A Concise History of Science in India c18: Index
A Concise History of Science in India c18
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Index
c18.1
Abacus of Gerbert, 212 Abhayadeva Sūrī, 145 *Abhidhammapiṭaka*, 39, 40 *Abhidharmahr̥daya*, 41 *Abhidharmakośa*, 41 *Abhidharmakośa vyākhyā*, 41 *Abhijit, nakṣatra*, 61, 68, 81 *Abhijñāna Śakuntala*, 37 *Abhilaṣitārtha cintāmaṇi*, 34 Absolute, 449 Abu ‘Ali Husain b. Abdallāh b. Sīnā, 54, 269 Abu Bakr Muhammad b. Zakariyya ar-Rāzī, 269 Abū Ishāq b. ‘Abdu’llāh, 52, 208 Abū Kāmil, 190 Abū'l-Aswad, 47 Abū'l-Faiz Faizi, 52 Abū'l-Faraj Muhammad b. Ishāq al-Warraq, 48 Abū'l-Fazl, 50, 217 Abū Manṣūr Muwallaq ibn ‘Alī al-Harawī, 47 Abū Mā‘shār, 49, 134, 211 Abū Raiḥān Muhammad ibn Aḥmad al-Bīrūnī, *see* under al-Bīrūnī Abydos, 14 *Ācāraṅga*, 42 Acids, 307 Adamgarh, 3 al-Adamī, 52, 211 Adelard of Bath, 135, 211, 212, 585 *Adharma*, 466 *Adhasvastika* (nadir), 103 Adicanallur, 14, 289 *Aditi*, 453 *Āditya Purāṇa*, 49 *Agadatantra* (toxicology), 228, 230–31 Agarias, 302 *Agni* (digestive fire), 241 *Agni Purāṇa*, 26, 36, 56, 173, 229 255, 256, 379, 385, 592 Agniveśa, 52, 233 *Saṃhitā*, 223, 224, 226, 234, 258 *Agnyādhāna*, 59 Agricultural colleges and schools, 554–55 Agricultural implements, 360 Agricultural meteorology, 33 Agricultural proverbs, 364–66 Agricultural research, 537 Agri-horticultural Society, 500 *Ahaṃkāra* (ego), 236 Ahar, *see* under culture *Ahargaṇa*, 82, 84, 85, 88 method of computing, 109–11 Ahicchatra, 13, 15, 285, 291, 292, 297, 299 Aḥmad b. Thābit, 52, 207 Aḥmad b. ‘Umar al-Karābīsī, 206 *Ā’īn-ı Akbarī*, 50, 56, 345 *Aitareya Āraṇyaka*, 21 *Aitareya Brāhmaṇa*, 20, 62, 76, 222 *Aitareya Upaniṣad*, 21 Ajanta, 308 Ajitakesakambali, 32 Ājīvakas, 32 Akalaṅka, 44 *Ākāśa*, 460, 466, 475, 476, 482 *Ākāśabhairavakalpa*, 56 *Ākāśīyadravya*, 458 Akṣapāda, 30 *Al*, a red dye, 395 Alabaster, 283 Alamgirpur, 6, 12, 13, 287 Alchemy, 309–12, 588 apparatus, 330–33 Indian, 313–18 literature of, 55, 314–15 Alcock, 535 Alef-zero, 159 Algebra, 151–57, 189–98 *Algorism, new arithmetic*, 179 *Algorismus vulgaris*, 212 *Algoritmi de numero Indorum*, 212 Alibag Observatory, 506 Ali b. Rabban, 54, 269, 596 Ali ibn Zain, 260 Alkaloids, 349 Allāh-Dād, 126 *Almagest*, 101, 102, 171, 182, 594
c18.2
Alphabetical system of expressing number, 174–75 Altitude, *unnata*, 105 Altitude of nonagesimal, 123 Amara, Amarasiṃha, 26, 36, 37 Āmarāja, 97, 166 *Amarakośa*, 26, 423 Amaravati, 297 Ambergris, 344 Amethyst, 283 Amīnuddīn al-Lāhorī, 208 Amplitude, *udaya*, 123 Amri, 6 Anaxagoras, 447 Anaximander, 446 *Aṇḍaja*, 36, 219, 425 *Aṇḍakkal*, 335 Anderson, John, 530 *Aṅga* (Jaina), 42 *Aṅgiras*, 19 Angular distance, 111 *Aṅguttaranikāya*, 39, 40 Animal husbandry, 11, 33, 363, 369 Animals, anatomy of, 434 classification of, 425–32 embryology, 434 heredity and sex determination, 434–36 Indus Valley civilization, 404–16 in epics, 421–22 in medical and other works, 422–24 in *Saṃhitās*, *Brāhmaṇas* and *Upaniṣads*, 417–21 physiology, 434 Aniruddha, 29 Anjira, 5, 6 *‘Ankabūt*, *shabaka*, spider, 127–28 *Aṅkalipi*, 159 Annām Bhaṭṭa, 31 Anomalistic month, 83, 85, 132 Anomaly, *kendra*, 84, 85 *Antakṛtadaśa*, 42 Antelope, 406, 410, 413, 419, 423, 440 Antelope Thar, 531 Antennae sword, 281–82 Anthropomorph, 281–82 Ants, 418 *Anukramaṇī*, 26 *Anumati*, name for moon's phase, 63 *Anūpa*, 389 *Anuttara-aupapātikadaśa*, 42 *Anuyogadvārasūtra*, 43, 141, 158, 159, 161, 162 *Ānvīkṣikī*, 27, 30 *Ap*, 459 *Apakṣepaṇa*, 472 *Apamaṇḍala*, ecliptic, 105 *Āpastamba*, 18, 25 *Apeiron*, 446 Apianus, 157 *Apoklima*, inclination, 132 Apple, 398 Appollonius of Perga, 112, 206 Apricot, 398 Apse line, *nīcocca rekhā*, 114 *Āpyadravya*, 458 Aquatic forms, 419 Arabic mathematics in India, 204–5 mathematical works, 205–8 *Ārambhavāda*, 450 *Āraṇya*, 36 *Āraṇyakas-Upaniṣads*, 15, 21–22 Arbori-horticulture, 390–91 *Ārca Jyotiṣa*, 140 Archaeology, 539–40 Archimedes, 206, 208 *Ārdharātrika* system, 85, 87, 94, 96 Areas and volumes, 149 Areca nut, 395 Arikamedu, 15, 291, 293, 294 Arīn, Arabic version of Ujjayinī, 134 Aristarchus of Samos, 112 Aristotle, 268, 572 *Arithmetica integra*, 212 *L’Arithmétique*, 212 Arkand (Arabic name for *Khaṇḍakhādyaka*), 97, 134 Armillary sphere, *golayantra*, 125–26 *Ārogyamañjarī*, 55, 233 Arrowheads, 289 *L’art d’arythmétique*, 212 *Arthaśāstra*, 1, 23, 27, 32–34, 43, 56, 72, 75, 256, 290, 303–5, 354, 355, 379, 381, 385 390, 424, 584 date of Kauṭilya's, 34 *Arthaśāstra, Bārhaspatya*, 32 Arthropod, 418, 443 Artiodactyls, 419 Aruṇadatta, 226, 587 Āryabhaṭa I, 51, 72, 85, 86, 87, 90, 92–94, 96, 97, 105, 111, 114, 132, 158, 165, 166, 168, 169, 170, 175, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 186, 187, 188, 191, 192, 196, 197, 199, 202, 210, 584, 586 Āryabhaṭa II, 51, 97, 160, 167, 180, 187, 192, 199, 200, 584 *Āryabhaṭīya*, 51, 91, 92, 93–94, 95, 99, 165, 170, 191, 199, 200, 594
c18.3
*Āryabhaṭīya-bhāṣya*, 99 Aryaman's path, 62, 63 *Āryā* meter in scientific composition, 24, 29 *Ārya Siddhānta*, 97 *Asaṃkhyātapradesika*, 467 *Āsava*, 305 Ascending node, 120 Ascensional difference, *cara*, 84, 107-9, 135 Asiatic Society, The, 495-96, 499, 529, 601 *Asiatick Researches*, 500 *Aśmacakra*, 358 *Āsmaka-sphuṭa-tantra*, 93 Aśoka, 39 Aśokan edicts, 2 Ass, 419 Assur, 291 *Aṣṭādhyāyī*, 25, 26 Aṣṭāṅga Āyurveda College, Calcutta, 267 *Aṣṭāṅgahṛdayasaṃgraha*, 53, 226, 227, 269, 587 *Aṣṭāṅgasaṃgraha*, 53, 226 *Astankar*, Arabic translation of *Aṣṭāṅgahṛdaya*, 260 Astrolabe, 126-29 Astronomers, name of, in *Bṛhatsaṃhitā*, 79 Astronomical Board at Chang-Nan, 133, 209 Astronomical investigations, in the 19th century, 505-6 Astronomy, 58 ff. Indian, among Arabs and in Latin Europe, 133-35 Indian, in China, 133 Jaina, 78 late Vedic, 78 pre-Siddhāntic, 78 Vedic—*Saṃhitās*, *Brāhmaṇas*, *Sūtras*, 60 ff., 573-75 Āsuri, 29 *Asuta*, 306 Aśvaghoṣa, 24, 37 *Aśvamedha*, 417 *Aśvaśāstra*, 54, 255 *Aśvavaidyaka*, 54, 255, 581 *Ātaṅkadarpaṇa* of Vācaspati, 227, 587 ‘Aṭau’llāh Rashīdī, 52, 171, 208 Atharvan, 19 *Atharvāṅgirasaḥ*, 19 *Atharvaveda*, 15, 18, 19-20, 21, 28, 59, 61, 65, 66, 67, 68, 214, 215, 216, 217, 219, 259, 285, 352, 353, 373, 378, 385, 417, 574 Atomic character of elements (of the Nāstikas), 32
c18.4
