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A History of Indian Medical Literature v3.c44.s18: Ṭoḍaramalla

A History of Indian Medical Literature v3.c44.s18

Language
English

Contents

Ṭoḍaramalla

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Ṭoḍaramalla, Akbar’s finance minister, engaged a number of scholars of Benares to compile an encyclopaedic work. This huge encyclopaedia, the *Ṭoḍarānanda*, consists of twenty-two sections (saukhya),⁷⁷⁵ the last of which, the *Āyurvedasaukhya*,⁷⁷⁶ is concerned with medicine.

Contents

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The *Āyurvedasaukhya* is arranged in ninety-seven chapters (harṣa).⁷⁷⁷ Their order has been re-arranged in the edition.

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Volume I contains the larger part of chapter eight⁷⁷⁸ (chapters 1–29 of the edition), chapter twelve (chapter 30 of the edition), and chapters eighty-four to ninety-one (chapters 31–38 of the edition), all dealing with materia medica.

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The subjects of volume I are: (1) the basic concepts of pharmacology (rasa, guṇa, vīrya, vipāka, prabhāva); (2) the medicinal properties of drugs (metals, minerals and gems included); (3) salts and caustics; (4) the sugarcane and its products; (5) honey; (6–9) milk and other dairy produce; (10) oils; (11) alcoholic drinks; (12) vinegar (śukta); (13) urine; (14) water; (15–16) grain and pulse; (17) meat; (18) fish; (19) fruits; (20) vegetables; (21) the best (śreṣṭha) among various articles of diet; (22) the properties and actions of the six tastes; (23–27) prepared foods; (28) anupāna; (29) substitutes for drugs (anukalya); (30) groups of drugs (gaṇoddeśa); (31–35) synonyms of drugs (abhayādi), spices (supādika), fragrant substances (karpūrādi), metals, minerals, gems, etc. (suvarṇādi), and trees (vanaspativarga); (36) names and properties of fruits (phalavarga); (37) names of vegetables and their synonyms (śākavarga); (38) names and properties of prepared foods.

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These chapters on materia medica have rather carelessly been compiled⁷⁷⁹ from various sources without making them into a coherent whole. This explains that (a) subjects have been dealt with twice,⁷⁸⁰ (b) two separate chapters are devoted to various fruits⁷⁸¹ and prepared foods,⁷⁸² (c) properties of drugs are described while the synonyms of these drugs have been omitted,⁷⁸³ (d) synonyms are given of substances which are absent from the chapters which are concerned with the medicinal properties of drugs,⁷⁸⁴ and (e) the order of the drugs dealt with in chapter two does not agree at all with that of the synonyms in chapters thirty-one to thirty-four.

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In contrast with other parts of the *Āyurvedasaukhya*, the chapters on materia

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medica contain few references to the sources. Those mentioned in the text are:⁷⁸⁵ *Ārogyacintāmaṇi* (30.44–48),⁷⁸⁶ Caraka, (Tiṣaṭa’s) *Cikitsākalikā* (30.96), Dhūrjaṭi (30.107–108), *Dravyaguṇaratnamālā* (1.5),⁷⁸⁷ Jayyaṭa (6.36), Kṛṣṇātreya (30.151–152), Parāśara (2.44), Suśruta, Vāgbhaṭa, and *Vṛddhasuśruta* (14.58–60). A major source, the *Mādhavadravyaguṇa*,⁷⁸⁸ was, however, left unmentioned. The many verses, common to the chapters on materia medica of the *Āyurvedasaukhya* and the *Bhāvaprakāśanighaṇṭu*,⁷⁸⁹ can be seen as a result of borrowing,⁷⁹⁰ indebtedness to a common source, or the collaboration of Bhāvamiśra in the compilation of the *Āyurvedasaukhya*.⁷⁹¹ The verses which are also found in the *Āyurvedaprakāśa*⁷⁹² derive from a common source or have been borrowed from the *Āyurvedasaukhya* since the latter is anterior to the former.

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A major source that went unnoticed so far is the *Madanapālanighaṇṭu*, put to use extensively in chapters 31–38, while verses common to *Āyurvedasaukhya* and *Sodhalanighaṇṭu* are found in chapter twenty.⁷⁹³ Almost the whole of chapter twenty-nine on substitutes is strikingly similar to the verses on this subject in Vaṅgasena’s *Cikitsāsārasaṃgraha* (dravyaguṇādhikāra 65–88). Finally, Cakrapāṇidatta’s *Dravyaguṇasaṃgraha* may also have been utilized by the compilers of the *Āyurvedasaukhya*.⁷⁹⁴

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Volume II contains the first six chapters of the *Āyurvedasaukhya*, which are concerned with the basic principles of āyurveda and allied topics. After some introductory verses (1–8), chapter one deals with the aims of āyurveda and its definition (9–13ab), the eight branches of āyurveda (13cd–40), the four limbs of treatment (41–45), the characteristics of a physician (48–92), the various kinds of diseases (93–126), the modes of examination of a patient (127–149), and the classification of diseases (150–168). Chapter two is about the doṣas (2–132), decrease of the tissues (dhātu), impurities (mala), etc. (133–163), remedial measures in general (164–174), the types of country and soil (175–202), and the constitutions, together with the character types (203–229). Chapter three is concerned with the five elements (mahābhūta) and the mahābhautika composition of drugs (2–20ab), various types of drug action (20cd–65), the tastes (66–80), vīrya (81–87), guṇa (88–93), vipāka (94–109), prabhāva (110–115), the divisions of time and the regimen for the various seasons (116–235), pollution of land, water and air (236–250), epidemic diseases (251–261), the regimen for day and night (262–355), and the examination of the age, strength, and sātmya of a patient (356–411). Chapter four treats of the fires in the human body, the digestive processes (10–40), the tissues (dhātu) and their metabolism (41–62), the physiology of the generative organs, conception, embryology, pregnancy, and allied subjects (63–221), anatomy (222–295), the marmans (296–346), death, health, and general lines of treatment (347–361). Chapter five is devoted to prognostics (omina, ariṣṭas, dreams, etc.). The subjects of chapter six are the examination of the pulse (2–25), urine (26–69), faeces (70–86), eyes (87–94), tongue (95–101), teeth (102–108), and the prediction of the date of death (120–160).

