Minerals and Metals in Ancient India v2.c51: Appendix E: Some Technical Words in the Post-Christian Era Indian Literature Related to Minerals and Metals

Minerals and Metals in Ancient India v2.c51

Language: English

Appendix E: Some Technical Words in the Post-Christian Era Indian Literature Related to Minerals and Metals

v2.c51.2

*Akik* : agate *Adrija* : bitumen *Abhraka* : mica *Amla* : acid *Arka* : sunstone *Aśmasāra* : metallic extract, pig iron (?) *Ājiva* : alloying element to harden *Ārakūṭa* : brass *Indragopa* : golden beryl or zircon (?) *Indranīla* : sapphire *Utpala* : greenish-blue aquamarine *Audbhida* : plant ash alkali *Kajjali* : cinnabar *Kankuṣṭha* : tin ore (?) *Kankuṣṭam* : purgative soil with Mg/Na sulphate *Kaṃsa* : bronze, bell-metal *Kaṃsa-Mākṣika* : coarse grained arseno-pyrite *Karuṇḍaka* : crimson-yellow ruby

v2.c51.3

*Karketana* : chrysoberyl

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*Karpūrarasa* : calomel or mercuric chloride

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*Karmānta* : factory

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*Kākatunḍi* : leaded-brass turning black with acid

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*Kāntaloha* : iron from magnetite

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*Kāmksi* : alum

v2.c51.9

*Kāmsya* : bronze/bell-metal

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*Kāmsya Vimala* : arseno-pyrite or löllingite

v2.c51.11

*Kāravellaka* : non-laminated zinc ore

v2.c51.12

*Kāsīsa* : green vitriol or ferrous sulphate

v2.c51.13

*Kiṭṭa* : dross

v2.c51.14

*Kuṭila* : tin

v2.c51.15

*Kuruvinda* : corundum

v2.c51.16

*Kṛśan* : conch-pearl

v2.c51.17

*Kṣāra* : alkali

v2.c51.18

*Khaṭikā / Khaṭi* : steatite chalk

v2.c51.19

*Khani* : mine

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*Khanija* : mineral

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*Kharpara* : zinc ore, calamine, sphalerite (?)

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*Gandhaka* : sulphur

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*Garuḍodgāra* : emerald

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*Galu* : gem

v2.c51.25

*Gāndhāra* : red lead

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*Gārutmata* : emerald

v2.c51.27

*Gairika* : red ochre, hydrated iron oxide

v2.c51.28

*Gomeda* : zircon, hyacinth, jacinth

v2.c51.29

*Ghoṣa* : bell-metal; 20 p.c. tin in copper, makes sound

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*Candrakānta* : special feldspar, cloudstone (?)

v2.c51.31

*Capala* : quick-melting tin or bismuth ore

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*Cīnāmāti* : China-clay or Kaolin

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*Cuṇī\** : ruby, from *cūrṇikā* or small ruby

v2.c51.34

*Cunā Pāthar\** : limestone, produces *cūṇa* or lime

v2.c51.35

*Culikā Lavaṇa* : sal ammoniac

v2.c51.36

*Jabarjad\** : Olivine, peridot

v2.c51.37

*Jawharmuhra\** : jade

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*Jāmīrā\** : purple amethyst; quartz with Mn

v2.c51.39

*Jārana* : amalgamation

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*Tankana* : borax

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*Tāmḍi, Tāmrya, Tāmri* : garnet, carbuncle

v2.c51.42

*Tāmra* : copper

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*Tāra* : silver

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*Tārāmaṇi* : star sapphire

v2.c51.45

*Tārkṣya* : emery or corundum with iron

v2.c51.46

*Tāla* : orpiment, bell-metal

v2.c51.47

*Tālaka* : orpiment

v2.c51.48

*Tikṣṇa* : steel, carburised iron

v2.c51.49

*Tikṣṇa Dhātu* : iron ore

v2.c51.50

*Tutthaka, Tnute\** : blue vitriol, CuSO₄

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*Tuvārī* : alum

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*Trapu* : tin

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*Darada* : cinnabar

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*Dastā\** : zinc

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*Durdura* : flaky laminated zinc ore

