaṭṭagāmaṇi, 40, 265 Vedalla, anga, 277, 278 Vedaṇā, see Feeling, Sensation Vedānta, 122, 229, 256 Vedas, 82 ff., 89, 109, 186, 203 Vedehīputta, 39 Vedic religion, 11 Vehicle, see Yāna Veḷuvana, monastery, 68, 140 Vesākha, 145 Vesālī, 3, 8, 30, 31, 144 ; second Council, 10, 29 ff., 267 Vessabhū, 168, 191 Vessantara, 138 Vessavana, 186 Veyyākaraṇa, anga, 277 Vibhajjavādin, 84 Vibhajyavādin, sect, 38, 39 Vibhanga, 274 Vibhāshā, 176 Vihāras, see Monasteries ; abodes of bodhisattva, 210 Viññāṇa, see Consciousness Viññāṇa-kāya, 275 Viññāṇamātra, consciousness only, 230 ff., 238 ff. ; subjectivism, 256 ; solipsism, 257 Viññānavāda, 179, 238 ; see Yogāchāras Viññatti, Viññaptimātra, 238, 241 Viññaptimātratāsiddhi, 238 Vikalpa, 234, 235, 241 Vilokana, Vilokita, see Surveys V'ima Kadphises, 175 Vimalā, 207 Vimalakīrtinirdeśa, 192 Vimāna-vatthu, 272, 280 Vimokkha, Stages of release, 52 Vimukticandra, 206 Vinaya, 14 ff. ; analysed, 266 ff. ; of Dharmaguptas, 276, 278 ; of Sarvāstivādins, 157, 174, 267, 268, 279 ; of Mahāsanghikas, 280 ; of Mahāyāna, 22, 284 ; of Bodhisattvas, 195 ; of householders, 198 Vinaya legends, 133, 134, 144, 167, 279 ff.
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Vinayakshudraka, 144, 268 Vinaya-samukasa, 156 Vinaya-vastu, 267, 268 Vinaya-vibhanga, 267 Vinaya-vibhāshā-śāstra, 175 Vindhyas, 5 Viññāṇa, see Consciousness Vipassin, Vipaśyin, 168, 191 Virgin birth, 135 Virtue, see Morality, Perfections Visākha, 121 Visākhā, 141 Vishnu, 191 Viśvabhū, see Vessabhū Vitatha, 151 Void, 179, 184, 197, 211 ff., 222 ff., 227, 230, 233, 256, 257; in Theravāda, 217, 218 Volition, see Will Vow, see Bodhisatta; perfection of the, 209 Vyākaraṇa, anga, 277, 278
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Way, see Path Wheel of becoming, 65, 66, 68 ff., see Causal Formula Wheel of the Doctrine, 134, 140 Will, 97, 161, 162, 240
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Wisdom, perfection of, 184, 197, 204, 208, 209, 211, 216 Wish, last, 112 Wishing tree, 69
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Women, change of sex, 183, 193; see Nuns
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Yama, 69, 111, 113, 114, 190; Vedic god, 109, 111 Yāma gods, 111 Yamaka, disciple, 125, 126; Abhidhamma work, 274 Yāna, 170, 178; threefold, 181, 204, 233; only one, 182 Yasa, 30, 32, 34, 140, 144 Yaśodharā, 180 Yaśomitra, 161 Yauvarājya, 203 Yavanas, see Yonas Yoga practices, 17, 42 ff.; in Mahāyāna, 221, 225, 246; in Yogāchāra, 231, 238; pre-Buddhist, 43, 80 Yogāchāra, 205, 210, 226 ff., 230 ff., 253; and Tantrism, 246; in China, 250 Yogāchārabhūmi, 237 Yoga-sūtras, 50; system, 80, 81, 91, 120 Yogi, 75, 231, 232, 246 Yonas, 85, 154 Yuan Chwang, see Hiuen Tsiang Yue-chi, 174 Yuvarāja, 201 Yuzunembutsu school, 256
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Zen school, 252, 253 Zeno, 218 ff.
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The Council of Trent, which had been suspended in 1552, was reopened in 1562. The Pope, Pius IV, was anxious to bring it to a conclusion, and the legates were instructed to press for a speedy termination. The main business was to define the doctrine of the Church in opposition to the Protestants, and to reform the discipline of the clergy. The decrees on the sacraments, the sacrifice of the Mass, and the invocation of saints were passed without much difficulty. The question of the residence of bishops, which had caused so much trouble in the earlier sessions, was again raised, but it was finally settled by a compromise which satisfied both parties. The Council was brought to a close in December 1563, and its decrees were confirmed by the Pope in the following month.
