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A History of Indian Medical Literature v3.c43.s23: Hemacandra

A History of Indian Medical Literature v3.c43.s23

Language
English

Contents

Hemacandra

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Hemacandra, the renowned mediaeval lexicographer, 505 was the author of the *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa*, 506 written as an appendix to the *vanaspatikāya* section of the *tiryakkāṇḍa* of his *Abhidhānacintāmaṇi* (4.197–267). 507

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Contents 508 This work, which gives only names of plants and their synonyms, is divided into six sections (*kāṇḍa*), which deal with trees (*vṛkṣa*; 3–183), shrubs (*gulma*; 184–291), creepers (*latā*; 292–335), vegetables (*śāka*; 336–368), grasses (*tṛṇa*; 369–385), grains, pulse and related plants (*dhānya*; 386–401). This arrangement is new and not found in other *nighaṇṭus*, but it should be noted that Hemacandra was not strict in applying his own scheme. The section on shrubs includes a herb like *apāmārga* (204–205) 509 and a climber like *jyotiṣmatī* (209); 510 the presence of *rāsnā* in this section (219) may mean that this word designated a shrub according to Hemacandra and not an orchid. 511 The section on creepers describes a herb like *kaṭukā* (298–299) 512 and also lotuses and water-lilies (327–334), while the section on vegetables has verses on plants not used as such (*saptalā*, 340cd-341ab; *prasāraṇī*, 341cd-342; *bhṛṅgarāja*, 346cd-347ab). 513

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The number of synonyms given in the *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* is considerable, many being new. 514 Not only names of plants were recorded in it, but also names of fruits and seeds, etc. 515 In some cases Hemacandra seems to have been misinformed. 516

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Hemacandra’s sources for the compilation of the *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* are almost completely unknown, but he may have consulted the *Aṣṭāṅganighaṇṭu*. 517 The subsection on lotuses and water-lilies and the whole sixth section have been taken over almost verbatim from his own *Abhidhānacintāmaṇi* (4.226–248).

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The *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* is quoted as Haima in Bhānuji Dīkṣita’s *Rāmāśramī* on the *Amarakoṣa*. 518

Special features

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Noteworthy names of plants are: *amilāta* and *amlāta* as synonyms of *saireyaka* 519 (245–246ab); *japā* (149d); *kākakaṅgu* (396a); 520 *kalambī* (359ab); 521 *kāṇḍīra* (= *kuṭannaṭa*; 382); 522 *kārpāsī*, *vanyā* (157cd); *karuṇa* (52cd); 523 *kimpāka* (155ab); 524 *kolipattra* (= *joraṇa*; 107b); 525 *kṛṣṇalodhra* (117b); *kumārī* (244); *musalī* (264); *nalī* (= *grāmanalikā*; 375cd); 526 *pathikā* (279cd–280ab); 527 *rudrākṣa* (141d); 528 *śrīhastinī* (355ab); 529 *sthalagaṇḍīra* (354ab); 530 *tālī* (182ab); 531 *vapuṣā* as an odourless variety of *hapuṣā* (270ab); *vāriparṇī* (335ab); 532 *viṭkhadira* (= *arimeda*; 66). Two types of *amlavetasa* are distinguished (59cd), an inferior (*śaṅkhadrāvaka*) and a superior one (*bāladrāvaka*); two types of *bījaka* are mentioned (101cd), a superior (*śikhigrīvā*) and an inferior one (*gomūtraka*); a variety of *vandā* is mentioned that is called *nandīmukha* (159ab). 533

The author and his date

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Hemacandra was born in Gujarāt in 1087 or 1088. He took holy orders as a Jain monk in 1097/98, was ordained as a Sūri in 1109/10, and assumed the ecclesiastical name of Hemacandra. He spent the greater part of his life at Aṇahillapāṭaka, the ancient capital of Gujarāt, where he was patronized by the Caulukya kings Jayasiṃha (1093–1142) 534 and Kumārapāla (1142–1173). 535 His wide learning made him known as the Kalikālasarvajña. He died of *sallekhanā* in 1172/73. 536 Hemacandra wrote the *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* after his *Abhidhānacintāmaṇi*, *Anekārthasaṃgraha* and *Deśīnāmamālā*. 537