Atomism, 447, 461-69, 589-90 Jaina, 44 Atranjikhera, 13, 287, 297 Ātreya Punarvasu, 52, 223, 261 Ātreya school, system, 226, 228-29 Atri, 60 Attar, 345, 397 Atthasālinī, 40 Attributes of matter, 470-72 *Audaka*, 425 Audayika system, 94 Aupadhenava, 226 *Aupapātika*, 42 Aurabhra, 226 *Auxi Tables*, 514 *Avakṣepaṇa*, 472 *Avalamvayana saṃhitā*, 231 *Avassaya*, 31 *Āvaśyaka*, 43 *Avesta*, 46, 257 medical data of, 216 *Avesta, Khorda*, 46 Avicenna, 269, 596 *Ayas*, 284, 289, 578 *Āyurveda*, 46, 213 ff. bovine, 254-55 classification and diagnosis of diseases, 246-48 common constituents of living and non-living matter, 237 cosmic origin of matter and life, 235-36 digestion, metabolism and elimination, 241-42 eight *aṅgas* or divisions, 227-28 elephants, 255 equine, 255 extant classical works, 226 general principles of treatment, 248-49 genetics and embryology, 238-39 influence in Central Asia, 261 influence in Tibet, 261 inorganic and metallic remedies, 253-54 lost treatises of, 226 maintenance of health, 243-44 *materia medica*, 251-52 medical anthropology, 242-43 origin and antiquity, 213-15 plant, 256-57 practice and application, 245-46 present condition, 266-68 sleep and dream, 244-45 special methods of treatment, 249-50 spread in ancient Iran and Hellenic countries, 257-59 spread in the Arabic world, 259–60 spread outside India, 257–62 static period in the middle age, 262–63 surgery, 250–51 theories and concepts, 235–45 theory of microcosm and philosophical concepts, 237–38 three humours, 239–41 works composed in the middle age, 263–64 *Āyurvedadīpikā*, 223 *Āyurvedic Saṃhitās*, 222–23 chronology of, 223–24 contents of, 224–25 Āyurvedic system of medicine, 52 Azimuth, *digamśa*, 105, 203 Azimuth circle, *dṛgmaṇḍala*, 105
c18.5
Babbage, Charles, 565 Babur, as a naturalist, 440 Babylonian astronomy, influence of, on Indian astronomy, 131–32 Bacon, Francis, 487 *Badāi‘ul-Kanūn*, 208 Badami, 308 *Badan*, Arabic translation of *Nidāna*, 260 Badarian pottery, 14 Bagh, 308 Bahadarabad, 12, 282 Bahal, 11, 13, 279, 297 Bahā‘u-ddīn al-Amulī, 52, 208 Bairat, 13, 287, 297 Bakhshālī Manuscript, 51, 164–65, 183, 190, 191, 195 Bakhtyashū‘ family, 47 Balances, characteristics of good and false, 33 *Bānaśāstra*, 56, 345 Bangarh, 297 Banks, Sir Joseph, 402 Barasingha, 406, 419 *Bārhaspatya-Arthaśāstra*, 32 Barley, 7, 16, 351, 371–72, 393, 578, 599 Basevi, J. P., 506, 604 al-Battānī, 134 Baudhāyana, 18, 25, *see also under Śulba-Sūtras* Beads, 33, 292 Bear, 443 Bees, 418 Bellows, 290 Bengal Chemical Works, 564 Bengal Iron Company, 564 *Bengal Plants*, 520 Bentinck, W., 546 Bernier, F., 485 *Bhadrabāhavī Saṃhitā*, 158 Bhadrabāhu, 43, 80, 144, 158 Bhagatrav, 11 *Bhāgavata Purāṇa*, 36 *Bhāgavatgītā*, 49 *Bhagavatī-Sūtra*, 42, 80, 158, 162 Bhagra Pir, 282 Bhang, 391, 396 *Bhānumatī*, 230 Bharadvāja, 25, 60 *Bhāṣāpariccheda*, 31 Bhāsarvajña, 31 Bhāskara I, 51, 90, 94, 95, 125, 165–66, 175, 192, 200, 584 Bhāskara II, Bhāskarācārya, 51, 91, 92, 97, 98, 100, 117, 125, 145, 158, 168–69, 175, 180, 183, 184, 187, 188, 189, 191, 192, 193, 194, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 203, 204, 208, 584, 585, 586, 593 *Bhasma*, a process of converting minerals, 324 *Bhāsvatī*, 51, 90, 98 *Bhāṣyas*, philosophical, 27–32 *Bhaṭadīpikā*, 99, 170 Bhaṭṭotpala, 92, 95, 97, 158, 166, 187 Bhau Daji, 539 Bhavabhuti, 35 Bhāvamiśra, 53, 264, 595 *Bhāvanā* (lemma), in algebra, 193, 194 *Bhāvaprakāśa*, 53, 264, 595 *Bhaviṣya Purāṇa*, 36 *Bheḍa* or *Bhela Saṃhitā*, 52, 222, 227, 258, 259 *Bhikkunivibhaṅga*, 39 Bhir Mound, 292, 293 Bhita, 291, 292, 297 Bhoja, Bhojadeva, 34, 35 Bhojarāja, 54, 254 *Bhoja-Saṃhitā*, 226 Bhūdhara, 92 *Bhūdhara yantram*, 333 *Bhūtavidyā* (knowledge of mental diseases and diseases of supernatural origin), 228, 229–30 *Bhūtaviṣṇu*, 94 *Bīja*, 435 *Bījagaṇita*, of Bhāskara II, 51, 98, 99, 168, 171, 208, 595 *Bījagaṇitāvatamsa*, 51, 169, 594 Bill-hooks, 289 Binomial theorem, 26, 157, 576 *Biophytum sensitivum*, 558
c18.6
Birds, 413, 418, 421, 422 of Nepal, 531 *Birjhia*, iron-smelting tribe, 302 *Birs*, iron-smelting tribe, 302 al-Bīrūnī, 48, 51, 52, 53, 84, 85, 94, 130, 134, 206, 211 Bisauli, 12, 282 Blackbuck, 406, 410, 411 Black, Joseph, 274, 347 Blades, 289 Blanford, H. F., 502–4, 526, 603 Blanford, W. T., 525, 533, 534, 603 Blyth, E., 533–4 Boar, 419, 424, 443 Board of Scientific Advice, 566 Bogar, 335 *Bogarsūtiram*, 56 Boileu, J. T., 501 Boissière, 212 Bombay Natural History Society, 500 Bombelli, 157 Bose Institute, 558 Bose, J. C., 557–59, 605 Bose, Pramatha Nath, 526–27, 603 Botanical Garden, Saharanpur, 518 Botanical Garden, The Royal, 402, 492–93, 603 Botanical investigations, 514–20, 600 Botanical knowledge in the *Saṃhitās*, *Brāhmaṇas*, *Upaniṣads*, 376–78 Botanical Survey of India, 520, 601 Boudier, Father, French Jesuit, 102 Bourgignon d’Anville, 493, 601 Bovine āyurveda, 254–55 Bower Manuscript, 53 Boyle, Robert, 347 Brahmagiri, 9, 14, 291 Brahmagupta, 51, 84, 86, 90, 94, 95–97, 104, 125, 134, 158, 166, 168, 169, 180, 181, 183, 184, 186, 188, 189, 191, 192, 193, 198, 199, 200, 211, 584, 586 Brahmagupta's lemma, 166, 193 *Brāhmaṇas*, division of the Vedic literature, 20–21 *Brahmāṇḍa Purāṇa*, 36 *Brahma Purāṇa*, 36 *Brahma-siddhānta*, 96 *Brāhma-siddhānta-vāsanābhāṣya*, 98 *Brāhmasphuṭa-siddhānta*, 51, 85, 86, 94, 95, 96–97, 134, 166, 211, 586 *Brahmasūtra*, 27 *Brahma Vaivarta Purāṇa*, 36 Brahminy Duck, 421 Brethren of Purity, 312
c18.7
*Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upaniṣad*, 21, 377, 378 *Bṛhaddhāra Parikarma*, 145 *Bṛhajjātaka*, 95, 132 *Bṛhannāradīya Purāṇa*, 36 *Bṛhatī*, 28 *Bṛhatsaṃhitā*, 1, 24, 26, 35, 37–38, 56, 79, 94, 187, 256, 291, 307–8, 343, 358, 379, 385, 390, 391, 424, 591 *Bṛhat-tithicintāmaṇi*, 99 British Association for the Advancement of Science, 565 Bronze Age, 2 Buddha, 30, 32, 38 *Buddhacarita*, 29 Buddhaghoṣa, 40, 385 Buddhist Council, 39 *Buddhivilāsinī*, 170, 179, 595 Buffalo, 405, 409, 419, 423, 440 Bull, 408, 409, 410, 413, 443 Bunting, 410 Burins, 3 Burzahom, 9 Buxar, 13
c18.8
*Cakra*, circle, astronomical instrument, 125 Cakrapāṇidatta, 53, 55, 223, 226, 227, 230, 231, 233, 247, 253, 262, 263, 388, 587 *Cakrasaṃgraha*, 53, 55, 227, 231, 233, 587 *Cakravāla* or cyclic method of solving second degree indeterminate equation, 194–95, 585 Calculus, 169, 203–4 Calendar, luni-solar, 72 Vedic, 75–76 Calendrical science, 16 Camel, 405, 419 Caṇḍeśvara, 92 *Candracchāyāgaṇita*, 99 *Candramāna*, 99 Candrānanda, 227, 587 *Candraprajñapti*, 42, 43, 50, 158 *Canon* (*Qānūn*) of Avicenna, 269, 596 *Cāpa*, astronomical instrument, 125 *Cara*, *caradala*, ascensional difference, 107–9 Caraka, *Caraka Saṃhitā*, 29, 30, 31, 48, 52, 53, 213, 221, 222, 226, 228, 234, 247, 251, 252, 253, 256, 258, 259, 260, 261, 262, 269, 290, 305, 315, 386, 388, 389, 435, 578, 580 *Carayantya-kaṭha-saṃhitā*, 17 Cardamom, 367, 391, 599 Cardano, 207, 212 Carey, William, 402, 500, 515–16, 518