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The Council of Trent was the most important event in the history of the Catholic Church in the sixteenth century. It defined the doctrines of the Church with precision, and it provided a code of discipline which was to govern the Church for centuries to come. It also gave a new impulse to the religious life of the Church, and it led to the foundation of new religious orders, such as the Jesuits, who were to play a great part in the Counter-Reformation. The Council of Trent did not succeed in reconciling the Protestants to the Church, but it did much to strengthen the position of the Catholic Church in those countries where it still held sway.
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The death of Pius IV in 1565 was followed by the election of Pius V, a man of a very different character. He was a Dominican, and he had been a member of the Inquisition. He was a man of austere life and of great zeal for the reform of the Church. He enforced the decrees of the Council of Trent with great severity, and he did much to purify the Church from the abuses which had crept into it. He was also a great patron of the arts, and he did much to beautify the city of Rome. He died in 1572, and he was succeeded by Gregory XIII, who is best known for the reform of the calendar which bears his name.
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Over fifty volumes are now available
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THE HISTORY OF CIVILIZATION
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A COMPLETE HISTORY OF MANKIND FROM PREHISTORIC TIMES TO THE PRESENT DAY IN NUMEROUS VOLUMES DESIGNED TO FORM A COMPLETE LIBRARY OF SOCIAL EVOLUTION
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Edited by C. K. OGDEN of Magdalene College, Cambridge
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Published by KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & CO. LTD. BROADWAY HOUSE: 68-74 CARTER LANE, LONDON the Lacedaemonians, who had been waiting for the signal, now attacked the city. The Athenians, though taken by surprise, were able to repel them, and the Lacedaemonians, finding that they could not take the city by storm, withdrew.
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This was the first time that the Lacedaemonians had ever attacked the city of Athens, and it was a great shock to the Athenians. They had always thought that their city was impregnable, and this attack showed them that it was not. The Athenians were now more determined than ever to defend their city, and they began to build a new wall around it.
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The Lacedaemonians, on the other hand, were encouraged by their success, and they began to plan a new attack on Athens. They knew that they could not take the city by storm, so they decided to try to starve it into submission. They began to blockade the city, and they also began to ravage the surrounding countryside.
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The Athenians were now in a difficult position. They were being blockaded by the Lacedaemonians, and their countryside was being ravaged. They were also suffering from a shortage of food, and they were beginning to lose hope. However, they were still determined to defend their city, and they continued to fight against the Lacedaemonians.
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The war between Athens and Sparta continued for many years, and it was a long and bloody conflict. Both sides suffered heavy losses, and both sides were exhausted by the end of the war. In the end, it was the Lacedaemonians who were victorious, and they were able to impose their will on the Athenians.
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THE HISTORY OF CIVILIZATION
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THIS series marks one of the most ambitious adventures in the annals of book publishing. Its aim is to present in accessible form the results of modern research throughout the whole range of the Social Sciences—to summarize in one comprehensive synthesis the most recent findings of historians, anthropologists, archæologists, sociologists, and all conscientious students of civilization.
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To achieve success in this stupendous undertaking, the new French series, *L'Evolution de l'Humanité*, in which the leading savants of France are collaborating with the Director of the Bibliothèque de Synthèse Historique, M. Henri Berr, is being incorporated. Distinguished historians, both European and American, are contributing volumes in their several departments.
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The field has been carefully mapped out, as regards both subjects and periods; and, though the instalments will be published as they are ready, the necessary chronological sequence will be secured by the fact that the volumes of the French collection will be used as a nucleus. Each work will be entirely independent and complete in itself, but the volumes in a given group will be found to supplement one another when considered in relation to a particular subject or period.
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The volumes are uniformly bound in a fine art-cambric cloth, with specially designed gold lettering and emblem, royal octavo in size.
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THE TIMES LITERARY SUPPLEMENT devoted a leading article to the first four volumes, in which the series was described as being "composed by all the talents".
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THE MANCHESTER GUARDIAN wrote that "it is a heroic attempt, which will be sympathetically watched, to bring some light into the vast mass of ill-organized knowledge which we owe to modern research and so make it available in the end for the guidance of the world."
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NATURE, the leading scientific journal, in a six-column review, provides a striking summary of the aims and objects of the series: "The History of Civilization promises to be perhaps the most important contribution so far undertaken towards the task of organization and systematization of the social studies. A glance at the prospectus makes us anticipate a library of masterpieces, for the best workers of France, Great Britain, and some other countries are contributing from their own speciality and are attempting to bring it into line with the contributions from neighbouring fields and with the results of general sociology. Including all the volumes of the important French collection, *L'Evolution de l'Humanité*, the English library contains additions and improvements which will place it above its continental counterpart. The volumes already issued bear out our best hopes.”