v2.c51.56

*Drāvaṇavarga* : flux

v2.c51.57

*Dhātu* : metal and metal-bearing ore

v2.c51.58

*Navasāra* : potassium chloride/carbonate fertiliser

v2.c51.59

*Nāga* : lead *Nikaṣya* : streak-plate *Nirvāpa* : quenching *Nīla / Nīlakānta* : sapphire *Nīlagandhi* : red ruby with a blue tint *Nīlāñjana* : stibnite or carrollite *Padmarāga* : ruby *Pānnā* : emerald *Pārada* : mercury *Pāribhadra* : aquamarine *Pālaṅka* : onyx *Pitala / Pitatāla* : brass *Pilu\** : jade *Puttika* : olivine, peridot *Pulaka* : garnet? *Puṣparāga* : topaz *Puṣyarāga* : topaz *Pūtiloha* : low m.p. metals *Peroja\*/Piroja\** : turquoise *Pokhrāj\** : topaz *Pogara* : cementite streaks in carburised iron *Pravāla* : coral *Phatki\*/Phullikā* : alum *Bālasūryaka* : spinel balas-ruby *Billaur\** : quartz (or velur/beryl?) *Bīja* : alloying element to harden *Bhastrā* : bellow *Bhidura* : diamond *Bhiṣma* : quartz or chalcedony ? *Makaradhvaja* : mercuric sulphide

v2.c51.60

*Maṇi* : gem *Maṇirāga* : imparting colour to gem *Maṇḍūra* : rust of iron *Manaḥśilā* : realgar *Marakata* : emerald *Marmara* : marble *Masāra* : emerald (from Misar / Egypt?) *Mākṣika* : pyrite *Mākṣika Kaṃsa* : arsenopyrite *Mākṣika Tāra* : pyrite *Mākṣika Svarṇa* : chalcopyrite *Mākṣika Hema* : chalcopyrite *Māṇikya* : gem, ruby *Māraṇa* : incineration, oxidation of metal *Mārjārākṣa* : cat’s eye, chrysoberyl *Miśraloha* : alloy *Muktā* : pearl *Muṇḍaloha* : wrought iron *Mūṣā* : crucible *Mṛddārāśṛṅga* : anglesite or litharge, yellow PbO *Yaśada* : zinc *Yaśadāyaka* : zinc *Yaśam* : jade *Yukta* : alloy *Rajata* : silver *Ranga, Rung* : tin *Rasa* : mercury, liquid or melt *Rasaka* : zinc metal or ore, calamine *Rasakarpūra* : mercuric chloride *Rasapāka* : smelting of ores to liquid state *Rasasindūra* : mercuric sulphide *Rasāñjana* : stibnite or mercuric sulphide *Rājāvarta, Lajward\** : lapis lazuli *Rāng\** : tin *Ritikā* : malleable alpha-brass *Rīti* : brass, calx of brass *Rukham\** : alabaster *Rudhirākṣa* : carnelian *Reh\** : soil containing sodium sulphate and bicarbonate *Raupya* : silver *Raupyamal* : calx of silver *Lavaṇa* : salt *Lasuniyā\** : garlic-like chrysoberyl, cat’s eye *Loha* : metal ‘which is extracted’ *Lohavedha* : metallic transformation *Lohitākṣa* : carnelian *Lauha* : iron *Lauha Kānta* : magnetic iron *Lauha Tikṣṇa* : carburised iron, steel *Lauha Muṇḍa* : wrought iron *Vajra* : diamond *Vaṅga* : tin *Vaṃśamuktā* also *Vaṃśa-Locana, Tvakṣāra* : bamboo-pearl *Varanāga* : ‘lead-like antimony’, alloy of Sb/Fe *Varaloha* : Cu/Fe alloy *Varātikā* : marine nodule *Vartaloha* : alloy of five metals : Cu/Fe/Pb/brass and bell-metal. Also known as *Pañcaloha* *Vahṇimṛttikā* : fire-clay