c18.9
*Carmen de algorismo*, 212 Carnivores, 419, 420 *Carte de l'Inde*, 493, 601 Cārvāka, 27, 31-32, 44, 573 school, 452 Cash crops, 395-96 Cashew, 367, 399 Cat, 405, 419, 443 Cataldi, 182 *Catalogue of Birds*, the, 533 Cataneo, 182 Cattle-rearing, 16, 33 -tending, 354 *Caturaṇuka*, 464 *Cāturmāsya*, seasonal sacrifices, 59, 60, 74-75 Cautley, Proby, 521 Cavendish, Henry, 274, 347 Cereals, 371-73 Chambal, 279 *Chandaḥsūtra*, 26, 144, 156, 175, 576 *Chāndogya Upaniṣad*, 21, 32, 59, 65 Chandoli, 11, 12, 279, 281 *Chandomañjarī*, 26 *Chandoviciti*, 26 Chandraketugarh, 297 Chandravalli, 15 Charles, Robert, 495 Charnockite, 526 Charter of 1813, 543 Chebrolu, 297 *Cheda-sūtra* (Jaina), 42, 43 Chemical practices, 33 Cherries, 398 Cherry, introduction of, 399 Chhuthan Hsi-Ta, 66, 133, 209, 210 Chillies, 367 introduction of, 400 Chimaera, 407 Chinkara, 409, 410, 411 Chiroptera, 534 Chisels, 289 Chital, 406 *Chiu-chang Suan-shu*, 182, 210 *Chiu Chih, chiu-chi-li*, 66, 133, 210 Christopher Clavius, 212 Chuquet, 183 *Cikitsāsaṁgraha*, 53, 255, 595 *Cikitsāsārasaṁgraha*, 53 Cinnamon, 367 Circle, 186 area of, 187 Circulation of blood, 35 *Cire perdue* process, 280, 339-40, 571, 598 Clarke, Charles Baron, 518 Classification of alchemical substances, 322-23 animals, 44 land, 33, 354-55 plant, 387-89 Clay slate formation, 520 Cleaver, 3 Clepsydra, 124-5 Coalfields, 523-24 Cochineal insects, 418, 421 Cock, 420 Coconuts, 398 Coffee, 366 introduction of, 400 Colatitude, 106 Comet, 66 Conception of two suns, two moons, two sets of *nakṣatras*, Jaina, 80 Constellations, 16, 68-69 Coordinates, celestial, 103, 105 polar, 202 Coot, 421 Copernicus, 112 Copper, 11, 280, 304, 323 hoards, 12, 281-2 implements, 12 knife blades, 12 metallurgy of, 300 Core tools, 3 Cosine series, 170 Cosmetics, 343 Cosmic energy, 453 light, 453 Cosmogony, 436-38 Cotton, 7, 12, 373-74, 395, 562-63, 599 Cow, 410, 419, 443 Crabs, 418, 423, 444 Crane, 424, 440 Creation, hymn of, 436 Crescograph, 559 Crocodile, 410, 423 Crops, 356, 361-62 rotation of, 353 Crustacea, 535, 537 Cube roots, 166, 167, 584 methods of extracting, 180, 181-82 Cuckoo, 418 *Cullavagga*, 39 Culture, Ahar, 11, 279, 280-81 Banas, Banasian, 11, 277, 279 Clactonian, 371 Harappan, 2, 6-8, 276, 279, 280-81, 283, 570, 571 mesolithic, 2 neolithic, 2 neolithic-chalcolithic, 9–12 palaeolithic, 2 pre-Harappan, 5, 276 Stone Age, 2 Cunningham, A., 539–40 Curzon, Lord, 556, 566 Cylinder, volume of, 189 Cyrus, 45
c18.10
*Ḍābiṭ-Qawā'idu'l-Ḥisāb*, 208 Dādābhāi, 92 Dahshur, 14 Daimabad, 9, 11, 12, 279 *Dakṣiṇāyana*, 63, 81 *Dakṣiṇovṛtti yantra*, meridional circle, 101, 130 Ḍalhaṇācārya, 223, 226, 229, 230, 433 Dalhousie, Lord, 548 Dalton, John, 487 Damascened swords, 341 Damb Sadaat, 5 *Darada*, 319 Darius, 45 Dark Age, 484 *Darśana*, 27 *Dar Ṣan'ati-Parkār Ma'Fawā'idu'l-Afkār*, 208 *Darśapūrṇamāsa*, 60 Darwin, Charles, 487 *Daśaśrutaskandha*, 43 *Daśavaikālika*, 43 *Dasturil-Atbba*, 54, 271 Davy, Humphrey, 565 Day, 72–73 *ekaviṃśa*, 76 -length, variation of, 73, 81, 84 lunar, 73, 78 radius, *dinavyāsadala*, 108 *sāvana* or civil, 72, 78, 81, 85 solar, 73, 78, 81 Day, F., 534 Deccan Trap, 520 Decimal place-value notation, numeration, 164, 167, 172, 178, 179, 211, 584 Declination, *krānti*, 105 relation with latitude and zenith distance, 106 relation with longitude and obliquity, 106–7 Deduction, method of, 488 Deer, 406 Democritus, 447, 572 Desalpar, 6, 9 Descartes, René, 207, 487 *Desmodium gyrans*, 558 Determinant star, *yogatārā*, 68 Devadatta, 55, 265 Devanandin, 44 *Devayāna*, 63 Dhamek stupa, 539 *Dhammasaṅgāni*, 39 Dhanu, astronomical instrument, 125 *Dharma*, 466 Dharmakīrti, 41, 451 Dharmarajika stupa, 15 Dharmarakṣa, 133 *Dharmaśāstras*, 24, 28, 29 *Dhātu* in āyurveda, 242, 248, 249, 250 *Dhātukathā*, 39 *Dhātu* or metallic substances, 313, 323 *Dhāturatnamālā*, 55, 265 *Dhātuvāda*, 299 *Ḍhekīyantram*, 332 *Dhīkoṭī*, 51, 97 Dhuṇḍhirāja, 170 Dhūpayantram, 333 Diffusion of Western Sciences, 488–89 *Digamśa*, azimuth, 105 *Digamśa yantra*, 130 Digestion in āyurveda, 241–42 Digg, 212 *Dīghanikāya*, 39, 40, 139, 385 Dignāga, 30, 41, 44, 451 *Dinkard*, 46 Diophantos, 206 Dioptre, al-*'iḍāde*, 128, 129 Discs, 292 Diseases caused by *kṣetriya*, change of seasons and *kṛmis*, 217 classification and diagnosis of, 246–48 general principles of treatment, 248–49 named in early Vedic texts, 218 psychosomatic view of, 218 special methods of treatment, 249–50 three possible origins of, 217 Diurnal rotation of the earth, 94 Divākara family, 51, 100, 170, 171, 594 Division, methods of, 179–80 Divodāsa-Dhanvantari, 53, 223 school, system, 228–29 *Divyāvadāna*, 40, 139 Dobson, G. E., 534 Dodo, 442 Dog, 405, 410, 419, 440 *Dolayantram*, 331
c18.11
Domestic species, 405 *Doṣa* in *āyurveda*, 240–41, 243, 244, 248, 249, 250 Dove, 410, 411, 413 *Dravatva*, 470 *Dravya*, 461 *Dravyaparamaṇu*, 468 *Dṛḍhabala*, 53, 222, 223, 226 Dream in *āyurveda*, 244–45 *Dreṣkāṇa*, *dṛkkāṇa*, decan, 132 *Dṛggaṇita*, 99 *Dṛggati*, altitude of the nonagesimal, 123 *Dṛgmaṇḍala*, azimuth circle, 105 *Dṛkṣepa*, zenith distance of nonagesimal, 123 *Dṛṣṭivāda*, 42 Du Bois, Charles, 491 Duck, 410, 411 Dutch in Malabar, 401–2, 491 Duthie, J. F., 520 Dutta, P. N., 527, 603 *Dvādaśāha*, 76 *Dvāpara* or Brazen Age, 88 Dvārakānātha Yajvā, 146 *Dvīpradeśa*, 467 Dyad, 462, 464, 590
c18.12
Eagle, 419 Ear-rest, 292 Earth, diurnal rotation of, 94, 586 sphericity of, 65 Earthquakes of India, 525 Earth sine, *kṣitijyā*, 108, 109 Earth's shadow, length and diameter of, 117–19 East India Companies, 489–90 Eccentric-eccentric model, in planetary schemes, 114 Eccentric-epicyclic model, theories, 93, 98, 112 Eccentric model, 112–13 Eclipse, 16, 20, 61, 64–65, 116–21 calculation of, 84, 85, 90 conditions of, 119–20 duration of, 120–21 *Rāhu-ketu* theories of, 65–66 *Svarbhānu* legend, 64 Ecliptic, *apamaṇḍala*, 62, 66, 81, 105 obliquity of, 106, 107 Ecology, plant, 389 Ecphantus, 94 Education in India, 496–97 agricultural and veterinary, 554–55 engineering, 548–49 English, 546–48 industrial, 549–50 medical, 551–54
c18.13
Euler, 201 Everest, George, 510, 511–12, 514, 602 Everest, R., 501, 523 Eye-beads, 292
c18.14