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Sources and authorities referred to are: Agniveśa,⁷⁹⁵ Ātreya,⁷⁹⁶ Atri,⁷⁹⁷ Aupadhenava,⁷⁹⁸ Bhāluki,⁷⁹⁹ Bhāradvāja,⁸⁰⁰ Bhoja,⁸⁰¹ Caksuṣya,⁸⁰² Candraṭa,⁸⁰³ Caraka,⁸⁰⁴ Carpaṭi, *Cikitsākalikā*,⁸⁰⁵ *Cikitsāsārasaṃgraha*,⁸⁰⁶ Daḷhaṇa,⁸⁰⁷ Garga, Gopura, Hariścandra,⁸⁰⁸ Hārīta,⁸⁰⁹ Jejjaṭa,⁸¹⁰ Kharaṇāda,⁸¹¹ Kṛṣṇātreya,⁸¹² Kṣemendra,⁸¹³

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Mārkaṇḍeyapurāṇa, Nāgārjuna,814 Narapaticaryā,815 Padmapurāṇa, Pārāśara,816 Prayogapārijāta,817 Rasārṇava,818 Ratnākara, Rudrāgama,819 Rudrakautuka,820 Rudratantra,821 Sarvāṅgasundara,822 Śaunaka,823 Śivāgama,824 Śrīnivāsasaṃhitā,825 Suśruta,826 Tiṣaṭa,827 Vāgbhaṭa,828 Vaidyaka,829 Vaikhānasa,830 Vaiṣṇavāgama,831 Vaiśvānara,832 Vasiṣṭha, Vāsudeva,833 Videha,834 Vīrabhadra,835 Vivekamārtaṇḍa,836 Vṛddhabhoja, Vṛddhahārīta, Vṛddhātreya, Vṛddhavāgbhaṭa, Yogapradīpa,837 Yogaratnāvalī,838 and Yogaśarīra.839

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Sources left unmentioned may be Bhoja’s Cārucaryā,840 Kaṇāda’s Nāḍivijñāna,841 and Rāvaṇa’s Nāḍīparīkṣā.842 Some verses from the Yogaśataka are not indicated as such (2.97) or even said to derive from the Cikitsākalikā (2.76 and 78–81).

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Volume III contains four chapters (chapters thirteen to sixteen of the Āyurvedasaukhya). Chapter one deals with the five ways of diagnosing a disease (nidāna, pūrvarūpa, rūpa, upaśaya and saṃprāpti) and quotes the verses relevant to this subject from the Aṣṭāṅgahṛdayasaṃhitā, adding comments in prose from an unknown source.843 It also gives examples of the various types of therapeutic diagnosis (upaśaya)844 and some verses on diseases acting as a causative factor for another disease.845 Chapter two is about the six ways of treatment (laṅghana, bṛṃhaṇa, stambhana, sneha, sveda and rūkṣaṇa) and chapter three about fever and the general lines of its therapy. Chapter four is concerned with the symptoms and therapy of particular types of fever: navajvara (1–6), āma- and nirāmajvara (7–25), antarvega- and bahirvegajvara (26–27), the doṣic types (35–256), fourteen saṃnipāta fevers (257–691), āgantu fevers (692–738), irregular fevers (viṣamajvara; 739–1069), relapsing fevers (punarāvartakajvara; 1070–1079), fevers located in the dhātus (1080–1095), chronic fevers (jīrṇajvara; 1103–1289); recipes for inducing sleep and rules pertaining to sleep (1290–1327) are followed by verses on the fever caused by alcoholic drinks (1349–1356), a fever occurring in regions situated at the foot of mountains (aupatyakajvara; 1357–1359), fevers caused by polluted water (1360–1371), and a series of fevers called raudrajvara, māhendrajvara, jvareśvara, kālajvara and gambhīrajvara (1373–1381); the chapter ends with verses on some miscellaneous subjects connected with fever.

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Volume IV contains nine chapters (chapters seventeen to twenty-five of the Āyurvedasaukhya), dealing with the symptoms and treatment of (1) atisāra (diarrhoea), (2) saṃgrahaṇī (sprue), (3) arśas (haemorrhoids), (4) agnimāndya (sluggishness of the digestive fire), (5) kṛmi (worms), (6) pāṇḍuroga (morbid pallor and jaundice), (7) raktapitta (haemorrhagic disorders), (8) rājayakṣman (consumptive disorders), and (9) kāsa (cough).

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Volume V has fourteen chapters (chapters twenty-six to thirty-nine of the Āyurvedasaukhya), dealing with the symptoms and treatment of (1) hikkā (hiccup) and śvāsa (respiratory disorders), (2) svarabheda (disorders of the voice), (3) arocaka (anorexia), (4) chardi (vomiting), (5) tṛṣṇā (thirst), (6) mūrchā (fainting), bhrama (giddiness), nidrā (sleep), tandrā (drowsiness) and saṃnyāsa (loss of consciousness), (7) pānātyaya, paramada, pānājīrṇa and pānavibhrama (alcoholic disorders), (8) dāha (burning syndrome), (9) unmāda (insanity) and bhūtonmāda (possession by evil spirits), (10) apasmāra (epilepsy), (11) vātavyādhi (wind diseases), (12) vātaśoṇita (gout), (13) ūrustambha (stiffness of the thighs), and (14) āmavāta (rheumatic disorders).

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Volume VI has eighteen chapters (chapters thirty-six and thirty-eight to fifty-three of the Āyurvedasaukhya),846 dealing with the symptoms and treatment of (1) śūla (piercing pain), (2) pariṇāmaśūla (piercing pain appearing during digestion) and annadravaśūla (piercing pain appearing without any connection with the digestive process), (3) udāvarta (a group of disorders caused by the suppression of natural urges) and ānāha (obstructive abdominal swelling), (4) gulma (visceral swelling), (5) hṛdroga (heart diseases), (6) urograha (a disease characterized by swelling of liver and spleen and pain in the lateral parts of the abdomen) and mūtrakṛcchra (dysuria), (7) mūtrāghāta (urinary obstruction), (8) aśmarī (stones in the urinary tract), (9) prameha (urinary disorders) and pramehapidakā (pustules as sequelae of prameha), (10) medoroga (obesity), (11) kṛśaroga (emaciation), (12) udara (abdominal swelling), (13) śotha (localized swelling), (14) vṛddhi (scrotal swelling), (15) galagaṇḍa (goitre), gaṇḍamālā (lymphadenopathy), apacī (chronically suppurating lymph nodes), granthi (small tumour), arbuda (large tumour), (16) ślīpada (filariasis), (17) vidradhi (abscesses), (18) vraṇa (ulcers and wounds; burns, fractures and dislocations are included).

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Volume VII consists of seventeen chapters (chapters fifty-four to seventy of the Āyurvedasaukhya), dealing with the symptoms and treatment of (1) nāḍīvraṇa (sinuses), (2) bhagandara (anal fistulas), (3) upadaṃśa (venereal diseases in the male), (4) śūkadoṣa (affections of the male member), (5) kuṣṭha (a number of skin diseases), (6) śitapitta, udarda, koṭha (forms of urticaria), (7) amlapitta (disorders of the stomach), (8) visarpa (erysipelas), (9) viṣphoṭa (vesicular eruptions), (10) snāyuka (dracontiasis), (11) masūrikā (smallpox and some other diseases), (12) kṣudraroga, (13) mukharoga (diseases of mouth and throat), (14) karṇaroga (diseases of the ears), (15) nāsāroga (diseases of the nose), (16) netraroga (eye diseases), (17) śiroroga (diseases of the head).

