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The Astronomical Observatories of Jai Singh c21.s2: C. (2) Longitudes and Latitudes of Ujjain, Delhi, Benares, Jaipur

The Astronomical Observatories of Jai Singh c21.s2

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C. (2) Longitudes and Latitudes of Ujjain, Delhi, Benares, Jaipur

c21.s2.1

| Name of Place. | Date. | Authority. | Locality of observation. | Longitude. | Latitude North. |
| | A. D. | | | | |
| UJJAIN . . . | 550 | *Pañchasiddhāntikā* . | .... | 44° East of Alexandria.¹ | 24° 0' 0" |
| | 1000 | Hindu canon according to Albirūni. | .... | .... | 24° 0' 0" |
| | 1010 | Albirūni . . . | .... | .... | 22° 49' 0" |
| | 1150 | Bhāskara . . . | .... | .... | 22° 30' 0" |
| | | Astrolabes . . . | .... | 110° 50' East of Fortunate Isles.² | 23° 30' 0" |

c21.s2.2

¹ The longitude of modern Alexandria is given as 29° 51' East of Greenwich. The astrolabes generally gave 61° 54' East of the Fortunate Isles (see p. 127).

c21.s2.3

² For the longitude of the Fortunate Isles see p. 25 where it is estimated at 35° West of Greenwich.

c21.s2.4

C. (2) Longitudes and Latitudes—contd.

c21.s2.5

| Name of Place. | Date. | Authority. | Local'ty of observation. | Longitude. | Latitude North. |
| UJJAIN—contd. | C. 1734 | Jai Singh . . . | Observatory . . . | .... | 23° 10' 0". |
| | 1792 | W. Hunter (*As. Res.*, 1795, p. 141f). | Near Rana Khan's Garden. | 75° 46' East of Greenwich. | 23° 11' 34·2". |
| | | W. Hunter . . . | Near Scindia's Palace | 75° 55' 3" East of Greenwich. | 23° 10' 56·5". |
| | 1825 | Warren, from Hindu Books. | .... | .... | 23° 11' 30". |
| | 1915 | Trigonometrical Survey of India. | Hill 1678 . . . | .... | 23° 11' 6". |
| DELHI . . | .. | Astrolabes . . . | .... | 113° 15' East of Fortunate Isles.¹ | 28° 39' 0". |
| | 1729 | Jai Singh . . . | Observatory . . . | .... | 28° 39' 0". |
| | 1734 | Father Boudier . | " . . . | 75° 0' East of Paris² | 28° 37' 0". |
| | 1792 | W. Hunter . . . | " . . . | 77° 2' 27" East of Greenwich. | 28° 37' 0". |
| | 1825 | Warren, from Hindu Books. | .... | 1° 16' 8" East of Ujjain. | 27° 35' 0". |
| | 1915 | Trigonometrical Survey of India. | Pīr Ghāib Jām'i Masjid . | 77° 12' 52" . . 77° 14' 2·8" . . | 28° 40' 35·1". 28° 39' 2·3". |
| BENARES . . | 550 | Pañchasiddhāntikā . | .... | 54° East of Alexandria. | |
| | .. | Astrolabes . . . | .... | 117° 20' East of Fortunate Isles. | 26° 15' 0". |
| | 1795 | R. Barrow, *As. Res.*, IV 1795, p. 326. | .... | 82° 54' East of Greenwich. | 25° 18' 36". |
| | 1825 | Warren, from Hindu Books. | .... | 4° 37' 0" East of Ujjain. | 25° 38' 0". |
| | 1915 | Trigonometrical Survey of India. | Observatory . . . | 83° 0' 46·1" East of Greenwich. | 25° 18' 24·9" |
| JAIPUR . . | .. | Astrolabe . . . | .... | 109° 6' East of Fortunate Isles. | 26° 36'. |
| | | Tieffenthaler . . | .... | 73° 43' East of Paris | 26° 53'. |
| | 1734 | Father Boudier . | Observatory . . . | 73° 50' East of Paris | 26° 56'. |
| | 1915 | Trigonometrical Survey of India. | Minaret. . . . | 75° 49' 18·5" East of Greenwich. | 26° 55' 27·4". |

c21.s2.6

¹ For the longitude of the Fortunate Isles see p. 25 where it is estimated at 35° West of Greenwich.

c21.s2.7

² The longitude of Paris Observatory is 2° 20' 13·5" East of Greenwich.

c21.s2.8

C. (3) Observatory Elements.

c21.s2.9

(a) Position.

c21.s2.10

| | Latitude. | Longitude East of Greenwich. | Magnetic Declination for 1915. | Annual Variation. |
| | | | *h. m. s.* | East. | |
| DELHI . . . . . . | 28° 37' 35" | 77° 13' 5" | 5 8 52·3 | 1° 45' | -1 |
| JAIPUR . . . . . | 26° 55' 27·4" | 75° 49' 18" | 5 3 17·2 | 1° 45' | |
| UJJAIN . . . . . | 23° 10' 6" | 75° 46' 2" | 5 3 4 | 0° 45' | |
| BENARES . . . . | 25° 18' 24·9" | 83° 0' 46" | 5 32 3·1 | 1° 5' | |

c21.s2.11

(b) Time.

c21.s2.12

| Place. | Longitude East of Greenwich. | Difference between local and standard time. | DIFFERENCE BETWEEN LOCAL SUN TIME AND CLOCK (i.e., STANDARD) TIME. | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | Jan. 1. | Feb. 12. | Mar. 15. | April 15. | May 15. | June 14. | July 15. | Aug. 15. | Sept. 1. | Oct. 1. | Nov. 2. | Dec. 25 |
| | | *M. S.* | *M. S.* | *M. S.* | *M. S.* | *M. S.* | *M. S.* | *M. S.* | *M. S.* | *M. S.* | *M. S.* | *M. S.* | *M. S.* | *M. S.* |
| Standard . . | 82° 30' 0" | 0 0 | +3 11 | +14 24 | +9 6 | 0 0 | -3 48 | 0 0 | +5 44 | +4 23 | 0 0 | -10 16 | -16 21 | 0 0 |
| Delhi . . . | 77° 13' 5" | +21 8 | +24 1 | +35 32 | +30 14 | +21 8 | +17 20 | +21 8 | +26 52 | +25 31 | +21 8 | +10 52 | +4 47 | +21 8 |
| Jaipur . . | 75° 49' 18" | +26 43 | +29 54 | +41 7 | +35 49 | +26 43 | +22 55 | +26 43 | +32 27 | +31 6 | +26 43 | +16 27 | +10 22 | +26 43 |
| Ujjain . . | 75° 46' 2" | +26 56 | +30 7 | +41 20 | +35 12 | +26 56 | +23 8 | +26 56 | +32 40 | +31 19 | +26 56 | +16 40 | +10 35 | +26 56 |
| Benares . . | 83° 0' 46" | -2 3 | +1 8 | +12 21 | +7 3 | -2 3 | -5 51 | -2 3 | +3 41 | +2 20 | -2 3 | -12 19 | -18 24 | -2 3 |

c21.s2.13

Standard time in India is 5½ hours before Greenwich time. The minus sign indicates that standrad time is behind local sun time. Therefore, to find standard time from dial time, and the plus quantities and subtract the minus quantities, as given in the table. For intermediate dates proportionate parts will give approximate results. The time is given to the nearest second only for 1916. The annual variation is small.

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