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*Śrīvallabhagaṇi's commentary* Śrīvallabhagaṇi was the author of a commentary (ṭīkā) on the *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa*.⁵³⁸ He was a pupil of Jñānavimalagaṇi⁵³⁹ of the Kharataragaccha, the author of the *Śabdabhedaprakāśatikā* on Maheśvara's *Śabdabhedacandra*⁵⁴⁰ and wrote his works at the end of the sixteenth and the beginning of the seventeenth century.⁵⁴¹ The MSS of the *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* that were at the disposal of Śrīvallabha were rather defective.⁵⁴²

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⁵³⁸ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁵³⁹ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁵⁴⁰ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁵⁴¹ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁵⁴² *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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The commentary gives for each synonym the etymology, along the lines of Hemacandra's grammar, quotes many passages from technical works, and mentions the Rājasthānī term for each plant.⁵⁴³ In some cases it adds useful information; it distinguishes, for example, between aralu and tuṇṭuka, regarded as one and the same by Hemacandra (85ab), and between meṣaśṛṅgī and vṛścikālī (191–192ab).

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⁵⁴³ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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Authors quoted or referred to by Śrīvallabha are: ⁵⁴⁴ Amara, Amarasimha, Bhāguri,⁵⁴⁵ Bhoja, Cāmuṇḍapaṇḍita, Candra,⁵⁴⁶ cāndraḥ,⁵⁴⁷ Candranandana, Devacandrasūri,⁵⁴⁸ Dhanvantari,⁵⁴⁹ Gauḍa, Indra, Indu, jainaḥ, Kandalikāra,⁵⁵⁰ Kauśika, Kṣirasvāmin, Madanapāla, Maheśvara, nairuktāḥ, prācyāḥ, Pūrṇatalagaṇa,⁵⁵¹ Śrīdhara, Vācaspati, vaidyāḥ, Vopadeva, and Vyāḍi.

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⁵⁴⁴ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁵⁴⁵ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁵⁴⁶ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁵⁴⁷ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁵⁴⁸ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁵⁴⁹ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁵⁵⁰ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁵⁵¹ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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The following works are quoted or referred to by him:⁵⁵² *Abhidhānacintāmaṇi*, *Abhidhānakoṣa*,⁵⁵³ *Āgama*, *Amaraśeṣa*,⁵⁵⁴ *Amaratikā*, *Anekārthasaṃgraha*,⁵⁵⁵ *Deśī*, *Deśīnāmamālā*,⁵⁵⁶ *Kādambarī*, *Kavikalpadruma*, *Mālā*, *Maṅkha*,⁵⁵⁷ *Mekhalā*, *Mīmāṃsābhāṣya*, *Nighaṇṭu*, *Śabdānuśāsana*,⁵⁵⁸ *Śāśvata*,⁵⁵⁹ *Suśruta*, *Vaijayantī*,⁵⁶⁰ *Varṇanighaṇṭa*,⁵⁶¹ *Viśva(kośa)*, *Viśvalocana*,⁵⁶² and *Vopadevadhātupāṭha*.⁵⁶³

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⁵⁵² *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁵⁵³ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁵⁵⁴ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁵⁵⁵ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁵⁵⁶ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁵⁵⁷ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁵⁵⁸ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁵⁵⁹ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁵⁶⁰ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁵⁶¹ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁵⁶² *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁵⁶³ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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*Kaiyadeva*

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Kaiyadeva⁵⁶⁴ was the author of (1) *Nāmaratnākara*,⁵⁶⁵ (2) *Pathyāpathyavibodhaka*,⁵⁶⁶ often referred to as *Kaiyadevanighaṇṭu*, and (3) *Prayogasāra*.⁵⁶⁷

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⁵⁶⁴ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁵⁶⁵ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁵⁶⁶ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁵⁶⁷ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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The *Pathyāpathyavibodhaka*⁵⁶⁸ is a large lexicon, containing more than just the names and properties of medicinal substances.