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Volume VIII consists of sixteen chapters (chapters seventy-three and part of chapter eight of the Āyurvedasaukhya),847 dealing with (1) asṛgdara (menorrhagia), somaroga and mūtrātisāra, (2) yonivyāpad (diseases of the female genital tract) and yonikaṇḍa (prolapse of the uterus), (3) mūḍhagarbha (malpositions), (4) sūtikāroga (puerperal diseases), (5) stanaroga (breast diseases), (6) stanyaduṣṭi (polluted breast-milk), (7) bālaroga (children’s diseases), (8) viṣa (disorders due to poisons), (9) rasāyana, (10) vājīkaraṇa, (11) sneha (oleation), (12) sveda, nasya, dhūmapāna, gaṇḍūṣa, kavala, pratiśāraṇa, (13) vamana and virecana (emetics and purgatives), (14) basti (enemas), (15) uttarabasti (urethral and vaginal douches), (16) śoṇitasrāva (bloodletting).

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Volume IX consists of four chapters (chapters seven, nine, ten and eleven of the Āyurvedasaukhya), dealing with (1) parimāṇa (weights and measures) and paribhāṣā (technical terms), (2) rasādiśodhanamāraṇa (the purification and killing of mercury, etc.), (3) lohopalahośodhanamāraṇaguṇaguṇasaṃnipātādau viśeṣadhātumāraṇamalaharaṇasphuṭitadhātūrudakaraṇa (the purification and killing of the lohas and upalohas, etc.), (4) rasoparasamahārasamāraṇaratnaśodhanamāraṇasattvapāṭanasattvamāraṇadrutikaraṇaguṇaguṇaviṣalakṣaṇādhyāyādilakṣaṇāvahnilakṣaṇatailapāṭanakathana (the purification and killing of the rasas, uparasas, mahārasas, maṇis and ratnas, the extraction and killing of essences, etc.).

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Chapter one is subdivided into a number of sections: parimāṇa (1.2–95), auṣadhaparibhāṣā (1.96–116), and kalpanāparibhāṣā (1.117–571). Many subjects are dealt with in all three sections, but the third one is particularly rich.

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The section on kalpanāparibhāṣā discusses: the types of pharmaceutical preparations: niryāsa (= svarasa), kalka, niryūha (= kvātha), śīta(kaṣāya), phāṇṭa, rasakriyā (inspissated extract), saṃdhāna (fermented fluids), guṭikā, cūrṇa, sneha, and kalpa (1. 117); svarasa (1.118–119); kvātha (decoction) (1.120–121); a substitute for svarasa (1. 122); the preparation of svarasa (1.123–126); kalka (1.127–128); śīta(kaṣāya) or hima (1.129–132); phāṇṭa (1.133–136); mantha (1.137); pramathyā (1.138); doses (1.140– 143); the quantities of water to be used in preparing a decoction (kvātha) (1.144–150); five types of pharmaceutical preparation: cūrṇa, kaṣāya, śīśira and śṛta phāṇṭa, kalka, svarasa (1.151); the preparation of a decoction (1.152); the seven types of decoction: pācana, dīpana, śodhana, śamana, tarpaṇa, kledana, and śoṣaṇa (1.153); the actions of these types (1.154–155); emetics may be used to counteract the adverse effects of a kledin or viśoṣin decoction (1.156); rules for the preparation of the seven types (1.157– 158); indications (1.159–161); copper vessels are unsuitable to the preparation of a decoction (1.162–163); decoctions should never be boiled again (1.164–165); fresh and old drugs should never be mixed (1.166); signs indicating that a decoction is well prepared and useful (1.167); complaints arising after taking a decoction should be treated with an emetic (1.168); (pra)kṣepas, also called āvāpas; rules concerning their employment (1.169–180); pratīvāpa, niṣeka and abhiṣeka, i.e., substances to be added when melting metals, etc. (1.181–183); doses; ratios of ingredients in various types of preparation (1.184–198); definitions of a niryūha and a maṇḍa (1.199); the preparation of anna, a peyā, vilepī, yavāgū, maṇḍa, yūṣa (1.200–202); rules for the preparation of yūṣa and rasa (1.203–206); the preparation of māṃsarasa (broth) for use in a yavāgū (1.207); the preparation of kṛta- and akṛtayūṣa (1.208–211); cūrṇas (1.212–215); guṭikās (1.216–219); the preparation of a rasakriyā; its dose (1.220); the preparation of an (ava)leha (1.221–222); signs indicating proper guḍapāka (i.e., the preparation of a leha containing guḍa) (1.223–225); the sign indicating that a rasakriyā, leha or guḍa has been properly prepared (1.226); the process of puṭapāka (1.227–230); the process of bhāvanā (1.231–232); the five defects that may occur in a medicine (1.233).

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The chapter proceeds with discussing: śilājatu (1.234–252); guggulu (1.253); taṇḍulodaka (1.255); muṣṭiyoga (1.255); phalavarti (1.256–258); kṣīrapāka (1.259); vajrakāñjika (1.260); pralepa and pradeha (1.261–273); upanāha (1.274–275); śirolepa (1.276); the preparation of errhines and their doses (1.277–280); mouth washes (kavala) and gargles (gaṇḍūṣa) (1.281–283); pratisāraṇa (1.284–285); caustics (kṣāra) (1.286–292); āsavas (1.293–298); ariṣṭas (1.299–300); ⁸⁴⁸ enhancement of the efficacy of āsavas and ariṣṭas (1.301); the preparation of a bhakta (1.302); rules concerning āsavas and ariṣṭas (1.303–306); doses of āsava and ariṣṭa (1.307–308); alcoholic preparations (1.309–324); the preparation of various kinds of cukra, also called śukta (1.325–327); kāñjika (1.328); tuṣāmbu (1.329); sauvīraka (1.330–331); the duration of the process of fermentation, dependent on the season (1.332); uṣṇodaka (1.333); the periods of time for the application of an añjana (1.334); the three types of añjana and the sizes of the varti (1.335); a rasakriyā used as an añjana; its dose