Faience, 14–15, 291 Faizī, 171, 208 Falcon, 421 Falconer, Hugh, 521–23, 603 Falconidae, 531 False positions (*regula falsi*), method of, in algebra, 164, 190 Faraday, Michael, 487 Farīdu’d-Dīn Aḥmad, 208 Fategarh, 282 Fathullah Shirazi, 50 *Fauna of British India*, 534 al-Fazārī, Muḥammad ibn Ibrāhīm, 47, 48, 52, 97, 134, 211 Feistmantel, O., 526, 603 Fermat, 194 Ferment, 305 Fermented juices, 305 Fertile crescent, 350 Fibre-plants, 396 Figueredo, Father, Portuguese Jesuit, 102 *Fihrist*, 48, 70 *Firdausul-Ḥikmat*, 53, 269, 596 Fire-cult, 18 Fire-flies, 418 Fire-priest, 18 Fire-works, 345, 598 Firishta, 271 First point of Aries, 69 Fishes, 407, 409, 410, 413, 414, 421, 422, 424, 443 *Fishes of India*, 534 Fish-hooks, 280 Five elements as constituents of human body, 219, 237 Five *siddhāntas*, *Pañcasiddhāntikā*, 81, 82–90 Five-year cycle, 81 Flakes, 3 Flamsteed, 101 Flasks, 292 Flax, 12 Flecotus, 531 Fleming, A., 523 Flies, 418 *Flora of British India*, 515 *Flora Indica*, 515, 518, 601 *Flora of Bombay Presidency*, 520 *Madras*, 520 *Upper Gangetic Plain*, 520 Flower, in plant, 382–83, 396 names in Persian and Latin, 397 Forcadel, 212 Fossils of Sivalik hills, 521–22 Fossil vertebrata of India, 534 Fowl, 410, 421 Fractions, 143–44, 164, 166, 167 Franklin, James, 521 French geographers of India, 493 Frog, 420, 422, 424 Fruit, in plant, 383, 396 names in Persian and Latin, 398 Fruit trees, 398 Fundamental operations, in arithmetic, 142–43, 160, 575
c18.15
*Gadanigraha* of Soḍhala, 227 Galen, 268, 582 Galileo, 487 *Gamana*, 472–73 *Gaṇaka*, 59 *Gaṇakataraṅgiṇī*, 82, 167 *Gandhaka*, 306 Gaṇeśa Daivajña, 99, 170, 179, 188, 203, 594, 595 Gaṅgādhara, 99, 169, 594 Gaṅgeśa Upādhyāya, 31 *Gaṇitādhyāya* (of *Siddhānta Śiromaṇi*), 51, 98 *Gaṇita-kaumudī*, 51, 169, 594 *Gaṇitalipi*, 159 *Gaṇitāmṛtakūpikā*, 170 *Gaṇitānuyoga*, Jaina, 59, 139 *Gaṇita-sāra-saṃgraha*, 51, 157, 166, 167 *Gaṇitatattva-cintāmaṇi*, 99 *Gaṇitatilaka*, 51, 97, 168 *Gaṇitayuktibhāṣā*, 170, 595 Garbha Upaniṣad, 22, 220 Garcia da Orta, 400, 489, 600 Gardens, kitchen, 396 Mughal, 399 Garga, 73, 79, 131 *Gārhapatya vedi*, 152 *Garuḍa Purāṇa*, 36 *Gauḍapādabhāṣya*, 29 Gaur, 406, 409, 410 Gautama, astronomer in China, 133 *Gavām ayana*, 17, 18, 60, 61 *Gavāyurveda*, 255, 581 Gazelle, 409, 419, 424 Geber, 312 Geckos, 432 Gems (in the *Arthaśāstra*), 33
c18.16
Genetics, 238–39 Geological explorations, 520–28 maps, 525 Survey of India, 523–28, 601, 602 Geomagnetic studies, 506 Geometrical terms, Jaina, 160 Geometry, 145–50, 183–89 postulates in *Śulba-sūtras*, 145 Geostatic schemes, 112 Ghaggar, 285 Gharial, 409, 410 *Ghunyatu’l-Hussāb fī ‘Ilmi’l-Ḥisāb*, 52, 207 Gilbert, William, 487 Giriak, 297 Glass, 14–15, 291–96, 583 bangles, 294 beads, 33, 292 chemical composition of, 297–99 discs, 292 flasks, 292 intaglios, 292 lens-like objects, 292 millefiori, 292 mosaic, 292 rings, 292 sealings, 292 swirled, 292 tiles, 292 white cameo, 292 Glaze, glazing, 14–15, 277 Gnat, 421 Gneissose granite, 525 Gnomon, *śaṅku*, 103, 106, 125 Gnosticism, 46 Goad, 360 Goat, 405, 409, 410, 413, 419 Godwin-Austen, 534 *Golādhyāya* (of *Siddhānta Śiromaṇi*), 51, 98 *Goladīpikā*, 99 *Golasāra*, 99 *Golayantra*, armillary sphere, 125–26 Gold, 280, 284, 285, 304, 306, 323 adulteration of, 33 alloys, 33 assaying, 33 Goldingham, John, 495, 505 Goldsmith, 33 Gonds, 302 Gondwana, 525 Goose, 410 Gopālakṛṣṇa, 55, 265 *Gopatha Brāhmaṇa*, 21 Gopurarakṣita, 226 Gotama, 30, 54
c18.17
Govan, George, 518 Govinda Bhāgavat, 55, 233, 264, 265 Govindācārya, 55 Govindasvāmī, 55, 95, 99 *Graha*, 65 *Grahacāra*, 35 *Grahalāghava*, 99, 100, 170, 594 *Grahaṇamaṇḍana*, 99 Grammar, 25 *Grāmya*, 36 Grant, Charles, 497 Grape, 398 Grasshopper, 411 Great Anicut, 367 Greek astronomy, influence of, on Indian astronomy, 131–32 Greek medicine in India, 268–73 Gregory, of Gregory’s series, 201 *Gṛhyasūtra, Hiraṇyakeśi*, 32 *Grounde of artes, teachyng the worke and practise of arithmetike, the*, 212 Gṛtsamada, 60 Guava, 398 *Gūḍhārtha-prakāśikā*, 100, 171 *Guṇa*, 304, 461 Guṇaratna, 32, 44, 381, 384 Gungeria, 282 Gunpowder, 55, 345, 598 al-Gurgānī, 101, 594 Gurukul Āyurveda University, Kangri, 267 *Gurutva*, 470 Gypsum, 282
c18.18
Habash al-Ḥāṣib, 48, 211 Haematite, 283 drawings, 403–4 Haffkine Institute, 538 Hakīm Afḍal ‘Alī of Faydabad, 54 Hakīm ‘Alī Muḥammad, 54, 271 Hakīm Diya Muḥammad, 54, 270, 596 Hakīm Muḥammad Azam, 54, 272 Hakīm Muḥammad Kasim Hindū Shah, 54, 271 Hakīm Shahabuddin, 54, 270 Hakīm Sharif Khan, 54, 272 Halāyudha, 26, 156, 576 Hallur, 9, 14 Hamdard Dawakhana, Delhi, 273 Hamilton-Buchanan, 402, 515, 534 Haṃsadeva, 439 Hand-axe, 3 Hannay, 523 Haoma, the liquor of immortality, 217 Harappa, 6
c18.19
Harappan culture, *see* culture Harappan inscriptions, 8 Hardinge, 546 •Hardwicke, G. T., 501 Hare, 410, 419, 440, 443 Hare, David, 499, 605 Haribhadra, 32, 44 Hārita, *Hārita-Saṃhitā*, 53, 226, 386 Harrow, 360 Harvey, 487 Hasan an-Nīshāpūrī, 208 al-Ḥasan bin Miṣbāḥ, 134, 211 al-Ḥasan ibn al-Ṣabbāḥ, 47 Hastinapur, 12, 13, 287, 288, 292, 297 *Hastyāyurveda*, 55, 256, 259, 581, 582 *Haṭhayoga*, 30, 234 Hawk, 419, 421 *Hayalīlāvatī*, 54, 255 Health, maintenance of, in *āyurveda*, 243–44 Heat, 478 Heath, J. M., 563 Heisenberg, W., 447 Heliostatic model, 112 Hemacandra, 44 Hemādri, 227, 587 Hemmige, 9 Hen, 411 Henna or *mehndi*, a dye-yielding plant, 395 Heraclides, 94 Heraclitus, 444, 447, 572, 575 Herbarium, the, 518–19 Herodotus, 290, 374 Heron, 421 Heron of Alexandria, 161, 195 *Hetucakranirṇaya*, 41 Hexactinellid sponges, 537 Hibernation, 420 Hieuen Tsang, 299, 351 Himalayan Bradbill, 532 geology, 525 peaks, survey of, 512 *Hiṅgula*, cinnabar, 253 Hipparchus, 85, 102, 112 Hippocrates, 268 Hippocratic tracts on *Breaths*, 258, 582 *Diet on acute diseases*, 258 *Embryo of eight months*, 258 *Flesh*, 258 *Medicine*, 257, 258 *Nature of a child*, 258 *Sacred diseases*, 257 Hira Lall, 525
c18.20
Hiraṇyakeśin, 25 *Hiraṇyākṣa tantra*, 230 *Ḥisāb al-jabr wal-muqābala*, 212 *Ḥiṣābu'l hindī*, 211 Histology, plant, 383 *Historia Coelestic Britannica*, 101 *Hitopadeśa*, 294 Hodgson, Brian Houghton, 531–32 Hodgson, J. A., 511 Hoe, 14, 289 Hog deer, 406 Holland, T. H., 526, 528, 603 Hooker, J. D., 515, 518 Hooker, W., 518 Hook-lamps, 14, 289 Hooma or blackfaced sheep of Tibet, 532 *Hora*, hour, 132 Horizon, celestial, *Kṣitija*, 103 Horse, 16, 405, 419, 440 *Hortus Bengalensis*, 515, 601 *Hortus Malabaricus*, 491, 515 *Hortus Suburbanus Calcuttensis*, 518 Hosangabad, 404 Hospitals in Kambuja (Cambodia), āyurvedic, 262 Hour angle, 105 *Hsius*, Chinese lunar mansions, 69–70, 131 *Hsiu* stars in oracle-bones carvings, 70 *Huai Nan Tzu*, 70 Humoral theory, Vedic conception of, 217 Greek parallel and question of origin, 259 Humours, three, in *āyurveda*, 239–41, 247 Humped cattle, 405 Husain,˙Mohsin, 512 Hybrids, 433 Hydropathic establishments in Harappan culture, 215 Hypersthene rocks, 526