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⁵⁶⁸ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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*Contents*⁵⁶⁹ The work is arranged in eight chapters (varga) with respectively 1,⁶⁴⁰ (oṣadhivarga), 147 (dhātuvarga), 112 (dhānyavarga), 449 (dravavarga), 237 (kṛtānnavarga), 260 (māṃsavarga), 503 (vihāravarga), and 310 (miśrakavarga) verses, making a total of 3,658 verses.

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⁵⁶⁹ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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The oṣadhivarga deals with medicinal substances, chiefly of vegetable origin, the dhātuvarga with inorganic and some organic substances, the dhānyavarga with grains, pulse, and some other products. The dravavarga is about liquids; its section on water mentions many names of rivers (51–71). The kṛtānnavarga discusses prepared foods, and the māṃsavarga the flesh of various animals. The vihāravarga contains elaborate rules for maintaining health. The miśrakavarga is concerned with diverse subjects: groups of substances (1–19), weights and measures (24–46), medicinal preparations and allied substances (47–177), technical terms (181–215ab), poisons (218cd–226), and names of disorders (246–310).

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Little is known about Kaiyadeva's sources. Some verses are taken from the *Suśrutasaṃhitā*;⁵⁷⁰ Parāśara is quoted once.⁵⁷¹

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⁵⁷⁰ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁵⁷¹ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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The *Kaiyadevanighaṇṭu* is quoted in Kṛṣṇadatta's commentary on Trimalla's *Śataślokī*, the commentary by Rāghavabhaṭṭa, called *Padārthādarśa* and written in 1493, on Lakṣmaṇadeśika's *Śāradātilaka*,⁵⁷² Raghunātha's *Bhojanakutūhala*, the *Śāligrāmanighaṇṭubhuṣaṇa*, and also, profusely, in Śivadatta's auto-commentary on his *Śivakoṣa*.

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⁵⁷² *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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A *Pathyāpathyanighaṇṭu*, quoted by Kāśīrāma in his commentary on the *Śārṅgadharasaṃhitā*, may be the *Kaiyadevanighaṇṭu*.⁵⁷³ Kaiyadeva may also be quoted in the *Nirṇayasindhu*,⁵⁷⁴ Jñānavimalagaṇi's *Śabdabhedaprakāśatikā*,⁵⁷⁵ and the *Ma'din al-Shifā'* by Miyān Bhūwaḥ.⁵⁷⁶