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⁸⁴⁸ text of the note

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(1.336); types of añjana and their preparation (1.337–339); the rod (śalākā) for the application of an añjana; the materials that may be used (1.340–341); the technique of application (1.342–343); a rule for particular inorganic substances used in an añjana (1.344); the storage of añjanas (1.345); measures for the treatment of eye diseases: seka (sprinkling a fluid), āścyotana (eyedrops), piṇḍī (the application of a paste and tying a bandage over it), vidāla (the external application of a paste), tarpaṇa (the application of drugs thought to be nourishing), puṭapāka, and añjana (1.346); the technique of application, indications, doses, etc., with respect to seka (1.347– 348), āścyotana (1.349–351), piṇḍī (1.352), vidāla (1.353), netrabasti (= tarpaṇa) (1.354–365); the four types of mūrdhataila (application of oil on the head): abhyaṅga (massage with oil), pariseka (sprinkling), picu (application of a cotton swab soaked in oil), and śirobasti (application of a cap filled with oil) (1.366); ⁸⁴⁹ the duration of these treatments (1.367); picu (1.368); śirobasti (1.369–373); ⁸⁵⁰ the definition of a mātrā (unit of time for measuring the duration of basti, etc.) (1.374); the definition of the bath called avagāha or magna (1.375); the number of mātrās required for diffusion of an oil into various constituents of the body (1.376–378); pādabhyaṅga (massage of the soles of the feet with oil) (1.379–380); karṇapūraṇa (filling the ears with oil) (1.381); abhyaṅga of nails and navel (1.382); abhyaṅga in general (body massage with a fatty substance) (1.383–387); the technique of karṇapūraṇa and the periods of time suitable to it (1.388–390); the preparation of lākṣārasa (1.391–392); rules for the preparation of medicated ghees, oils and linctuses (1.393–410); ⁸⁵¹ rules for the preparation of a medicated oil containing guggulu (1.411); rules for the preparation of a medicated oil containing milk (kṣīrapāka) (1.412) and particular other fluids (1.413–414); various other rules pertaining to the preparation of medicated oils (1.415–429); the signs indicating proper preparation (1.430); two types of preparing a medicated oil or ghee: mandacikkaṇa and kharacikkaṇa (1.431); three of these types: mṛdu, madhya and khara; their characteristics (1.432) and indications (1.433); madhyamapāka is the most useful type (1.434); the signs of proper preparation according to two authorities (1.435–436); more specifications regarding the preparation of medicated oils and ghees (1.437–444).

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⁸⁴⁹ text of the note

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⁸⁵⁰ text of the note

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⁸⁵¹ text of the note

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The next section of chapter one is concerned with: the period of time for beginning the processing of mercury (1.445); the quantity of mercury to be taken (1.446); the quantities of a series of other inorganic substances (1.447–450); the mentioned rules ought to be observed (1.451); a sattva can be extracted from mica and other substances when properly processed (1.452); the production of a kajjalī (1.453); ⁸⁵² the production of the substance called umāyoni (1.454); the characteristics of purified copper (1.455); definitions of utthāpana and kṣālana (1.456), abhiṣeka (1.457); the production of dhauta (purified excrements of earthworms) (1.458); properties of the bhasman of mercury when prepared with vegetable substances (1.459); the doses of the bhasman of mercury for human beings, horses and elephants (1.460); the doses of this bhasman dependent on the method of its preparation, the indications for these varieties, and particularities regarding its administration (1.461–467); the addition of poisonous substances to the bhasman of mercury, dependent on the country of residence (1.468–471); the gradual increase of the doses; doses in different conditions (1.472–475); indications for the use of a particular type of poison (1.476–477); the characteristics of brāhmaṇa, kṣatriya, vaiśya and śūdra poisons (1.478); general restrictions and indications for the use of poisons (1.479–480), followed by contra-indications (1.481).

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⁸⁵² text of the note

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The last section deals with: substitutes for medicinal substances that are difficult to procure (1.482–493); fruits to be used in a dried condition (1.494–495); rules regarding the physician's share of the drugs to be employed in a treatment; two types of share are described, called dhanvantaribhāga or aśvinīkumārabhāga and rudrabhāga or rudrāmśa (1.496–501);⁸⁵³ a schedule for dosages in children (1.502–504); the preparation of a paste to be used in the pātana of mercury (1.505–506); jāraṇa of mercury (1.507–524); rules for the use of the bhasman of gold (1.525–529); the preparation of lohas, their doses, the course of treatment, their therapeutic effects, etc. (1.530–556); the preparation of bījas (1.557–561); two definitions of an āroṭa (1.562–563); the five substances collectively called pañcamṛttikā (1.564); the description of the khalvayantra (mortar) and the peśya (pestle) (1.565–567);⁸⁵⁴ the use of the khalva (1.568);⁸⁵⁵ the round (vartula) khalva (1.569);⁸⁵⁶ the taptakhalva, made of iron (1.570).

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⁸⁵⁶ ...

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The chapter ends with the instruction to teach the paribhāṣās to a worthy student, one's own son, or brāhmaṇas only (1.571).

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The first part of chapter two is about: rasavidyā as a science to be kept as secret as a mother's genitals (2.1); a prayer to the lord of mercury, Sūtarāja (2.2–3); the synonyms of mercury, which are the same as those of Śiva (1.4); the seven kañcukas: mṛnmaya-, pāṣāṇa-, jalajakañcuka, two kañcukas due to the presence of lead (nāga) and two due to tin (vaṅga) (2.5); their characteristic effects on mercury (2.6); the five doṣas: mala-, vahni-, unmatta-, and śailadoṣa (2.7); the adverse effects of pṛthivīkañcuka (= bhūdoṣa), pāṣāṇadoṣa, vāridoṣa (= jalajakañcuka), kāpālikā,⁸⁵⁷ śyāmā,⁸⁵⁸ kālī,⁸⁵⁹ and kāpālī⁸⁶⁰ (2.8–11); the adverse effects of mala-, vahni-, viṣa-, bhū-, darpa-, and unmattadoṣa (2.12); the kañcukas and doṣas should be removed for the purpose of making a bhasman; otherwise, one would incur the sin of brāhmaṇa murder (brahmahatyā) (2.13); characteristics and adverse effects of vaṅga-, āra-, nāga-, and rasakampadoṣa (2.14–19); removal of the doṣas (2.20–26); svedana of mercury (2.27–41); mardana (2.42–43); mūrchana (2.44–49); utthāpana (2.50); pātana (2.51–53); the production of a naṣṭapiṣṭa (2.54); the use of the taptakhalva (2.55); removal of lead and tin by means of pātana (2.56); the preparation of a piṣṭī (2.57); adhahpātana (2.58–61); ūrdhvapātana (2.62–65); tiryakpātana (2.66–68); two descriptions of the kacchapayantra (2.69–76); the tulāyantra (2.77–79); bodhana or rodhana (2.80–83); niyamana (2.84–86); dīpana (2.87–90); a summary of the functions of the first eight saṃskāras, described in the foregoing (2.91–99); sulphur (gandha) is the rajas, mica (abhraka) the śukra of Pārvatī; both can embrace (combine with) mercury, which is the śukra of Śiva; this combination makes mercury suitable to the killing process without suffering injury (2.100–101); the jāraṇa of mercury with sulphur (2.102); mica is the tejas of Gaurī; its properties and actions; the combination of mercury with mica makes the former capable of inducing transmutation (vedha) (2.103–104); the gaurīyantra and its use in the jāraṇa of mercury with sulphur (2.105–112); not any amount of mercury or sulphur may be lost in the process (2.113–114); the vajramūṣā and its use (2.115–118); the paste (lepa) used for sealing the joints of crucibles (2.119); two ways of making a vajramūṣā (2.120–122);

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⁸⁵⁸ ...