c18.21
Iatrochemical texts, iatrochemistry, 55, 264–66, 334–38, 588 Ibex, 413, 533, 534 Ibn al-Adamī, 134 Ibn al-Muqaffa, 48 Ibn aṣ-Ṣaffār, 134 Ibn Yunis, 134 I-Hsing, 125, 133, 210 *Ikhtiyaratī-Qasimi*, 271 *Iksiri-Aʻzam*, 54, 272 Imperial Agricultural Institute, 537, 566 Impetus theory, 474, 590 Income and expenditure, 164 Indeterminate analysis, equation (*kuṭṭaka*), 95, 97, 152, 165, 166, 167, 169, 192–95
c18.22
Indian alchemists, 328 Indian alchemy, 313–18 origin of 316–18 Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 561–62, 605 Indian Institute of Science, 566 Indian Museum, 528–30, 604 Indian Science Congress Association, 566 Indices, laws of, 161–62 Indigo, 366, 395, 562, 599 Indo-Aryans, 283–84 Indu, 227 Induction, method of, 488 Indus inches, 138 scale, 137 Industrial schools, 549–50 Indus Valley Civilization, 2, 6–8, 275–76, 351 Inequality of the sun, 113 Initial point of the Hindu sphere, 69 Inorganic remedies, 55, 253–54 salts, 55 Inscriptions, Harappan, 8 Insects, 421, 422 Instruments, masonry (astronomical), 129–30 Intercalary months, 75, 85, 87 Intercalation, 16, 85 Interest, 164 Inverse rule of three, 182–83 Iron, 11, 304, 323, 577–78, 583–84 Age, 12–14 arrow-heads, 13 axes, 13 chisel, 14 crowbar, 14 dagger, 14 hoe, 14, 289 hook-lamps, 14, 289 knife, 14 metallurgy of, 287–90, 301 objects, 287–88 pick-axe, 14 Pillar at Delhi, 299, 591 Pillar at Dhar, 340 saucer, 14 sickle, 14 spade, 14 spearheads, 13 sword, 14 tripod, 14 wedge, 14 Iron and steel, industry of, 563 Irrational numbers, 154–56, 576 Irrigation, 351, 353, 360–61, 367 *Īṣā Upaniṣad*, 21 Ismatu'llāh as-Sahāranpūrī, 52, 208 Isostasy, theory of, 506–7 Īśvarakṛṣṇa, 29 I-tsing, 53, 226
c18.23
Jackal, 406, 413, 443 Jacob Köbel, 212 Jagannātha, Samrāṭ, 52, 101–3, 171, 172, 594 Jahangir, as a naturalist, 441–42 *Jaiminīya Brāhmaṇa*, 20 *Jaiminīya Upaniṣad*, 21 Jaina astronomy, 78, 80–81 canon, chronology of, 43–44 canonical literature, 42–43 cosmography, 80 mathematical sources, 158 mathematical topics, 157 mathematics, 157–63 philosophical, scientific and technical literature, 44–45 *Jainendra Vyākaraṇa*, 44 *Jai Prakāś*, hemispherical dial, 101, 102, 130, 594 Jai Sing, Sawāi, 101–2, 129, 171, 172, 490, 594 astronomical instruments of his observatories, 126–30 *Jambūdvīpa-prajñapti*, 42, 43, 80, 161, 162 *Jambūdvīpasamāsa*, 158, 160 *Jami‘ush-shifaiya*, 54, 273 Jamshid Kāshī, 101 Jamuna canal, 368, 521 Janāśraya, 26 Jarāyuja, 36, 219, 425 Jasper, 283 *Jātakas*, 423 Jatukarṇa, 53, 226 Jaugada, 287 Jayadatta Sūrī, 54, 255 Jayadeva, 54, 255 Jayantabhaṭṭa, 30, 32, 465 Jesuit Missionaries, 490 Jhusi, 297 Jivaja, 425 *Jīvajīvābhigama*, 42 Jīvaka, physician of king Bimbisāra, 221 Jñānarāja, 99, 169, 170, 191, 594 John of Seville, 211, 212 Jones, William, 401, 402, 495–96, 530, 601 Jorwe, 11, 12 *Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal*, 500 Jute, 562 *Jyāmitra*, chord, 132
c18.24
Kahun papyrus, 149 *Kajjali*, 324, 325 *Kāla*, 460 *Kālāṇu*, 478 *Kalāsavarṇa* (fractions), 157 Kalhana, 54 Kali, Kaliyuga or Iron Age, 88, 109, 110, 134, 135 relation with Śaka era, 110 Kalibangan, 6, 279, 283, 351, 411, 412 Kālidāsa, 35, 37, 391, 424, 591 *Kalila-wa-Dimna*, 48 Kalluppu, 335 *Kalpalatāvatāra*, 171 *Kalpasūtras*, 24–25, 61, 136, 138, 139, 575 *Kalpāvataṃśikā*, 42 *Kalyāṇakāraka*, 45 Kamalākara, 52, 92, 100, 170, 180, 594 Kāmandaki, 34 *Kāmaśāstra*, *Kāmasūtra*, 23, 32, 34, 35, 43, 232, 299, 379, 390 Kaṇāda, 31, 450, 582 *Kapāṭa-sandhi* (door-junction, Gelosia) method of multiplication, 168, 179, 180 *Kapha*, one of the three humours, 240, 241, 579 Kapila, 29 *Karaṇakutūhala*, 98, 100 *Karaṇapaddhati*, 170, 187, 201, 595 Karikala I, 357 al-Karkhī, 51, 206 *Karma*, 461, 468 *Karmadīpikā*, 99, 170, 595 Kartari, astronomical instrument, 125 *Kaṣāya*, 458 Kāśyapa, astronomer in China, 133 *Kāśyapa Saṃhitā*, 226, 227, 230 *Kaṭapayādi* system of expressing numbers, 175 *Kaṭha Brāhmaṇa*, 21 *Kaṭha-Kapiṣṭhala* school, 18, 139 *Kāṭhaka Saṃhitā*, 17, 21, 67, 75, 353, 378 *Kaṭha* (*Kāṭhaka*) *Upaniṣad*, 21 *Kathāvatthu*, 39 *Kaṭu*, 458 Kātyāyana, 25, 26, 28, 223 *Kaumārabhṛtya* (knowledge of infantile disorders, care of young children, children diseases), 228, 230 Kaundanyapur, 291, 297 Kausambi, 13, 287, 297 *Kauṣītaki Āraṇyaka-Upaniṣad*, 21 *Kauṣītaki Brāhmaṇa*, 20, 77 Kauṭilya, 27, 29, 33, 72
c18.25
*Kautukacintāmaṇi*, 56 *Kāyacikitsā* (therapeutics), 228 *Kena Upaniṣad*, 21 *Kendra*, anomaly, 84, 132 Kelly, Robert, 494 *Ketu*, 65, 66 *Khaṇḍakhādyaka*, 51, 94, 96–97, 99, 111, 134, 135, 211, 586 *Khaṇḍakhādyaka-vivaraṇa*, 98 Khandesh, 289 *Khayrut-Tajārib*, 271 al-Khayyāmī, ‘Umar b. Ibrāhīm, 47, 52, 207 *Khuddakanikāya*, 39 *Khulāṣatu’l-Ḥisāb*, 52, 208 *Khulaṣṭu’t-Tajārib*, 272 Khuntia chokhs, iron-smelting tribe, 302 al-Khwārizmī, 48, 49, 52, 135, 180, 187, 190, 211, 212 *Kilal-Samural-hind-i*, Arabic translation of *Suśruta*, 260 Kili Ghul Mohammad, 5, 6 al-Kindī, 48, 49, 211 King, George, 402, 492, 515, 518, 603 King, Williams, 524, 525 *Kiraṇāvalī*, 31, 384, 388 Kishen Singh, 525 *Kitāb’l-Abniya‘an Ḥaqā’iq’l-Adwiya*, 47 *Kitāb al-āthār al-bāqiya ‘ani-l-qurūn al-Khāliya* (*Chronology of Ancient Nations*), 49 *Kitāb Arshimīdas fī’d-Dawā’iri’l-Mutamāssah*, 51, 206 *Kitāb Arshimīdas fī Uṣūli’l Handasah*, 51, 206 *Kitāb al-Fakhrī fī’l Ḥisāb Jabr-i-Wa’l Muqābilah*, 51, 206 *Kitāb fī Istikharājil-Autār fī’d-Dā’irah … Munḥanī’l-Wāqi’fihā*, 51, 206 *Kitābu’l-Kurah Wal-Usṭuwānah*, 52, 208 Kitchen garden, 396 Kite, 411 Kittoe, Markham, 539 Knives, 289 Koenig, John Gerard, 401, 402, 491, 515. 600 Kopia, 15, 291, 292 *Koṣṭhi*, 331 Kot Diji, 6 *Krānti*, declination, 105 *Kṛṣi-paddhati*, 56 *Kṛṣi-Parāśara*, 56, 358, 359, 364, 379, 592 *Kṛṣi-Saṃgraha*, 56 *Kṛṣitantra*, 56 Kṛṣṇa Daivajña, 100, 171, 594
c18.26
*Kṛta* or Golden Age, 88 Kṣaranāda, 226 Kṣarapāṇi, 53, 226 *Kṣayāha*, omitted lunar days or omitted *tithis*, 109 Kṣemendra, 26 Kṣepaṇa, 304 *Kṣetrasamāsa*, 158 *Kṣitija*, celestial horizon, 103, 104 *Kṣitijyā*, earth sine, 108 Ktesias, 290, 584 *Kucumāra tantra*, 232 *Kuhū*, name for moon's phase, 63 Kulli, 414 Kumāra, astronomer in China, 133 Kumārajīva, 41 *Kumārasambhava*, 35, 37 Kumārila, 28, 465 Kunda Kunda, 44 *Kūrma Purāṇa*, 36 *Kuṭṭaka*, *Kuṭṭakagaṇita*, other name for algebra, 189 Kyd, James, 501 Kyd, Robert, 402, 492, 600
