Minerals and Metals in Ancient India v1.c20.s6.13
Minerals and Metals in Ancient India v1.c20.s6.13
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v1.c20.s6.13
| Date | Site | Carbon percentage in Samples | Remarks |
| 750-550 BC | Ujjain | — | Arrowheads, spearheads. Early iron samples |
| 528 BC | Ujjain | — | Larger varieties, offence equipments, slags, fluxes, remains of a forge, water jar possibly for water-quenching of hot samples |
| onwards | | | |
| 615-540 BC | 72 Sites around Nagpur | — | Megalith sites |
| | Takalghat | negligible | 98.2-99.1 per cent iron |
| | Naikund | 1.0 | Major smelting site — remains of furnace |
| | Mahurjhari | 0.9 | Banded widmanstätten structure of ferrite and pearlite in the axe |
| 500 BC | Dhatwa | — | Surface hardness of a hoe 117-123; forge-welded laminated structure |
| 600 BC- | Rajghat, Vārāṇasī | 0.12-1.10 | Bent nail shows cementite or iron carbide at grain boundaries — no clear evidence of pearlite. |
| 400 BC | Jājamau | 0.2-0.24 | Axe, laminated structure HV 125-267. Near cutting edge HV 280, C 0.6-0.65 ‘tempered structure’, probably ‘quenched and tempered’ |
| 600-300 BC | | | |
| 3rd century BC | Pāṇḍu Rājār Dhībi | 0.22 | Sickle with a sharp cutting edge. Cu 0.15, nickel 0.13, Co 0.11. VHN 391 in the ferritic region, 549 in the edge which showed ‘tempered martensitic structure’ — a clear proof of earliest quenching of iron tools in India. |
| 2nd century BC | Ror, Kangra, H.P. | — | Iron razor showing massive ferrite and martensite plates-proof of rapid quenching. |
| 125 BC | Besnagar, Vidisha, M.P. | 0.7 | Broken sword used as wedges in Khambāba pillar of Heliodorus, Si 0.4, P 0.2, Mn 0.02. Brinell Hardness 146. Elongated crystals of pearlite upon ferrite matrix. |
| 100 BC | Kauśāmbī, U.P. | 0.74 | Iron arrowhead shows grains of pearlite (nearly eutectoid) throughout the section. |
| 100 BC | Prakash, Maharashtra | 0.32 | Shaft-hole axe showed equiaxed ferrite grains with pearlite spread over the grain boundaries |
| 250 BC-AD 250 | Sringverpura, U.P. | 0.24 | Laminated Knife-plates of wrought iron (carbon 0.1 and HV 100) and carburized iron (C 0.2 - 0.24, HV 125-135) |