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⁸⁵⁹ ...

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⁸⁶⁰ ...

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glass bottles (kācakūpī) and iron vessels (lohakūpī), their lengths, and other details (2.123); another recipe for the preparation of a paste for sealing the joints of crucibles (2.124–125); the pakvamūṣā and its function (2.126); the mallamūṣā (2.127–128); a mūṣā for the purification of silver (2.129); the making of a nigaḍayantra; its function (2. 130–132); another recipe for making this yantra; the process called nigaḍabandha, to be carried out by means of it (2.133–136); useful types of clay (mṛd) (2.137); a recipe for preparing a paste to be used in sealing joints of crucibles and for wrapping around glass bottles (2.138–140); jāraṇa will be described later (2.141); the description of a process imparting a red colour to mercury, making it heatresistant, enabling it to digest other substances, etc. (2.142–152); the preparation of a piṣṭī, to be used in the jāraṇa with sulphur (2.153–154); the process called jāraṇa (2.155–158); stimulation of the digestive power (jarana) of mercury (2.159); mercury that can digest metals is called āroṭa; the product of transmutation can be made stable by adding a bīja (2.160); the three types of jāraṇa called nirmukha, sanmukha and vāsanāmukha; three other varieties are called bāla-, yauvana- and vṛddhajāraṇa; the effects of the last three varieties; viḍa should be added during jāraṇa (2.161–164); the preparation of mercury from cinnabar (hiṅgula); this mercury is free from the kañcukas and may be used in recipes (2.165);⁸⁶¹ the three types of hiṅgula (2.166);⁸⁶² their properties and uses (2.167–168); mercury extracted from cinnabar should also be purified (2.169); the properties and uses of haṃsapāda hiṅgula (2.170); the purification of hiṅgula (2.171); the properties and actions of hiṅgula (2.172).

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⁸⁶¹ ...

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⁸⁶² ...

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The second part of chapter two deals with: the preparation of the bhasman of mercury, its use and its effects (2.173–191);⁸⁶³ other methods of preparation (2. 192–195);⁸⁶⁴ methods of preparing rasasindūra (2.196–200); methods of preparing rasakarpūra; its properties and effects (2.201–208); the preparation of hariṇakhurī-baddharasa (2.209–215); another method of preparing rasasindūra; its use and effects (2.216–220); methods to prepare the bhasman of mercury (2.221–222); the preparation of a pāṇḍura bhasman that is useful in killing other metals (2.223–227); the preparation of a bhasman of mercury by means of several yantras (puṭayantra, bhairava- or somānalayantra, vālukāyantra); the recipe for a paste, called sarvato-mukhamudrā, for sealing the joints; the wonderful and curative effects of a mixture of the bhasman and another powder; rules regarding the diet, etc., of persons taking this drug (2.228–256); another way of preparing a bhasman of mercury (2.257–259); the preparation of a bhasman with a golden hue (2.260) and the colour of saffron (2.261); the preparation of vaikrāntabaddhasūta, its use and its effects (2.262–272); the preparation of another bhasman with curative properties (2.273–276); a way of preparing rasasindūra (2.277–279); the process of killing mercury requires the addition of gold, etc.; mercury is considered to be mūrchita when it looks like a collyrium (2.280–281); the preparation of a nirvīrya- and savīryabhasman; the latter is therapeutically more potent (2.282–283); the preparation of rasaparpaṭī, particularly useful in treating children (2.284–285); the preparation of a patient for treatment with a bhasman of mercury; a bhasman of copper should be given first; the dose of bhasman of mercury should be gradually increased according to a particular schedule (2.286–287); rules for those using a bhasman of mercury; a group of eight vegetables, called kakārāṣṭaka, may not be eaten; other dietary articles to be avoided; types of women to be avoided and women to be chosen as attendants; the type of woman called kākinī; intercourse with her frees from all diseases (2.288–300); intake of the bhasman of mercury leads to a heightened libido during the first three weeks; intercourse, however, should be avoided during this period, because it would result in śukrameha; after three weeks, pretty women may massage the body of the person using the bhasman, which will help in making the mercury permeate all the tissues; additional rules for the regimen during treatment; sexual intercourse would result in death (2.301–305); the symptoms occurring when the bhasman is not properly digested, and the treatment of this disorder, called rasājīrṇa (2.306–313); treatment of the effects caused by the intake of mercury, tainted by the association with lead (2.314) or tin (2.315); signs indicating the proper digestion of the bhasman (2.316); a description of hinguḷa (2.317–318); the effects of purified and killed mercury (2.319–321).

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⁸⁶³ ...

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⁸⁶⁴ ...

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The third part of chapter two is about: the mythical origin of sulphur (gandhaka) (2.322); the four types of sulphur and their uses (2.323);⁸⁶⁵ various methods for the purification of sulphur (2.324–334); the preparation of gandhakataila, to be used in recipes (2.335–337); the adverse effects of impure sulphur (2.338); two more ways of preparing gandhakataila, to be used in processing mercury and in recipes (2.339–342); the mythical origin of the metals, sulphur, and mica (2.343–344); sulphur and mica are similar to mercury in preventing (untimely) death (2.345); those desiring a healthy condition should offer their prayers to the sun, those striving after replenishment of their bodily constituents should pray to the moon, those wanting to be freed from disease should pray to the highest Devadevaśe (i.e., Śiva) (2.346); the mythical origin of mica (abhraka) (2.347); the four varieties of mica and their uses (2.348–349);⁸⁶⁶ the effect of fire on the pināka type of mica; intake of its bhasman leads to mahākuṣṭha (2.350); the effect of fire on the dardura type; intake of this type may lead to bhagandara (2. 351); the effect of fire on the nāga type; its intake causes udara, prameha and impotency (2. 352); the vajra type remains stable under the influence of fire; it cures diseases and prevents decrepitude and death (2.353); a mythical story about the origin of the vajra type, explaining its name (2.354–356); the four types of mica: brāhmaṇa, kṣatriya, vaiśya and śūdra, white, red, yellow and black in colour respectively (2.357); the sattva of mica is responsible for its actions; mica, collected in the northern mountains, contains more sattva than that coming from the south; the black variety is the best for therapeutic purposes (2.358–359); the removal of the defect called giridoṣa (2.360); further purificatory procedures (2.361–365); the preparation of dhānyābhra, used in killing mica (2. 366); the adverse effects of impure mica and of mica that is not killed (2.367); various methods of preparing the bhasman from dhānyābhra (2.368–379); therapeutic effects of the bhasman (2.380); preparation of the bhasman in the andhamūṣā by means of one gajapuṭa (2.381); two other methods of preparing the bhasman (2.382–384); the amṛtīkaraṇa of mica (2.385–386); the effects of the bhasman (2.387–389); the dose and its gradual increase (2.390); two methods of extracting the sattva (2.391–394); the formula of kṣayāntakarasa and its curative actions (3.395–396); the therapeutic actions of the bhasman, dependent on the number of puṭas during its preparation (2.397); the bhasman of mica is called bīja after having been subjected to a hundred puṭas; this bīja

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⁸⁶⁵ text of the note

v3.c44.s18.t1.48

⁸⁶⁶ text of the note

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leads to the formation of ojas and to beauty, and sustains the body (2.398); gold, silver, copper, iron of the tīkṣṇa type, tin (kuṭila), and lead (pannaga) are the six natural metals used in processing mercury (2.399). The last verse summarizes the contents of the chapter (2.400).