v2.c51.61

Viḍalavaṇa : reacting black salt, ‘kills’ gold Viduraka : chrysoberyl, cat’s eye Vidruma : coral Vimala, Vimalaka : pyrite Vimala Kāmsya : arsenopyrite Vimala Tāra : pyrite Vimala Hema : chalcopyrite Veḷuriya* : beryl Vellaka : silver-iron alloy Vaikṛntaka : magnetic iron or iron from magnetite Vaikṛntakadhātu : magnetite Vaikrānta : tourmaline Vaidūrya : beryl Vaidūrya Nila : aquamarine Śaṅkha : conch-shell Śastra : steel, weapon Śastrapāna : quench-hardening of śastra Śilā : rock, realgar Śilājatu : bitumen Śukti : oyster Śulva : copper, underground vein of metallic ore Śulva-Ari or Śulvāri : sulphur, ‘killer’ of copper Śulvanāga : Cu/Pb alloy Śeṣa : onyx Śodhana : purification Śorā/Sorā : saltpetre KNO₃ Satva/Sattva : metallic essence in an ore Satvapātana : extraction of metal Sarjikā Kṣāra/Sarjikā Mṛttikā : river-bed alkaline soil with Na₂SO₄/NaHCO₃

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*Sasyaka* : blue vitriol or CuSO₄ *Sīsaja* : red lead *Sīsā* : lead *Surmā* : collyrium, stibnite *Sulemānī* : onyx *Suvarcikā* : borax *Suvarṇa* : gold *Sūryakānta* : sunstone *Sonelā* : yellow quartz with iron oxide. False topaz. *Sohtā* : carrollite *Sohāgā* : borax *Saugandhika* : yellowish-red spinel ruby *Saubhāgya* : borax *Saubhirāñjana* : stibnite *Saubhrācala/Sauvarcala* : alkaline sochal salt; borax or saltpetre (?) *Saurāṣṭraja* : alum *Snapana* : quenching *Sphaṭika* : quartz *Sravanmadhya* : asteriated or star sapphire *Srotāñjana* : carrollite *Svarṇa* : gold *Svarṇa Mākṣika* : chalcopyrite *Harā Kāśīsa* : green vitriol FeSO₄ *Haritāla* : orpiment (Also löllingite?) *Harinmaṇi* : emerald *Hingula* : cinnabar *Hīraka/Hīrā* : diamond

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∗ indicates non-Sanskritic words.

v2.c51.64

Agrawal, D.P. and Chakrabarti, D.K. (eds.), *Essays in Indian Proto-history*, B.R. Publishing Corporation, Delhi, 1979.

v2.c51.65

Agrawala, V.S., *India as known to Panini*, University of Lucknow, 1953.

v2.c51.66

Amarsimha, *Nāmaliṅgānuśāsanam* or *Amarakośa*, ed. by T. Ganapati Sastri, Trivandrum, also by C.D. Deshmukh, Uppal Publishing House, New Delhi, 1981.

v2.c51.67

*Angavijjā* of Puvvāyariya, ed. by Munipuṇyavijaya, Prakrit Grantha Parishad, Varanasi, 1957.

v2.c51.68

Bauer, Max, *Precious Stones*, 2 volumes, Dover Publications, New York, 1968.

v2.c51.69

Bhat, M.R. (ed.), *Bṛhat Saṃhitā* of Varāhamihira, 2 volumes, Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi, 1987.

v2.c51.70

Bhisagratna, K.L. (ed.), *Suśruta Saṃhitā*, 3 volumes, Chowkhamba Sanskrit Studies, Varanasi, 1981.

v2.c51.71

Biswas, A.K., *Science in India*, Firma KLM Private Ltd., Calcutta, 1969.

v2.c51.72

Bose, D.M., Sen, S.N., and Subbarayappa, B.V. (eds.), *A Concise History of Science in India*, Indian National Science Academy, New Delhi, 1971.

v2.c51.73

Chattopadhyaya, Debiprasad, *Science and Society in Ancient India*, Research Indian Publication, Calcutta, 1977.

v2.c51.74

—, (ed.), *Studies in the History of Science in India*, 2 volumes, Editorial Enterprises, New Delhi, 1982.