c18.27
Lāḍyāyana, 433 Lagadha, 78 *Laghu Arhannīti*, 34, 44 *Laghubhāskarīya*, 51, 95, 99, 165 *Laghujātaka*, 95 *Laghumānasa*, 51, 97, 99 *Laghutithicintāmaṇi*, 100 *Laghu Vasiṣṭha-siddhānta*, 92 La Hire, 101 Lakṣmīdāsa, 98, 99, 100, 594 *Lalitavistāra*, 31 Lalla, 94, 97, 125, 187, 199 Lambton, William, 507–10, 602 Lands, classification of, 354–55 waste, 357 *Laṅkāvatārasūtra*, 41 Lapis lazuli, 283 Lapwing, 421 Lāṭa, 86, 90, 96, 586 Latitude, polar, 68 relation with zenith distance and declination, 106 *Laṭyāyana Śrautasūtra*, 24, 61, 75 *Lavaṇa*, 458 *Lavaṇa yantram*, 233 Lavoisier, A. L., 274, 347 *Lawāmi‘ul-Lubāb fī Sharḥ Khulāṣatu'l Ḥisāb*, 208 Laws of indices, 161–62 Laws of signs, 169 Lead, 304, 323 Leaf, in plant, 382, 401, 402 Leeches, 422, 433 Legend of Soma, 18 Length of the day between two solstices, 79 Lens-like objects, 292 Lentil, 11 Leonardo Pisano, 211, 212 Leucippus, 447 Lexicography, 25 *Liber abaci*, 212 *Liber algorismi*, 212 *Liber ysagogarum Alchorismi*, 212 Light, 480–81 *Līlāvatī*, 51, 98, 99, 168, 170, 171, 179, 180, 187, 205, 208, 594 Lime, 282 *Liṅgam*, 317 Linnaeus, Karl, 401, 402, 491 Lion, 407, 410, 420, 440, 443 *Liptā*, minutes, 132 Liquid principle, 326 Lizard, 413 Locusts, 418 Logarithms, 103 Logos, 445 *Lokavattvanirṇaya*, 32 Lokāyatas, 27, 31–32, 43 Lonar Lake, 520 Longitude, mean, 83 method of computing, 109–111 of planetary apogees, 89 of sun's apogee, 86 polar, 68 relation with zenith distance and declination, 106 Lothal, 6, 9 Lotus, 391 Lunar day, omitted, 85 day, *tithi*, 73 mansion, common origin hypothesis, 72 mansion, question of Babylonian origin of, 71–72 month, 73, 109 month, names of, 74 year, sidereal, 75, 76 zodiac, mansions, 66–72, 131, 574 Luni-solar calendar, Vedic, 72 cycle, five year, 78 Lutfu'llāh Muhandis, 52, 208 Lydekker, R., 534, 603
c18.28
Macaulay, Lord, 546 *Ma‘danush-Shifai-Sikandari*, 54, 270
c18.29
Mackenzie, Collin, 494, 510–11 Macrocosm, 22 Mādhava, 32 Mādhavakara, 53, 227, 247, 248, 260, 262, 587 *Mādhava Nidāna*, 227, 247, 260, 587 *Madhu*, 285, 305 *Madhukoṣa* of Vijayarakṣita, 227, 587 Madhura, 458 *Mādhvīka*, 306 *Madhya lagna*, ecliptic point on the meridian, 123 Mādhyamika system of the Mahāyāna, 41, 53, 468 *Madira*, 306 Madras Observatory, 494, 601 Madrassa, 497, 505 *Madya*, 306 Māgha, 35 *Mahābhārata*, 24, 25, 29, 32, 35, 36, 66, 223, 379 *Mahābhāskarīya*, 51, 95, 99, 594 *Mahābhāṣya*, 17, 26, 28, 29–30 *Mahābhūtāni*, 22 Mahādevas, 525 *Mahānārāyaṇa Upaniṣad*, 21 Mahārāj Kāśīmbāzār Govinda Sundarī Āyurvedic College, 267 *Mahārasas*, 222, 313, 588 *Mahāsiddhānta*, 51, 97, 167, 187 *Mahāskandha*, 466 *Mahāsurā*, 305 *Mahāvagga*, 39 *Mahāvastu*, 40 *Mahāvedī*, 151 *Mahāvibhāṅga*, 39 *Mahāvidyālaya*, 543–44 Mahāvīra, Jain mathematician, 45, 51, 145, 157, 158, 160, 166–67, 168, 180, 184, 185, 188, 192, 210, 584, 585 *Mahāvrata*, 61, 74 *Mahāvratīya* day, 74 *Mahāyuga*, 87, 88, 91, 109, 110, 575 Mahendra Sūri, 52, 99, 171, 593 Maheswar, 287, 291, 292, 297 *Maitrāyaṇī-Saṃhitā*, 17, 18, 21, 67, 68, 143, 218, 378 *Maitrāyaṇī Upaniṣad*, 21, 65 *Maitrāyaṇīya* school, 18, 25 Maize, introduction of, 400 *Majjhimanikāya*, 39, 40 *Majmuai-Diyaiyya*, 54, 270 *Majmuai-Shamaiyya*, 54, 270 *Makaradhvaja*, mercuric sulphide, 254, 325 Makaranda, 99, 594 Makkhali Gosāla, 32 *Mala* in āyurveda, 242, 249, 250 Malacology, 534 *Mālavikāgnimitra*, 37 Malayagiri, 80, 81, 158 Malayendu Sūri, 99, 171 Malcalmson, T. G., 520 Mallāri, 100, 170 Mallikārjuna Sūri, 92 Mallisena, 451 *Mammalia*, 533 Mammals, 418, 421, 422 of India, 534 *Mānasāra*, 34, 299 *Mānasollāsa*, 34, 339, 345, 439 Mānava, 25 *Mānavadharmaśāstra*, 24, 32 *Manāzil*, 66, 68, 70–71, 72, 131, 574 *Manda* corrections, 89 *Manda-karma*, 114 *Manda-kendra*, anomaly, 114 *Manda-parivṛtta*, eccentric circle, 114 *Mandaphala*, equation of centre, 114 *Mandocca*, apogee, 114 Mango, 391, 397 Mango-grafting, 367 Mañjulācārya, Muñjāla, 51, 90, 92, 97, 99, 584 Mannewars, 302 Mansur, 441 al-Mansūr, Abbāsid Caliph, 48, 134, 211 *Manthin*, 65 Manure, manuring, 16, 352, 358–59 *Manu-Smṛti*, 24, 32, 34, 95, 256 *Map of Hindoostan*, 493, 601 *Maqālah-i-Arshīmīdas fī Taksīri’d Dā’irah*, 52, 207 *Maqālah-fī-l Jabr-i*, 52, 207 *al-Maqālah fī Rāshīkā-li’l Hind*, 51, 206 Marāgha school of astronomers, 101 Marīci, 101, 171, 594 Marine Survey Department, 535 *Mārkaṇḍeya Purāṇa*, 36 Markhor, 534 Masaon, 297 Māshāllāh, 47 Maski, 9, 14, 291 Maslama al-Majrīṭī, 134, 135 Mastiff, 410 *Materia medica*, 251–52 plants and animal substances as basis, 251–52 Unani, 273, 597
c18.30
Mathanasimha, 55 Mathematics in European renaissance, 209, 211–12 Mathematics, interrelationship between Indian and Greek, Arabic and Chinese, 209–11 Mathura, 297 *Mātṛkābhedatantra*, 55, 315 *Matsya Purāṇa*, 36, 49 *Mātsyika*, 344 McClelland, J., 523–24, 528, 534 Mean argument, 115 Mechanics Institute, 564–65 Medaka, 305 Medhni Mal, 52, 208 Medical anthropology, 242–43 colleges and schools, 551–54 investigations, 538 *nighaṇṭus*, 264 profession, ethics of, 245–46 treatises translated into Arabic, 260 Medicine in Buddhist literature, 220–22 Gilgit Manuscripts, 221 later Vedic texts, 219–20 Vedic period, 216–19 Medlicott, H. B., 524–25 Megalith, Megalithic burials, 14, 289 Megasthenes, 34, 60, 582 *Meghadūta*, 37 Mehi, 279 Melon, 398 *Meng Chhi Pi Than*, 161 Menstruum, 312 Mensuration, 160 Merceline birds, 531 Mercuric chloride, 324 Mercuric sulphide, 324 Mercurous chloride, 324 Mercury, its powers, 318 eighteen processes, 320–22 transmission of, 318–19 Mercury, mercurial preparations, as remedies, 253, 254 Meridian circle, *yāmyottara vṛtta*, 104, 130 Meridional arc, 130 Meropidae, 531 *Meru-prastāra*, Pascal triangle, 26, 156–157, 576 Mesopotamia, 279, 281, 291, 350, 371 Mesozoic era, 568 Metabolism in *āyurveda*, 241–42 Metallic guns, 341 Metallurgical operations, 33 Metal mirrors, 280 Metals and metal-working, 279–81, 299–300, 338–41, 571, 592 Meteor, 66 Meteorological recordings, 494 Meteorology, 501–4, 604 Meters, Vedic, 156 Meton's or Metonic cycle, 85, 132 Metrics, 25 Metrology, 137 Mica, 276 Microcosm, 22, 219, 237–38 Microliths, 3 Microsection of rocks, 527 Millets, 393–94, 599 *Milindapañha*, 31, 40 *Mīmāṃsā*, *Mīmāṃsā Sūtra*, 28 *Mimosa pudica*, 558 Mining, 33 Minting coins, 33 Mīr M. Hāshim b. Qāsim al-Ḥusainī, 52 *Mitabhāṣiṇī*, 171, 595 Mohenjo-daro, 6, 7, 8, 14, 279, 351, 371, 372, 405, 407, 408, 409, 410, 570 Molluscs, 407, 418 Mongoose, 405, 410, 413, 420, 443 Monkey, 410, 413, 419, 421, 423 Month, 72, 73–75 *amānta*, 73, 74, 574 anomalistic, 83 intercalary, 75, 83 lunar, synodic, 73, 83 *pūrṇimānta*, 73, 74, 574 *saura*, 109 sidereal, 78, 81 solar, 81, 83 synodic, 78, 81, 85 Mookerjee, Asutosh, 556–57, 566–67, 605 Moon, 63 semi-diameter of, 84 Moon's elongation, 63 diameter, semi-diameter, 116, 117 distance from earth, 116–17 greatest latitude, 84 second inequality, 97 sidereal period, 64 synodic period, 64 Moorhen, 421 Mortars, 282 Mosquitoes, 418, 421 Motion, 472 *Mṛcchakaṭika*, 65 *Mṛdauka*, 306 *Mṛga-Pakṣi-Śāstra*, 439, 597 Mucilage, 349