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Chapter three deals with: the eight metals (loha), used for dehasiddhi: gold, silver, copper, lead, tin, kānta(loha), tīkṣṇa(loha), and muṇḍa(loha) (3.1); the three artificial (kṛtrima) metals: ghoṣa, rītikā and āvarta (3.2ab); maṇḍūra, the waste product (kiṭṭa) of muṇḍa, is called an upaloha (1.3.2cd); the excellent metal called sāmbūka (iron from meteorites), which is a product of lightning (vidyut), is called a mahāloha; it falls from the sky upon the earth, is rare, and may be obtained as a boon from Vetālas, etc. (3. 3–4ab); iron from the śālagrāma,⁸⁶⁷ extremely rare (3.4cd); sphaṭika iron, extracted from sphaṭika found in Kaśmīr, is available in scanty amounts (3.4ef); the eight metals are, according to the Nandikācāryatantra: gold, silver, copper, lead, tin, kānta(loha), vidyujja(loha) (arising from lightning) and sphaṭikodbhūta (3.5);

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⁸⁶⁷ text of the note

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the mythical origin of gold and its five types (3.6–8);⁸⁶⁸ the relative merits of three kinds of gold, dependent on their colours (3.9); the ten defects (doṣa) of gold; their presence makes it unsuitable to medicinal use (3.10); the adverse effects of impure gold (3.11); the purification of gold (3.12–13);⁸⁷⁰ eight methods for the preparation of the bhasman of gold (3.14–37);⁸⁷¹ the storage of the bhasman (3.38); rules for its administration (3.39); metals are reduced to a bhasman by the smell of sulphur or mākṣika (3.40); the properties and actions of (the bhasman of) gold (3.41–45);

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⁸⁶⁸ text of the note

v3.c44.s18.t1.54

⁸⁷⁰ text of the note

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⁸⁷¹ text of the note

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the three types of silver (3.46);⁸⁷² its mythical origin (3.47); characteristics which make silver unsuitable to use (3.48); characteristics of silver suitable to use (3.49); the purification of silver (3.50–51);⁸⁷³ adverse effects of impure silver (3.52); four methods of preparing the bhasman (3.53–57); the properties and actions of the bhasman (3. 58–59);

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⁸⁷² text of the note

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⁸⁷³ text of the note

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the mythical origin of copper (3.60);⁸⁷⁴ regions where good types of native copper are found (3.61); the properties and relative merits of copper from these regions (3.62–63); properties due to impurities; the defects (doṣa) of copper (3.64–65); methods of purification (3.66–67); the adverse effects of copper affected by the doṣa called kālikā (3.68); the removal of kālikā (3.69–71); the characteristics of copper free from kālikā (3.72); the purification of copper in the kavacīyantra (3.73–74); the actions of copper purified in this way (3.75–76); the preparation of the bhasman (3.77); its therapeutic actions (3.78); two other methods of preparing the bhasman; its therapeutic actions (3.79–83); a fourth method of preparing the bhasman (3.84–85); a method of making copper melt quickly (3.86); a fifth method of preparing the bhasman (3.87–88); two opinions concerning the composition of the substances called pañcāmṛta, used in the puṭa of the bhasman of copper (3.89–90); disorders caused by unprocessed (apakva) copper (3.91); only copper free from kālikā should be used in recipes (3.92); the therapeutic actions of copper preparations (3.93–95);⁸⁷⁵

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⁸⁷⁴ text of the note

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⁸⁷⁵ text of the note

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the two types of tin⁸⁷⁶ and their relative merits (3.96);⁸⁷⁷ characteristics that make it suitable to use (3.97); the five defects of tin which make it unsuitable to use (3.98); the purification of tin; its actions in a purified and in an impure state (3.99–102); six methods of preparing the bhasman (3.103–115); diseases caused by unprocessed (pā- kahīna) lead and tin (3.116); a seventh method of preparing the bhasman of tin (3.117); properties and actions of tin preparations (3.118–119);

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⁸⁷⁶ text of the note

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⁸⁷⁷ text of the note

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the properties of suitable and unsuitable types of lead (3.120);⁸⁷⁸ its purification (3.121–122a); six methods of preparing the bhasman (3.122b–131); the actions of the bhasman (3.132–136);

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pittala (= ritikā) (brass)⁸⁷⁹ and kāṃsya (= ghoṣa) are usually not regarded as very useful in medicine (3.137); the preparation of kāṃsya (bronze);⁸⁸⁰ the best variety is that produced in Saurāṣṭra (3.138); the seven good (3.139) and bad (3.140) qualities of kāṃsya; kāṃsya may be purified and killed like copper (3.141); an adverse effect of impure kāṃsya (3.142); properties and actions of purified kāṃsya (3.143–144); the two types of pittalī (= pittala) and how to distinguish them (3.145–146); the characteristics of pittala of good quality (3.147); ritikā may be purified and killed like copper (3.148); the properties and actions of ritikā preparations (3.149);