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—, *History of Science and Technology in Ancient India — The Beginning*, Firma KLM Private Ltd., Calcutta, 1986.

v2.c51.76

—, *History of Science and Technology in Ancient India. II. Formation of the Theoretical Fundamentals of Natural Science*, Firma KLM Pvt. Ltd., Calcutta, 1991.

v2.c51.77

Dana, E.S., *A Textbook of Mineralogy*, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1961.

v2.c51.78

Dandekar, R.N., *Vedic Bibliography*, 4 volumes, Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Pune, 1973.

v2.c51.79

Danielon, Allain, *Shilappadikaram* (The Ankle Bracelet) by Prince Ilango Adigal, London, 1967.

v2.c51.80

Finot, Louis, *Les Lapidaires Indiens*, Paris, 1896, French translation with original texts of Buddhabhaṭṭa’s *Ratnaparīkṣā*, Varāhamihira’s *Bṛhatsaṃhitā*, Agastimata, *Navaratnaparīkṣā*, Agastiya *Ratnaparīkṣā*, *Ratnasaṃgraha*, *Laghu Ratnaparīkṣā* and *Maṇimāhātmya*.

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Gupta, S.P., and Ramachandran, K.S. (eds.), *Mahābhārata, Myth and Reality*, New Delhi, 1976.

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Joshi, D. (ed. and tr.), *Rasaratnasamuccaya* of Vāgbhaṭācārya, Indian National Science Academy, Delhi, 1987.

v2.c51.83

Kangle, R.P., *The Kauṭilīya Arthaśāstra*, 3 volumes, Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi, 1986.

v2.c51.84

Katre, S.M., *Dictionary of Panini*, 3 volumes, Deccan College, Pune, 1968.

v2.c51.85

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Lal, B.B. and Gupta, S.P. (eds.), *Frontiers of the Indus Civilization*, Books and Books, Delhi, 1984.

v2.c51.87

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v2.c51.88

Macdonell, A.A., and Keith, A.B., *Vedic Index*, 2 volumes, Motilal Banarsidass, Varanasi, 1958.

v2.c51.89

Marshall, John, *Taxila — Archaeological Excavation*, 3 volumes, (ed.) 1975.

v2.c51.90

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v2.c51.91

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Pande, B.M., and Chattopadhyaya, B.D., (eds.), *Archaeology and History*, Agam Kala Prakashan, Delhi, 1987.

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Ray, Prafulla Chandra and Kaviratna, Haris Chandra, *Rasārṇava*, The Asiatic Society, Calcutta, 1985.

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Ray, Priyadaranjan (ed.), *History of Chemistry in Ancient and Medieval India*, Indian Chemical Society, Calcutta, 1956, incorporating *History of Hindu Chemistry*, 1908 by Ray, Prafulla Chandra.

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Sarma, S.R., (ed. and tr.), *Rayaṇaparikkhā* of Ṭhakkura Pherū, Viveka Publication, Aligarh, 1984.

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Seal, Brajendranath, *The Positive Sciences of the Ancient Hindus*, Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi, 1985.

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Vasu, Śrīśa Chandra, (ed. and tr.), *The Aṣṭādhyāyī of Pāṇini*, 2 volumes, Motilal Banarsidass, 1962.

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Alchemy, related to *Rasaśāstra* texts, 143-46 Alloys, in *Kauṭilīya Arthaśāstra*, 49-50 in *RRS*, 162-64 *Amarakośa*, 137 *Aṅgavijjā*, 135-36 Archaeology, and Indian history, 177-78 related to *Mahābhārata*, 59-60 *Arthaśāstra* of Kauṭilya, 39-55: authorship, 39-40 date, 39-40 technical terms related to minerals and metals, 235-41 *Āryans*, 5-6 *Aṣṭādhyāyī* of Pāṇini, 30-38 technical terms related to minerals and metals, 221-34 *Ayas*, 8-9, 17-22

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Beryl, in *Ratnaśāstra*, 81-85 Beryllium, germs containing, in *Ratnaśāstra*, 81-89 *Bhisma*, a gem, 98