c18.31
Mughal gardens, 399 *Muḥīṭi A'zam*, 272–73 *Mukhtaṣar az-Zīj*, 134 *Mūlamādhyamakakārikā*, 41 *mul*APIN, 71 Mūlasarvāstivādins, 40 *Mūlasūtra, Jaina*, 42, 43 Mulberry, 398 Mule, 419 Multiplication, methods of, 179–80 *Muṇḍaka Upaniṣad*, 21, 59 Mundane ages, four, 60, 88 Purāṇic, 36 Mundigak, 5, 6, 279 Mundy, 442 Munīśvara, 98, 100, 101, 171 *Muppu*, 335, 589, 596 al-Muqaffa, 47 Murias, 302 *Muslajati-Darashikohi*, 54, 272, 597 Mustard, 7 *Myna*, 418 Mythos, 445
c18.32
*Nābhi*, 455 *Nāḍīparīkṣā*, 234 Nādir (*adha svastika*), 103, 104 *Nāḍīvalaya yantra*, 130 *Nāḍīvijñāna* system of diagnosis (feeling of pulse), 233–34 Nagal, 13 Nagara, 13 Nāgārjuna, 41, 53, 220, 222, 223, 226, 231, 317, 587 Nāgārjuna's date, 41 Nāgārjuna, Siddha, 233 Nagarjunakonda, 9 *Nāgārjunatantra*, 231 Nagda, 13, 279, 287, 297 Nagnajit, authority on toxicology, 222 Nagpur, 289 Nahr-i-Bihist, 368 an-Nairizi, 134, 211 *Nakṣatradarśa*, 59 *Nakṣatra* list in the *Saṃhitās, Jyotiṣa* and *Sūryasiddhānta*, 66 *Nakṣatra* list in the Uigur manuscripts, 38 *Nakṣatra-pāṭhaka*, 60 *Nakṣatras*, 18, 20, 43, 60, 61, 64, 66–72, 131 *Nakṣatra* space, 68 *Nakṣatra* system, origin of, 66 *Nakṣatra Tiṣya*, conjunction of Bṛhaspati with, 65
c18.33
Nakula, 54, 255 Nal, 5, 279, 412 Nalanda, 291 *Nālikāyantram*, 333 Nalla Mala Mountains, 520 *Nāmaliṅgānuśāsana*, 26 *Nāmamālā*, 26 *Nāndīsūtra*, 43 Napier, 103, 172 Naquada, 14 Nārāyaṇa Paṇḍita, 51, 145, 169, 193, 196, 197, 198, 200, 594 Narcotics, 396 al-Nasavī, 180 Nasik, 11, 279, 287, 291, 292, 297 Nasir al-Din aṭ-Ṭūsī, 52, 101, 171, 207, 208, 594, 595 Nāṣir-i-Khusraw, 47 Naṣr b. 'Abdullah, 51, 206 Nāstikas, 27, 31–32 *Nata*, zenith distance, 105 *Nata ghaṭi*, 105 *Nāṭyaśāstra*, 23, 26 al-Naubakht, 47 Navagraha, 66 *Navanītaka*, 261 *Navāṅkura*, 171, 595 *Navatāla*, 339 Navdatoli, 11, 12, 279, 281, 287 Navya-Nyāya, 453 Nayanaśukhopādhyāya, 52, 172 Nemicandra, 145, 451 Neo-Platonism, 46 Nestorian Christians, 46, 47 Nevasa, 11, 12, 279, 281, 291, 293, 294, 297 Nevil, G., 534 Newbold, J. T., 520 Newminster manuscript, Ashmole 191 II, 135 Newton, Issac, 487, 585 *Nidāna*, 53, 269 *Nidānasūtra*, 26 *Nidānasūtra* of the *Sāmaveda*, 24, 61, 75 *Nighaṇṭavas*, 26 *Niḥśaṅku*, 94 *Nikāyas*, 39 Nilgai, 406, 440 Nīlakaṇṭha Jyotirvid, 52, 171, 595 Nīlakaṇṭha Somasutvan, 51, 94, 99, 165, 170, 198, 201, 594, 595 *Nimitantra*, 229 *Nirṇayāvalī*, 42 Nirukta, 25, 26 *Nisṛṣṭārthadūtī*, 171
c18.34
Nītiśāstra, 32, 34–35, 44 *Nītivākyāmṛta*, 34 Nityanātha, Siddha, 233 Noh, 13 Nonagesimal, *tribhona lagna*, *tribhona*, 123 *Noviciae Indica*, 519 Nṛsiṃha, 98 Nṛsiṃha Daivajña, 92, 594 Number, 140–42 alphabetical system of expressing, 174–75, 584 irrational, 154–56, 576 *Kaṭapayādi*, 175 naming of large, 140, 141 principles of addition, subtraction etc. in naming, 142 theory of, 159 Numerals, Brāhmī, 138, 177 epigraphic and inscriptional records, 176–79 Gwalior, Bhojadeva inscriptions, 177, 178 Kharoṣṭhi, 138, 177 Nānāghāt, 177 Nāsik, 178 Rod, 138 without place-value, 176 with place-value, 177 word, 173–74 Nūshirwān, the Just, 46 *Nyāya*, 27, 30, 41 *Nyāya* and *Vaiśeṣika* schools, syncretization of, 30, 31 *Nyāyabhāṣya*, 30 *Nyāyādhammakahāo*, 42 *Nyāyakandalī*, 31 *Nyāyakusumāñjali*, 30 *Nyāyalīlāvatī*, 31 *Nyāyamañjarī*, 30, 32 *Nyāyamukha*, 41 *Nyāyamuktāvalī*, 31 *Nyāyapariśiṣṭa*, 30 *Nyāyapraveśa*, 41, 44 *Nyāyasāra*, 31 *Nyāyasiddhāntadīpa*, 31 *Nyāyasūcinibandha*, 30 *Nyāyasūtra*, 27, 30 *Nyāya-vaiśeṣika*, 44 doctrines in *āyurveda*, 238 literature, 451 *Nyāyavārttika*, 30 *Nyāyavārttikatātparyaṭīkā*, 30 *Nyāyavārttikatātparyaṭīkā-pariśuddhi*, 30 *Nyāyavindu*, 41
c18.35
Oblique ascension, 107 Obliquity of the ecliptic, 107, 108 Ocean-mining, 33 Oil-seeds, 11, 394–95, 599 Oldham, T., 524–25, 602 Omar Khayyām, *see* al-Khayyāmī Omitted lunar days, 85, 87, 109 Organic breath, theory of internal and vital, Greek parallel, 258–59 Ornithology, 533 O'Shaughnessy, W. B., 498, 507 Ospery, 421 Owl, 411, 419
c18.36
Pacioli, 180, 183 *Padārthadharmasaṃgraha*, 31 *Padārthatattvanirūpaṇa*, 31 *Padma Purāṇa*, 36 Pahlavī, 45, 46, 48 *Paitāmaha-siddhānta*, 50, 82, 83 Paiyampalli, 9 *Pakṣa*, half lunation, 73 *Palabhā*, equinoctial shadow, 106 Pālakāpya, 55 *Pālakāpyasaṃhitā*, 55, 256, 259 Palaeontology, 521–23 Pali canon, 39–40 Pali literature, non-canonical, 40 *Pañcabhūtas* or five elementary principles constituting material substances, 237, 334, 455–59, 572–73 *Pañcasiddhāntikā*, 50, 73, 79, 82–90, 93, 103, 110, 111, 125, 132, 173, 199, 200, 585 *Pañcaśikha*, 29 *Pañcatantra*, 46, 260 *Pañcaviṃśa Brāhmaṇa*, 20, 62, 64, 144, 575 Pangenesis, 435 Pangolin, 410 Pāṇini, 25, 223 Panipat, 13 Papaya, 399 Paper manufacture, 341–43 *Pārada*, 313 *Pārada Saṃhitā*, 265 Parallax, 84, 86, 96, 116, 121–24, 135 geocentric, 121, 122 horizontal, 121, 122, 123 *Paramāṇu*, 466 Parameśvara, 51, 92, 94, 95, 99, 165, 169, 175, 181, 594 Parāśara, 53, 56, 79, 379–80 Parasites, 431 *Parikarma* (fundamental operations), 157 Parket, 411, 413, 418
c18.37