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the mythical origin of iron (3.150–152); the topics to be discussed⁸⁸¹ (3.153–154); the quantity of iron to be taken for processing (3.155); the preparation of a triphalā decoction for the nirvāpaṇa (immersion of a heated metal in a fluid) of iron (3.156); removal of the impurity called girimala (3.157–158); the origin of various types of iron from the body of the Daitya called Lomila, who was killed by the gods (3.159–162); iron is used as an aphrodisiac and in the treatment of vāta diseases (3.163); iron is of three main kinds:⁸⁸² muṇḍa,⁸⁸³ tīkṣṇa⁸⁸⁴ and kānta;⁸⁸⁵ muṇḍa is of three varieties: mṛdu, kuṇḍa and kaṇḍāra;⁸⁸⁶ tīkṣṇa is of six varieties: kharasāra, taḍā-vaṭṭa,⁸⁸⁸ ciḍa, kāntaloha and gajākhya; kānta is of four varieties: romaka, bhrāmaka, cumbaka and drāvaka (3.164–166ab);⁸⁸⁹ the Rasārṇava distinguishes a fifth variety, called karṣaka (3.166cd);⁸⁹⁰ iron originating from a particular mine (ākara) cures the diseases of the people living in the country where that mine is located (3.167); the two types of sāra (= sattva) of iron: audra⁸⁹¹ and kaliṅgaja; the characteristics of the bhasman of the kaliṅgaja type (3.168–169); the two types of iron ore (3.170); the ten varieties of iron according to the Lohapaddhati (3.171–173); the therapeutic actions of iron (3.174); the characteristics of the types of iron called pāṇḍya, mahīṇḍaka, kāntija, kṛṣṇāyasa and kānta (3.175–179); a combination of mercury and iron sustains the body (3.180); the therapeutic actions of the varieties of kāntaloha called sāra, auṇḍra, kaliṅgaja, taḍāvaṭṭa and bhadra (3.181–185); the therapeutic actions of pāṇḍi, kāntija and kānta iron (3.186–188); the rust (kiṭṭa) of each variety of iron has the same effects as the iron from which it originates (3.189); the relative merits of kiṭṭa, muṇḍa, sāra, auṇḍra, kāliṅga, bhadra, vajra, pāṇḍya, and kāntija; the last type is the very best (3.190–191); the properties of kānta iron, derived from śālagrāma stones, iron derived from sphaṭika, and the type finding its origin in lightning; these types should be used in mercurial recipes and for rasāyana purposes; the actions of iron that has the form of a liṅga (3.192–193); the adverse effects of impure iron (3.194–195); the seven defects (doṣa) of iron (3.196); four methods of purifying iron (3.197–203); signs indicating that iron has been purified (3.204); seven methods of preparing the bhasman of iron (3.205–225); gaṇḍanikā, the chief drug used in the killing of iron; its synonyms (3.226–227); eight drugs employed in the killing of iron: amarī, cāṅgerī, vīkaṅkata, raktamāriṣa, tvacaka, manaḥśilā, hiṅgula, and svarṇamākṣika; the curative actions of these drugs (3.

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228–230); three more methods of preparing a bhasman by killing iron (3.231–238); four methods of ayaṣkṛti, which produces a bhasman that is vāritara (floating on water) and niruttha (iron cannot be retrieved from it) (3.239–247); the preparation of a red bhasman, also vāritara and niruttha, by means of the juice of the plant called śālicīncī, also known as chilaḥiṇḍikā, garuḍinī, pātālamahauṣadhi and gartālābu; rules for the use of this powder; its curative properties (3.248–254); signs indicating that iron has been killed properly (3.255); another way of preparing a niruttha bhasman (3.256); rules for the steeping (bhāvanā) of iron in particular fluids and for the number of puṭas in order to achieve particular curative effects of the preparation (3.257–259); a divergent opinion on this subject (3.260); further processing of the bhasman of iron, making it suitable to yogavāha⁸⁹² (3.261); the preparation of the bhasman of a metal in general, as required for the achievement of curative properties (3.262–274); the removal of impurities from metals (3.275); the treatment of disorders caused by defective digestion of a bhasman (3.276); colouring (rañjaka) of the body is effected by kāṃsya killed by means of punarnavā, iron killed by triphalā, and copper killed by sulphur (3.277);

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the purification of zinc (kharpara) (3.278);⁸⁹³ zinc may be killed like tin or copper; its curative properties; zinc (kharpara) is commonly known as yaśada (3.279–280); tin should be killed by means of (hari)tāla, tīkṣṇa(loha) by cinnabar, gold by lead, lead by (manaḥ)śilā, copper by sulphur, and silver by tāpya (= mākṣika) (3.281); methods making a brittle metal malleable (3.282); the general curative properties of bhasmans (3.283); longevity, strength and health are brought about by diamonds, gold and mercury, collectively called amṛtatraya (3.284); praise of the physician thoroughly conversant with the preparation and administration of the eight types of bhasman (3.285–286); the curative properties of the bhasman of iron (3.287–290);

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the purification of maṇḍūra (iron oxide)⁸⁹⁴ (3.291); the relative merits of maṇḍūra, dependent on its age (3.292); the characteristics of the useful type of maṇḍūra (3.293); two more methods of purifying maṇḍūra (3.294–295).

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Chapter four deals with: the seven upadhātus: mākṣika, tuttha, abhra, nīlāñjana, (manaḥ)śilā, (harit)āla, and rasaka; some add vimalā as the eighth one of the series (4.1);

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the mythical origin of mākṣika⁸⁹⁵ (4.2–3); the two types of mākṣika, distinguished according to its colour; the four types, distinguished according to its form (4.4–5); the relative merits of various types of mākṣika (4.6–7); adverse effects of impure mākṣika (4.8); the properties of hema- and rajatamākṣika (4.9);⁸⁹⁶ three methods of purifying mākṣika (3.10–13); adverse effects of unpurified mākṣika (4.14); two more methods of purifying mākṣika (4.15–16); preparation of the bhasman (4.17); two more methods of purifying mākṣika (4.18–20); the purification of vimalā, by some regarded as identical with kāṃsyamākṣika (4.21–22); the properties and actions of mākṣika (4.23–24); three methods of extracting the sattva (4.25–30); the therapeutic actions of the sattva (4.31–32);

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the two types of vimalā: ⁸⁹⁷ vimalā and amala (4.33); the properties and actions of vimalā (4.34); the purification of amala (4.35) and vimalā (4.36–37); vimalā may be killed in the same way as mākṣika (4.38); the therapeutic actions of killed vimalā (4.39); the extraction of the sattva (4.40–41); the therapeutic actions of the sattva (4.42);

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the mythical origin of sasyaka⁸⁹⁸ (4.43); the colour of the variety of sasyaka called tuttha (4.44); the purification of sasyaka (4.45); the extraction of the sattva (4.46–47); the therapeutic effects of the sattva of mayūratuttha (= sasyaka) (4.48);

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the five types of añjana: sauvīra, rasāñjana, sroto’ñjana, puṣpāñjana, and nīlāñjana (4.49); the colour of sauvīrāñjana⁸⁹⁹ and its therapeutic effects (4.50);⁹⁰⁰ its curative actions (4.51); sroto’ñjana⁹⁰¹ occurs in rivers; its curative actions (4.52–53); the properties of puṣpāñjana,⁹⁰² which cures eye diseases (4.54); nīlāñjana⁹⁰³ makes iron malleable; its therapeutic actions (4.55); the purification of añjanas in general (4.56); the purification of nīlāñjana (4.57–58); the sattva of añjanas can be extracted in the same way as that of manaḥśilā (4.59);

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the purification and killing of abhra (mica) has already been described; the extraction of its sattva will be discussed afterwards (4.60);