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⁵⁷³ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁵⁷⁴ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁵⁷⁵ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁵⁷⁶ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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*Special features* Interesting medicinal plants are: ⁵⁷⁷ ābhā(babulaka) (1.1088);⁵⁷⁸ airāvatī (= vallikhadira; 1.828cd–829);⁵⁷⁹ aḷambuṣā (different from muṇḍī; 1.1604);⁵⁸⁰ amlamāriṣa (1.636);⁵⁸¹ amlāyana (1.1525–1526);⁵⁸² āmragandhā haridrā (1.1118);⁵⁸³ āri (1.828cd–829);⁵⁸⁴ balācatuṣṭaya (1.1051–1054); bāluka (1.1555);⁵⁸⁵ bhaṅgā (3.94);⁵⁸⁶ bhaṅgikā (1.1636cd–1637);⁵⁸⁷ bhāskarakarpūra (1.1287);⁵⁸⁸ bhūmyupodakā (1.659cd–660ab);⁵⁸⁹ brāhmaṇayaṣṭikā (= bhārgī; 1.1134);⁵⁹⁰ brahmasomā (1.1101cd–1102ab);⁵⁹¹ cauranimbūka (1.328);⁵⁹² devasarṣapa (1.976);⁵⁹³ ḍolāphala (= madhūka; 1.455); elāna 1.509);⁵⁹⁴ gajakarṇī (1.1631–1634);⁵⁹⁵ gandhapriyaṅgu (1.1353cd–1354ab);⁵⁹⁶ the five varieties of guggulu (1.1409cd–1412ab); gugguluśāka (1.1420cd–1421ab);⁵⁹⁷ hastyāluka (1.1626);⁵⁹⁸ himakarpūra (1.1284); īśāvāsa(karpūra) (1.1283–1284ab); īśvarī (= nāgadamani; 1.778);⁵⁹⁹ jalamāriṣa (1.637);⁶⁰⁰ japā (1.1521cd–1522ab); jīvantaka (1.624);⁶⁰¹ kāirātacaṇdana (1.1259);⁶⁰² kākāṇḍolā (= kolaśimbī; 1.603);⁶⁰³ kaṇṭakarāñjā (1.972);⁶⁰⁴ kapitthapattrā (1.419cd);⁶⁰⁵ karambhā (1.801);⁶⁰⁶ karpūratulasi (1.1554);⁶⁰⁷ kāṣṭhālu (1.1626);⁶⁰⁸ kṛṣṇacaṇdana (1.1904);⁶⁰⁹ kucelikā (1.680);⁶¹⁰ kulatthikā (3.78);⁶¹¹ kuntalī (1.651);⁶¹² kuśīṃśapā (1.978);⁶¹³ kuṭhiñjara (1.650);⁶¹⁴ laṭvāka (= vanyakusumbha, 1.639);⁶¹⁵ lavalī (1.510);⁶¹⁶ madhukarkaṭī (1.262);⁶¹⁷ mahābāṣpa (1.805);⁶¹⁸ mahāpiṇḍita (1.904);⁶¹⁹ māṇavaka (1.481);⁶²⁰ mārkaṇḍikā (1.1002);⁶²¹ mucakuṇḍa (1.1520cd);⁶²² naṛtaka (= nīvāra; 3.103);⁶²³ palāśikā (= suṣavī; 1.594);⁶²⁴ parṇakarpūra (1.1289);⁶²⁵ parṇapiṇḍita (1.905);⁶²⁶ parpaṭī (1.1428–1429ab);⁶²⁷ pītadru (1.962);⁶²⁸ pītakaravīra (1.1543);⁶²⁹ potāśraya karpūra (1.1285);⁶³⁰ pustaśimbī (1.610);⁶³¹ rājālābu (1.537);⁶³² rājanimbūka (1.328);⁶³³ raktālu (1.1626);⁶³⁴ rāmatha (= toyāpāmārga; 1.1037cd–1038);⁶³⁵ śaṅkhālu (1.1626);⁶³⁶ śarkarānimbūka (1.328);⁶³⁷ sarpākṣī (1.691cd–692);⁶³⁸ sindūrī (1.1524);⁶³⁹ śirīṣikā (1.980);⁶⁴⁰ snehapiṇḍita (1.904);⁶⁴¹ śvetapiṇḍālu (1.1623);⁶⁴² śvetapiṇḍita (1.903);⁶⁴³ ṭaṅka, anya (1.408);⁶⁴⁴ tuvaraka (1.502cd–503);⁶⁴⁵ urumāṇa (1.507);⁶⁴⁶ vajrakanda (1.1586);⁶⁴⁷ vallīśimba (3.64);⁶⁴⁸ vaṃśakuṭajī (1.893);⁶⁴⁹ vāriparṇī (1.1467cd–1468ab);⁶⁵⁰ vyāghrāṭaka (1.617).⁶⁵¹ Opium is not mentioned by Kaiyadeva.