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The following plan, comprising just under one hundred titles, though not definitive, will serve to convey a general notion of the nature and scope of the enterprise :*
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A. PRE-HISTORY AND ANTIQUITY
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I INTRODUCTION AND PRE-HISTORY *Social Organization *W. H. R. Rivers* The Earth Before History *Edmond Perrier* Prehistoric Man *Jacques de Morgan* *Life and Work in Prehistoric Times *G. Renard* *The Dawn of European Civilization *V Gordon Childe* Language: a Linguistic Introduction to History *J. Vendryes* A Geographical Introduction to History *L. Febvre* Race and History *E. Pittard* *The Aryans *V. Gordon Childe* From Tribe to Empire *A. Moret and G. Davy* *Money and Monetary Policy in Early Times *A. R. Burns* *The Diffusion of Culture *G. Elliot Smith*
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II THE EARLY EMPIRES The Nile and Egyptian Civilization *A. Moret* The Mesopotamian Civilization *L. Delaporte* The Ægean Civilization *G. Glotz* *Minoans, Philistines and Greeks *Andrew Robert Burn*
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III GREECE The Formation of the Greek People *A. Jardé* *Ancient Greece at Work *G. Glotz* Religious Thought of Greece *L. Gernet and A. Boulanger* Art in Greece *W. Deonna and A. de Ridder* Greek Thought and the Scientific Spirit *L. Robin* The Greek City and its Institutions *G Glotz* Macedonian Imperialism *P. Jouguet*
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IV ROME Primitive Italy and Roman Imperialism *Léon Homo* The Roman Spirit in Religion, Thought, and Art *A. Grenier* Roman Political Institutions *Léon Homo* Rome the Law-Giver *J Declareuil* Economic Life of the Ancient World *J. Toutain* The Roman World | *Victor Chapot* *Ancient Rome at Work | *Paul Louis* The Celts and Celtic Expansion | *H. Hubert* The Later Civilization of the Celts | *H. Hubert* V BEYOND THE ROMAN EMPIRE | Germany and the Roman Empire | *H. Hubert* Ancient Persia and Iranian Civilization | *Clement Huart* Chinese Civilization | *M. Granet* Chinese Thought | *M. Granet* *Feudal Japan | *G. F. Hudson* *A Thousand Years of the Tartars | *E. H. Parker* *Nomads of the European Steppe | *G. F. Hudson* India | *(Ed.) S. Lévi* *The Heroic Age of India | *N. K. Sidhanta* *Caste and Race in India | *G. S. Ghurye* *The Life of Buddha as Legend and History | *E. H. Thomas* *The History of Buddhist Thought | *E. H. Thomas*
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∗ An asterisk denotes that the volume does not form part of the French collection *L'Evolution de l'Humanité*.
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B. CHRISTIANITY AND THE MIDDLE AGES | I THE ORIGINS OF CHRISTIANITY | Israel, from its Beginnings | *Adolphe Lods* Jesus and the Birth of Christianity | *C. Guignebert* The Formation of the Church | *C. Guignebert* The Advance of Christianity | *C. Guignebert* *History and Literature of Christianity | *P. de Labriolle* II THE BREAK-UP OF THE EMPIRE | The End of the Ancient World | *Ferdinand Lot* The Eastern Empire | *C. Diehl* Charlemagne | *L. Halphen* The Collapse of the Carlovingian Empire | *Ferdinand Lot* The Origins of the Slavs | *(Ed.) P. Boyer* *Popular Life in the East Roman Empire | *Norman Baynes* *The Northern Invaders | *B. S. Phillpotts* III RELIGIOUS IMPERIALISM | Islam and Mahomet | *E. Doutté* The Advance of Islam | *L. Barrau-Dihigo* Christendom and the Crusades | *P. Alphandéry* The Organization of the Church | *R. Genestal* IV THE ART OF THE MIDDLE AGES | The Art of the Middle Ages | *P. Lorquet* *The Papacy and the Arts | *E. Strong* V RECONSTITUTION OF MONARCHIC POWER | The Foundation of Modern Monarchies | *C. Petit-Dutaillis* The Growth of Public Administration | *E. Meynial* The Organization of Law | *E. Meynial* VI SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC EVOLUTION The Development of Rural and Town Life *G. Bourgin* Maritime Trade and the Merchant Gilds *P. Boissonnade* *The Court of Burgundy *Otto Cartellieri* *Life and Work in Medieval Europe *P. Boissonnade* *The Life of Women in Medieval Times *Eileen Power* *Travel and Travellers of the Middle Ages *(Ed.) A. P. Newton* *Chivalry and its Historical Significance *(Ed.) Edgar Prestage*
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