Parmenides of Elea, 446 *Pārthivadravya*, 458 Partridges, 440 *Pārvataka tantra*, 230 Pascal's triangle, 26, 156, 576 *Pātana yantram*, 331 Patañjali, 17, 24, 25, 26, 28, 29, 34, 223 Pathology, plant, 385 *Pāṭīgaṇita*, 51, 168 Patna, 297 *Pauliśa-siddhānta*, 50, 82, 132, 199 Paulus Alexandrinus, 132 Peaches, 398 Peacock, 410, 413, 421, 424 Pear, 398 Pellian equation, 164, 166, 169, 194 cyclic method of solving, 169, 194–95 Pellos, 183 Pepper, 391 Perfumes, 308 Permo-carboniferous period, 568 Permutations, permutations and combinations, 156, 162–63 Persian mathematics in India, 204–5 mathematical works, 205–8 Petiver, James, 491 Pharmacological practice, āyurvedic, 252 Philosopher's stone, 312 Philosophical concepts in *āyurveda*, 237–38 *sūtras* and *bhāṣyas*, 27–32 water, 312 Phylloscopus, 533 Phyllotaxis, 382 Physical investigations, 501–7 Physiology, plant, 383–84 *Phytographia*, 491 π, value of, 149–50, 161, 165, 169, 186–87, 584 π series, 170, 187 Pick-axe, 289 Piddington, H., 501–2 Pig, 405, 410, 419 Pigeon, 411, 419 Pigments, 308–9, 343–44 Piklihal, 9, 14 Pill of immortality, 310 *Pīlupākavāda*, 478–79 *Piṇḍa-Niryukti*, 43 Pineapple, 399 Piṅgala, 26, 144, 156, 175, 576 Pit burial, 13–14 *Piṭharapākavāda*, 478–79 *Pitṛyāna*, 63 *Pitta*, one of the three humours, 217, 240, 241, 247, 579 Planetary revolutions in a *Mahāyuga*, 87 Planetary theories, 111–16, 132 Planets, 65 Planets, synodic periods of, 83 Planet worship, 65 *Plantae Asiaticae Rariores*, 517, 603 Plant as a living organism, 35 Plantation of horticulture, 354 sugarcane, 354 Plant *āyurveda*, 256–57 Plant classification, 16, 36 Plant diseases, treatment of, 362–63 Plant evolution, 16 Plantigrada, 531 Plant in Indian alchemy, 326–28, 348–49 Plant, introduction of, 399–400 Plant science arbori-horticulture, 390–91 classification, 387–89 ecology, 389 flower, 382–83 fruit, 383 histology, 383 leaf, 382 morphology, 381 nourishment, 384 pathology, 385 phyllotaxis, *patrabandhana*, 382 physiology, 383–84 reproduction, sex and heredity, 385–86 root, 381 seed and germination, 381 shoot and stem, 381 taxonomy, 386 Plant science in medical works, 378–79 in *Purāṇas*, *Arthaśāstras* and *Bṛhatsaṃhitā*, 379 Plato, 448, 572, 582 Pleistocene, 3, 568–69 Pliny, 290 Plough, 352, 355, 360 Plutarch, 149 Pneuma, 446 Pneumatic theory, 20 Pogson, N. R., 505 Polar latitude, 68 Polar longitude, 68 Pole-cat, 419 Po-lo-mên literature in China, 38, 133 *Po-lo-mên Suan-fa*, 209 *Po-lo-mên-wen-ching*, 209
c18.38
Pomegranate, 398 Pond-heron, 421 Porcupines, 418, 443, 531 Porto Novo works, 563 Portuguese in Goa, 400–1, 489 Porumamilla, 367 Pottery (*see also* wares), 275–79, 285–87 Powell, Boden, 565 Prabhākara, 28, 465 Prabhas Patan, 11, 13 *Practica arithmetice et mensurandi singularis*, 212 Pradyumna, 96, 132 Prahladpur, 13 Prain, David, 519–20 Prajāpati legend around Rohiṇī and Mṛgaśīrṣa, 68 *Prajñāpanā*, 42 *Prajñāpanā-sūtra*, 159 Prakash, 11, 12, 13, 279, 291, 297 *Prakīrṇaka* (Jaina), 42, 43 *Prakṛti*, 235, 236, 458–59 *Pramāṇasamuccaya*, 41 *Prāṇa*, physiological role of, 19, 576–77 *Prasanna*, 305 *Prasāraṇa*, 472 Praśastapāda, 31, 450, 465 *Praśna Upaniṣad*, 21 *Praśna Vyākaraṇa*, 42 *Prastārānayanopāya* (in permutation and combination), 162 Pratāparudradeva, 56 *Prātiśākhyas*, 25, 26 Pratt, A., 507 *Prāyaṇīya atirātra*, 77 Precession of equinoxes, 91, 97, 586 Precious gems, 323 Preparation of *bhasma*, 325 *rasaliṅga*, 328 Priestley, Joseph, 274, 347 *Prima Parte del general trattato di numerie misure, La*, 212 Prime vertical, *sama-maṇḍala*, 104, 105 Prinsep, James, 500, 539 Proclus, 149 *Prodromus Florae Peninsulae Indiae Orientalis*, 518 Profit and loss, in arithmetic, 164 Progressions, 164 Progressive series (*śreḍhī-vyāvahāra*), 144–45, 196–98 A.P., rth summation of, 198 A.P., summation of, 197, 584, 585 G.P., summation of, 198, 585 summation of natural numbers, 197 summation of triangular numbers, 197 summation of squares and cubes of natural numbers, 198 Protyle, 448 Pṛthūdakcsvāmī, 51, 97, 98, 166, 169, 189 *Pṛthvī*, 459 Pseudo-Democritos, 311 Ptolemaios as *Turamaya*, 90 Ptolemy, 85, 101, 102, 112, 171, 182, 185, 206 Public health and sanitation, 33 *Pudgala*, 466, 467, 468 *Puggalapannatti*, 39 Pulses, 394–95 *Pūnīru*, 335, 337 Purana Quila, 287 *Purāṇas*, 36 date of, 36–37 Purāṇic cosmology, 36 Purification processes, 323 of sulphur, 324 *Puruṣa*, 235–36 *Pūrvamīmāṁsā*, 27 Puṣkalāvata, 226 *Puṣpaculikā*, 42 *Puṣpikā*, 42 *Puṭa*, 325 Putumana Somayājin, 201 Pyramid, volume of, 189 Pyrotechnics, 55, 345–46, 598 Pythagoras, 149, 209 Pythagoreans, 112 Pythagorean Theorem, 136, 147, 576, 585 in the *śulbasūtras*, 147–48 question of origin, 148–49 Python, 419, 209
c18.39
Qā’im Muhammad, 126 al-Qalasādī, 180 *al-Qānūn al-Mas‘ūdī*, 49, 134 *Qānūn* of ibn Sīnā, 54 Qau, 14 Quadrant, *turīya*, 125 Quadratic equation, 151, 164, 167–68 indeterminate, 166 Quadrilateral area of, 167, 184–85 cyclic, 185 five types of, 185 measure of diagonals of, 185 rational, 186 Querns, 351
c18.40
Quintus Curtis, 290 Qur'ān, 47 Qustā ibn Lūqā, 190
c18.41
Radio-activity, 487 Radio-carbon datings, 6–13, 283–84 Ahar, 11 Banasian phase, 11 B. and R. period, 13 Burzahom, 9 Chirand, 13 Daimabad, 12 Hastinapur, 13 Jorwe phase, 12 Kalibangan, 6, 8 Kausambi, 13 Kot Diji, 6, 8 Lothal, 8 Mohenjo-daro, 8 Mundigak, 6 Narsipur, 9 Navdatoli, 11, 12 N.B.P. period, 13 Paiyampalli, 9 P.G. ware period, 13 Prakash, 12 Rojdi, 8 Sanganakallu, 9 South Indian neolithic complex, 9 Tekkalakota, 9 Utnur, 9 Raghunātha Śiromaṇi, 31, 465 *Raghuvamśa*, 35, 37 Ragi, 373 Rāhu, 20, 61, 65–66 Rāhu-Ketu theory of eclipse, 96, 116, 133 Raigir, 14 Railways, introduction of, 490 Rairh, 287 *Rājamārtaṇḍa*, 54, 254, 255 *Rājapraśnīya*, 42 *Rajas*, *rājasika*, 236, 245, 459 *Rājayakṣmā*, 18 Rajgir, 297 Rajpur Parsu, 12, 282 *Rākā*, name for moon's phase, 63 *Rakta* (blood), 242 Ram, 410 Rāmacandra, 55, 233 Ramadevan, 318 Raman, C. V., 561, 605 Rāmānuja, 22 *Rāmāyaṇa*, 32, 36, 66, 214, 379, 391 Ram Mohan Roy, 544–45, 605 Ram Singh, 525 *Rām yantra*, 102, 130, 594 Rana Ghundai, 5, 412 Raṅganātha, 92, 98, 170 Rangpur, 11 *Rasacikitsā* school of medicine, 55, 231, 232–33, 253, 262, 264, 587, 596 *Rasahṛdaya*, 55, 233, 264, 314, 319, 321, 322 *Rasa* in *āyurveda*, 241–42 *Rasaka*, 319 *Rasakarpūra*, 324 *Rasanakṣatramālikā*, 55 *Rasapāka*, 305 *Rasaprakāśasudhākara*, 55, 314, 319, 321, 322 *Rasapuṣpa*, 324 *Rasarājalakṣmī*, 55 *Rasaratnākara*, 55, 231, 233, 264, 314 *Rasaratnasamuccaya*, 55, 231, 233, 253, 314, 323 *Rasārṇava*, 55, 233, 314, 319, 321, 322 *Rasārṇavakalpa* of the *Rudrayāmalatantra*, 55, 315 *Rasaśālā*, 328 *Rasaśāra*, 55, 264 *Rasaśāstra*, iatrochemical works, 55, 264–66, 314 *Rasaśāstra* school, 55 *Rasasindūra*, mercuric sulphide, 254, 324, 325 *Rasavādin*, 313 *Rasāvatāra*, 265 *Rasasiddha*, 305 *Rasavidyā*, 313 *Rasāyana*, 228, 231, 316 *Rasendracintāmaṇi*, 55, 233 *Rasendracūḍāmaṇi*, 55, 233 *Rasendrasārasaṃgraha*, 55, 265, 314 *Rāśi* (solid mensuration), 157 *Rāśivalaya*, 130 *Rāśi yantra*, 101 Rat, 405, 443 Ratio, proportion, 182–83 *Ratnas*, 323 Rây, P. C., 560, 605 *Ṛbhus*, 63 Reamers, 280 Rechenbiechlin, 212 Rectilinear figures, combinations and transformations of, in the *Sulbasūtra*, 146–47 Regeldetri, 183 Rejuvenation, 219, 315 *Rekhāgaṇita*, 103, 171, 595 Remainder problem, 210 Renaissance, 486–87
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