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⁵⁷⁷ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁵⁷⁸ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁵⁷⁹ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁵⁸⁰ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁵⁸¹ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁵⁸² *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁵⁸³ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁵⁸⁴ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁵⁸⁵ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁵⁸⁶ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁵⁸⁷ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁵⁸⁸ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁵⁸⁹ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁵⁹⁰ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁵⁹¹ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁵⁹² *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁵⁹³ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁵⁹⁴ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁵⁹⁵ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁵⁹⁶ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁵⁹⁷ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁵⁹⁸ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁵⁹⁹ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁶⁰⁰ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁶⁰¹ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁶⁰² *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁶⁰³ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁶⁰⁴ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁶⁰⁵ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁶⁰⁶ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁶⁰⁷ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁶⁰⁸ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁶⁰⁹ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁶¹⁰ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁶¹¹ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁶¹² *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁶¹³ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁶¹⁴ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁶¹⁵ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁶¹⁶ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁶¹⁷ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁶¹⁸ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁶¹⁹ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁶²⁰ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁶²¹ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁶²² *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁶²³ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁶²⁴ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁶²⁵ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁶²⁶ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁶²⁷ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁶²⁸ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁶²⁹ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁶³⁰ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁶³¹ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁶³² *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁶³³ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁶³⁴ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁶³⁵ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁶³⁶ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁶³⁷ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁶³⁸ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁶³⁹ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁶⁴⁰ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁶⁴¹ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁶⁴² *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁶⁴³ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁶⁴⁴ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁶⁴⁵ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁶⁴⁶ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁶⁴⁷ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁶⁴⁸ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁶⁴⁹ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁶⁵⁰ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁶⁵¹ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

v3.c43.s23.t2.129

Noteworthy terms designating diseases and various disorders occurring in the miśrakavarga (8) are: annagranthi = varāṭa = udarāmaya (254); aruṃṣikā = arus = rutpiśī = lomataskarī (251); avākarṇa = kālamūka (306); bahullāsa = hikkā (256); chāta = kṛśa (308); galagaṇḍa = gaṇḍamālā (264); galāṅkura = rohiṇī (264); gaṇḍuka = vikalāṅga (306); guḍagraha = udāvarta (282); guḍaguḍāśabdaḥ saruk = āṭopa (284); hemantikā = śitalikā = masūrikā (263); hṛllāsa and utkleśa are two different disorders (288); īrma = arus (266); jāṭharagranthi = pṛṣṭhagranthi = guḍa = gulma (264); śuṣkā kaṇḍu = kacchū = rakasā, and bahisravā kaṇḍu = vicarcikā (258cd-259ab); kharva = kharvara = nikharva = vāmana (306cd-307a); khoḍa = jarāvara = khañja (305); kukara = kuṇi (305); mahāsphoṭa = visphoṭa (263); malāvarodha = vibandhaka (283); muṣkavṛddhi = kuraṇḍaka = vṛddhi (281); nāha = ādhmāna (283); niścāraka = niścyavana = bimbiśī = pravāhikā (255); padavalmīka = ślīpada (261); pratīśyāya is a synonym of rājayakṣman (246); tvakpuṣpa = sidhma (262); udanyā = tṛṣ (251); vardhma = antravṛddhi (281); vātāvarodha = viṣṭambha (283); vigra = kṣudranāsika (307b); vikṣobhī = syandī = śitavepathu = udarda (285cd-286); yakṣmalālā = mṛṇikā = kaphatantu = syandinī (247); yauvanakaṇṭaka (285ab).652

v3.c43.s23.t2.130

The disease called somaroga, introduced by Vaṅgasena, is referred to in vihāravarga 268.

v3.c43.s23.t2.131

The author states in his introductory verses that he was a son of the physician Sāraṅga653 and a grandson of Padmanābha of Bhāradvājagotra,654 who was well versed in various sciences. Kaiyadeva may have lived in Gujarāt.655

Date

v3.c43.s23.t3.1

The terminus ad quem can be determined from Rāghavabhaṭṭa’s quotations from the Kaiyadevanighaṇṭu, which prove that the work antedates the year 1493. The oldest dated MSS were copied in 1514657 and 1514/15.658 The lower limit can be deduced from various indications. The references to the diseases masūrikā, vardhma and somaroga establish that Kaiyadeva is later than Mādhava, Vṛnda, and Vaṅgasena. The description of the plant called pītakaravīra659 may indicate a rather late date, since it does not yet occur in the Madanapāla- and Dhanvantarinighaṇṭu, where only the white and red karavīra are mentioned,660 whereas it is recorded in the Rājanighaṇṭu.661 If Kaiyadeva’s father was indeed the Sāraṅga who wrote the Virasiṃhāvaloka for king Virasiṃha, the upper limit is some decades after the year 1383. The combined evidence indicates that the Kaiyadevanighaṇṭu was composed in the period 1400–1450.

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