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Brass, in *Rasaratnasamuccaya*, 174 *Bṛhatsaṃhitā*, 137-40 Buddhist literature, minerals and metals in, 66

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*Candrakānta*, 103-04 *Caraka Saṃhitā*, 127 Categorisation of gems, 71-75 Chalcedony, group of gems, 98-102 Chalcolithic transition, 6-7 Chrysolite, 104 Coins, in *Kauṭilīya Arthaśāstra*, 50 in Pāṇini’s *Aṣṭādhyāyī*, 32-33 Coral, 107-10 Corundum, 78-81 Cosmology, in the Vedic literature, 16

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Diamond, in *Ratnaśāstra*, 75-78 Director of Metals, in *Kauṭilīya Arthaśāstra*, 50-51 Director of Mines, in *Kauṭilīya Arthaśāstra*, 41-42

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Emerald, 84-89 Epics, minerals and metals in, 57-66 post-Christian era additions in, 64-65 Extractive Metallurgy in Pāṇini’s Aṣṭādhyāyī, 30-31

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Feldspar group of gems, 103-04 Ferrous materials, in Rasaratnasamuccaya, 167-71 Fire, in Ṛgvedic metallurgy, 7-8 Furnaces, in the Vedic literature, 16-17

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Garnet, 90-92 Gems, categories of-, 71-75 in Kauṭilīya Arthaśāstra, 42-45 in Rasaratnasamuccaya, 155-56 in Ṛgveda, 10-11 in Vedic literatures, 24-25 scientific information on, 199-211 scientific knowledge of-, in Ratnaśāstra, 121 Gemmology texts, 69-123 Gold, in Kauṭilīya Arthaśāstra, 49-50 in Pāṇini’s Aṣṭādhyāyī, 32-33 in Vedic literature, 20-22 Gupta era Rasaśāstra literature, 135-36

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Iatrochemical texts, 148-49 Indranila, 78-81 Inorganic materials in Vedic literature, 22-24 Iron, in Kauṭilīya Arthaśāstra, 52-53 in Rasaratnasamuccaya, 174-76 in Vedic literature, 22

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Jade, 102-03

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Kāntaloha, 174-76 Kārṣāpaṇa, 33-35 Kauṭilīya Arthaśāstra, see Arthaśāstra Kuruvinda, 78-81

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Lapis lazuli, 105-07 Lājāvarta, 105-07 Lead, in Rasaratnasamuccaya, 173 in Vedic literature, 19-20 Less common form of pearls, 111-14

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Mahābhārata and archaeology, 59-60 Mahārasas, 156-58 Marakata, 84-89 Metallic ores, in Kauṭilīya Arthaśāstra, 46-49 Metals, in Buddhist literatures, 66 in epics, 57-66 in Kauṭilīya Arthaśāstra, 39-56 in Mahābhārata, 60-65 in Pāṇini’s Aṣṭādhyāyī, 31-32 in Rāmāyaṇa, 65-66 in Rasaratnasamuccaya, 153-55, 162-64 in *Ṛgveda*, 5-13 specially, 9-10 in Vedic literatures, 16-23, specially, 18-22 Mine, in Pāṇini’s Aṣṭādhyāyī, 30 Mineral engineering, in Pāṇini’s Aṣṭādhyāyī, 30 Mineral resources, in Kauṭilīya Arthaśāstra, 41-42 Minerals, in Buddhist literatures, 66 in Epics, 57-66 in Kauṭilīya Arthaśāstra, 39-56 in Mahābhārata, 60-65 in Pāṇini’s Aṣṭādhyāyī, 31-32 in Rāmāyaṇa, 65-66 in Rasaratnasamuccaya, 153-55 in *Ṛgveda*, 5-13 in Vedic literature, 16-25 scientific information on, 199-211 Minting coins, in Kauṭilīya Arthaśāstra, 50 *Muktā*, 110-20, *also see* pearl *Muṇḍaloha*, 174-76

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Nāgārjuna, 130-33 Natural products, in Rasaratnasamuccaya, 161-62 Neolithic to chalcolithic transition in *Ṛgveda*, 6-7 Non-gem minerals, in Kauṭilīya Arthaśāstra, 45-46

