Minerals and Metals in Ancient India v2.c43.3

v2.c43.3

Some Key Indian texts containing references on gemmology or ratnaśāstra have been listed in Table 7.1. Some of the dates given in the table are approximate. The rise of monarchial powers, urbanisation and international trade resulted in widespread imports and exports of gem minerals. Many battles and conquests took place for acquisition of fertile lands as well as mines of precious metals, ores, and gem minerals.