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the mythical origin of śilājatu,⁹⁰⁴ a substance exuding from mountains during the summer heat (4.61–62); śilājatu is very heavy due to its association with various metals; the type of association determines the names of its varieties (4.63); seven types are distinguished: suvarṇa-, rūpya-, trapu-, sīsa-, tāmra-, loha-, and manaḥśilāśilājatu;⁹⁰⁵ the best śilājatu occurs in the Vindhya mountains (4.64); the characteristics, properties and curative effects of kāñcana(= suvarṇa)śilājatu (4.65–66), raupyaśilājatu (4.67), tāmraśilājatu (4.68), trapuśilājatu (4.69), sīsaśilājatu (4.70), ayasa(= loha)śilājatu (4.71–72); the necessity of purifying śilājatu (4.73); therapeutic actions of śilājatu (4.74); the colours of the different types may be examined under the influence of fire or water (4.75); the properties and actions of śilājatu in general (4.76–80); the extraction of the sattva; its therapeutic actions and use in the bandha of mercury (4.81–82);

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the three types of rasaka;⁹⁰⁶ their characteristics and relative merits (4.83); three other types distinguished as to colour (4.84); three methods of purification (4.85–87); rasaka becomes very unstable when heated; the sattva or rasa of kiñcula is the only substance that can stabilize it (4.88–89); therapeutic effects of rasaka (4.90); extraction of the sattva (4.91–93); procedures making rasaka heatresistant (4.94–101);

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bhūnāgas;⁹⁰⁷ their purification; the extraction of the sattva (4.102–104); the collection and keeping of bhūnāgas; the extraction of the sattva; a ring made with this sattva is effective in poisoning and snake-bite (4.105–107); the bile and feathers of peacocks may be treated in the same way in order to extract a sattva with the same properties (4.108);

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the mythical origin of (hari)tāla⁹⁰⁸ and manohvā (= manaḥśilā) (4.109); the four varieties of haritāla: godantaka, piṇḍa, ghaṭalākṛti, and kiṭānana; the last of these is the best (4.110); adverse effects of unpurified haritāla (4.111); the properties and curative effects of pure haritāla (4.112); the purification of haritāla (4.113–114); another method, by boiling it with the plant haritālī or haṃsarāja (4.115); the extraction of the sattva; its properties and therapeutic actions (4.116–126); another way of extracting the sattva (4.127–138);

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the mythical origin of manaḥśilā (4.139);⁹⁰⁹ its three varieties: śyāmāṅgī, kaṇayantikā, and khaṇḍākhyā; the characteristics and relative merits of these varieties (4.140–142);⁹¹⁰ the adverse effects of unpurified manaḥśilā (4.143); its purification (4.144); the properties and actions of purified manaḥśilā (4.145); the sattva should be

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extracted in the same way as that of haritāla (4.146);

v3.c44.s18.t1.83

the eight mahārasas are: rasaka, rasa, śaila, capala, amala, sasyaka, mākṣika, and darada (4.147); according to another opinion the mahārasas consist of: vaikrāntaka, ayaskānta, vimalā, darada, pavi, tāpya, and rasaka (94.148);⁹¹¹ the rasas consist of: abhraka, tutthaka, kānta, rājāvarta, añjana, vajra, vaikrānta, and ṭaṅkaṇa (4.149); the uparasas are: gandhaka, tālaka, śilā, kṣitikhecara, gairika, etc. (4.150); according to the Rasasindhu they consist of: gandha, tāla, śilā, tuttha, bhūnāga, nīlāñjana, kāsīsa, ṭaṅkaṇa, śaṅkha, kaṅkuṣṭha, and varāṭaka (4.151); according to the Rasaratnākara the uparasas are: gandhaka, vajra, vaikrānta, vajrābhra, tālaka, śilā, kharpara, śikhituttha, vimalā, hemamākṣika, kāsīsa, kāntapāṣāṇa, varāta, añjana, rāvaṭa, kaṅkuṣṭha, śaṅkha, bhūnāga, ṭaṅkaṇa, and śilājatu (4.152–153); gandhaka has the nature of a sattva and is therefore described along with mercury (4.154); the eight sādhāraṇarasas, helpful in the processing of mercury, consist of: kampilla, capala, gaurīpāṣāṇa, navasāraka, kaparda, vahnijāra, girisindūra, and bodāraśṛṅga (4.155–156);

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the properties of capala,⁹¹² which is helpful in the bandha of mercury (4.157); the relative merits of the varieties of capala (4.158); the explanation of its name (4.159); capala which remains stable under the influence of fire is the most useful kind (4.160); a second explanation of the name capala (4.161); the preparation of the capala called nāgasambhava,⁹¹³ which is used in the bandha of mercury (4.162–163); capala can be killed in the same way as copper (4.164); the properties and uses of capala and its therapeutic effects (4.165–167); the purification of capala (4.168–169); the sattva can be extracted in the same way as that of abhraka; the use of the sattva in the bandha of mercury (4.170);

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the mythical origin of vaikrānta;⁹¹⁴ the explanation of its name (4.171); the site where it occurs; its seven varieties; the best variety is that with the colour of an emerald (4.172);⁹¹⁵ the uses of the varieties (4.173);⁹¹⁶ someone wanting to process vaikrānta should offer homage to Gaṇeśa and Bhairava; the latter deity stays where vaikrānta is found (4.174);⁹¹⁷ two methods of purifying vaikrānta (4.175–176);⁹¹⁸ two methods for the killing of vaikrānta (4.177–179); the therapeutic effects of (the bhasman of) vaikrānta (4.180–182); two ways of extracting the sattva (4.183–186); a procedure that makes vaikrānta assume the colour of blood; this product has wonderful properties (4. 187);

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the characteristics of sasyaka⁹¹⁹ (4.188); sasyaka may be purified like mākṣika, killed like copper or mākṣika; its sattva may be extracted like that of mākṣika (4.189); the therapeutic actions of sasyaka (4.190);

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kāntaloha is of five varieties: bhrāmaka, cumbaka, karṣaka, drāvaka, and romaka;⁹²⁰ these have one to five sharp edges (mukha); kāntaloha is of three colours, yellow, red and black, which represent Brahmā, Viṣṇu and Maheśvara; the yellow variety is helpful in transmutation, the red one in rasāyana, and the black one in the bandha of mercury (4.191–194); the relative merits of bhrāmaka, etc. (4.195); the characteristics of the five types (4.196); their relative merits again (4.197); bhrāmaka and cumbaka are useful in treating diseases, karṣaka and drāvaka for rasāyana purposes and the processing of mercury (4.198); kāntaloha exposed to wind and the heat of sun should not be used (4.199); the purification of kāntaloha (4.200–201); ritual offerings to kā- ntaloha that is to be employed in rasāyana and the processing of mercury (4.202); the successive conversion of bhrāmaka, etc., into cumbaka, etc., by means of goat's blood (4.203); the interactions between kāntaloha and mercury (4.204–205); the extraction of the sattva (2.206–208); kāntaloha may be killed in the same way as iron in general (4.209);

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