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Ornament, in *Ṛgveda*, 10-11 Ornamental metals, in the Vedic literature, 20-22 Oyster pearl, 114-17

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*Padmarāga*, 78-81 Pāṇini’s Aṣṭādhyāyī, 30-38 technical terms related to minerals and metals, 221-34 Patañjali, 129-30 Pearl, 110-20 less common forms of-, 111-14 market of-, 117-19 mythological theory related to origin of-, 119-20 origin of-, 119-20 oyster pearl, 114-17 *Piroja*, 105 Post-Christian era technical terms related to minerals and metals, 243-50 Potteries in Vedic literature, 22-24 *Pravāla*, 107-10 Precious metals, in Kauṭilīya Arthaśāstra, 49-50 *Pulaka*, 92-94 *Puṣparāga*, 89-90 *Puṣyarāga*, 89-90

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Quartz family gem minerals, 95-97

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*Rājāvarta*, 105-7 Rāmāyaṇa, minerals and metals in, 65-66 *Rasa*, 164-7, also see Mahārasa and Uparasa Rasaka, 164-67 Rasaratnasamuccaya, minerals and metals in, 153-76 technical terms related to minerals and metals, 153-55 Rasārṇava, 146-48 Rasaśāstra, background of-, 125-40 some Sanskrit texts quoted in, 141-49 Ratnaśāstra, 69-123 scope of-, 75 some texts of-, 70 Ṛgveda, minerals and metals in, 5-13 Ruby, 78-81

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Salts, in Rasaratnasamuccaya, 161-62 Sapphire, 78-81 Sarasvati valley civilisation, 5-6 Śatamāna to Kārṣāpaṇa, 33-35 Scientific attitude in Ancient India, 179-85 Scientific informations on the minerals used during the ancient era, 199-211 Scientific knowledge about gems, 121 Scientific philosophy, in Kauṭilīya Arthaśāstra, 54-55 Silver, in Kauṭilīya Arthaśāstra, 49-50 in Vedic literature, 20-22 Steel, in Kauṭilīya Arthaśāstra, 52-53 in Rasaratnasamuccaya, 174-76 Suryakānta, 103-4 Suśruta Saṃhitā, 127-29

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Tāntric alchemy, 143-46 Technical concepts in Pāṇini’s Aṣṭādhyāyī, 37-38 Technical terms, related to minerals and metals, in Kauṭilīya Arthaśāstra, 235-41 in Pāṇini’s Aṣṭādhyāyī, 221-34 in Post-Christian era Indian literature, 243-50 in Ṛgveda, 213-20 in Rasaratnasamuccaya, 153-55 in Vedic literature, 218-20 Texts, of Rasaśāstra, 141-49 of Ratnaśāstra / Gemmology, 70 Tikṣaloha, in Kauṭilīya Arthaśāstra, 51-52 in Rasaratnasamuccaya, 174-76 Tin in Vedic literature, 18-19 Topaz, 89-90,104 Tourmaline, 90-92,94-95 Turquoise, 105

Linked texts (14)

Carakasaṃhitā — Agniveśa (Āyurveda) & Caraka, Sanskrit
Suśrutasaṃhitā — Suśruta & Nāgārjuna (siddha/alchemist), Sanskrit
Kauṭilīya Arthaśāstra — Kauṭilya, Sanskrit
Rasaratnasamuccaya — Vāgbhaṭa (alchemist), Sanskrit
Aṣṭādhyāyī — Pāṇini, Sanskrit
Bṛhatsaṃhitā — Varāhamihira, Sanskrit
Vṛddhayavanajātaka — Mīnarāja, Sanskrit
Rasārṇava — Sanskrit
Tibetan translation ('Chi med mdzod) — Classical Tibetan
Mahābhārata — Vyāsa, Sanskrit
Ṛgvedasaṃhitā — Sanskrit
Vālmīkirāmāyaṇa — Vālmīki, Sanskrit
Aṃgavijjā — Māhārāṣṭrī Prakrit
Candra Kānta — Bengali