Pramāṇa · Search · About · API

A History of Indian Medical Literature v3.c45.s13: Vedakavi

A History of Indian Medical Literature v3.c45.s13

Language
English

Contents

Vedakavi

v3.c45.s13.1

Vedakavi was the author of an allegorical drama of the nāṭaka³⁵⁷ type on medicine, the Jīvānanda, or Jīvānandana.³⁵⁸

Special features

v3.c45.s13.t1.1

Interesting from a medical point of view are: the number of diseases assigned to a particular group; references to the doṣas, dhātus, layers of the skin, etc.; references to therapy; references to iatrochemistry and particular rasauṣadhas.

v3.c45.s13.t1.2

The number of diseases mentioned repeatedly disagrees with the classical āyurvedic texts, but is in many cases in conformity with the Śārṅgadharasaṃhitā. In agreement with the classical treatises are the thirteen saṃnipāta fevers (58). Rudra's wrath as the origin of fever is described (272). The names of fever in non-human living beings and in inanimate substances,³⁵⁹ as given in the Jīvānanda (273–274), are: pākala in elephants, abhitāpa in horses, alarka in dogs, indramada in fish, jyotis in herbs, cūrṇapa³⁶⁰ in grain, nīlikā in water, and ūsa in earth. Atisāra is of seven (61),³⁶¹ grahaṇī of five types (273).³⁶² Haemorrhoids (arśāṃsi) are of six varieties (61 and 277).³⁶³ Sluggishness of the digestive fire (agnimāndya) is said to be the cause of all diseases (278).³⁶⁴ Bhasmaka, a disorder of the digestive fire leading to bulimia, has a prominent place in the Jīvānanda as an illness from which king Jīva suffers.³⁶⁵ Yakṣman³⁶⁶ is said to be caused by great sins (mahāpātaka; 127).³⁶⁷ The number of varieties is five in śvāsa (54),³⁶⁸ six in mūrchā (281),³⁶⁹ six in unmāda (61 and 282),³⁷⁰ four in āmavāta (281),³⁷¹ eight in śūla (102 and 277),³⁷² eight in gulma (61 and 102),³⁷³ and five in hṛdroga (102 and 282).³⁷⁴ Eight types of mūtraṛcchra are distinguished (277),³⁷⁵ thirteen of mūtrāghāta (277),³⁷⁶ four (277) or twenty (61) of aśmarī,³⁷⁷ twenty of prameha (61 and 277),³⁷⁸ fifteen of vraṇa (61 and 102),³⁷⁹ eight of bhagaṇdara (277),³⁸⁰ and eighteen of kuṣṭha (61).³⁸¹ The diseases of the oral cavity and throat (mukharoga) are said to be seventy-four (102 and 279),³⁸² those of the nose eighteen (102),³⁸³ and those of the eyes ninety-six (102) or ninety-four (279) in number.³⁸⁴ The number of diseases of the head is excessively high, namely one hundred (102).³⁸⁵ Five diseases of the chest (vakṣoja) are mentioned (102), which are unknown in āyurvedic treatises. The eighty diseases by vāta, forty by pitta, and twenty by kapha are referred to (278). Kapha (81) or kapha and pitta together (266) are said to be crippled (paṅgu), whereas vāta is considered to be the only active doṣa.³⁸⁶ The relationships between the tastes and the doṣas are referred to (81), as well as those between the tastes and the seven dhātus (265).

v3.c45.s13.t1.3

The seven layers of the skin, the diseases located in each of the layers, and the treatment of these diseases are mentioned (248–255).³⁸⁷ Dinacaryā and ṛtucaryā are dealt with in act four. Several surgical instruments are described (205–207). Much importance is attached to iatrochemistry. Mercury and sulphur are important remedies in the Jīvānanda, as well as several rasauṣadhas. Mercury is called Śiva’s seed and sulphur Śarvāṇī’s menstrual blood (35). Some of the processes to which mercury is subjected in Indian alchemy are mentioned (116). Some rasauṣadhas referred to are, for example, ānandabhairava (291), ³⁸⁸ cintāmaṇi (291), jvarāṅkuśa (291), ³⁸⁹ mahātāleśvara (253), ³⁹⁰ pūrṇacandrodaya (294), and rājamṛgāṅka (291).³⁹¹

v3.c45.s13.t1.4

The author and his date The author of the Jīvānanda was a poet, called Vedakavi, who also composed another allegorical play, called Vidyāpariṇaya.³⁹² The Jīvānanda is modelled upon Kṛṣṇamiśra’s Prabodhanandrodaya and similar plays. It is ascribed to the author’s patron, Ānandarāyamakhin, the son of Nṛsiṃharāyamakhin and grandson of Gaṅgādharamakhin. Nṛsiṃharāyamakhin, was a minister at the court of Ekoji of Tanjore (1676–1683). Tryambakarāja, his younger brother, was a minister of Ekoji, Śāhajī (1684–1710) and Serfoji (1711–1728). Ānandarāyamakhin,³⁹³ who was a minister at the court of Śāhajī, Serfoji and Tukojī, also called Tulajā (1729–1735),³⁹⁴ died during the last year of Tukojī’s reign.

v3.c45.s13.t1.5

The Jīvānanda was written during the reign of Śāhajī and staged for the first time during a festival in honour of Śiva.³⁹⁵

v3.c45.s13.t1.6

Vidvadguṇavilāsa Vidvadguṇavilāsa, pupil of Siddhivardhanopādhyāya Gaṇi of the Kharataragaccha, wrote his Guṇayogaprakāśa in 1717.³⁹⁶

v3.c45.s13.t1.7

Viśrāma Viśrāma, pupil of Pītāmbara, was the author of the Vyādhinigraha.³⁹⁷

v3.c45.s13.t1.8

Contents The Vyādhinigraha consists mainly of a collection of prescriptions against a large number of diseases, preceded by a maṅgala, addressed to the author’s guru and iṣṭadeva, and two verses on diagnosis and treatment in general.

v3.c45.s13.t1.9

The diseases dealt with are: jvara (4–38), atisāra (39–52), pravāhikā (53–55), grahaṇī (56–62), arśas (also called harṣa) (63–68), kṛmi (69–70), śopha (71–75), mūtrakṛcchra (76–85), mūtrarodha³⁹⁸ (86–89), prameha (90–94), aśmarī (95–101), vātarakta (102–104), ajīrṇa and visūcikā (105–109), mandāgni (110–114), gulma (115–121), pāṇḍuroga (122–124), kāmalā (125–130), hāridraka (131–133), kuṣṭha

v3.c45.s13.t1.10

(134–141), sidhma (142–143), pāmā (144–145), dadru (146–147), pādasphuṭana (148), baddhakoṣṭha³⁹⁹ (149–152), śvayathūdara (153–159), plīhan (160–162), jalodara (163–165), raktapitta (166–171), pradara (172–177), garbhaparisrava (178), garbhapāta (179–180), naṣṭapuṣpa⁴⁰⁰ (181–182), raktasrāva in pregnant women (183), yoniśūla (184–187),⁴⁰¹ stanapīḍā⁴⁰² (188–189), yoniśūla (190–191), sūtikāroga (192–196), kṣaya (197–201), kāsa (202–214), śvāsa (215–222), hikkā (223–227), chardi (228–231), śūla (232–235), arocaka (236–237), tṛṣṇā (238–243), anidrā⁴⁰³ (244–245), mūrchā and tandrā (246–248), dāha (249–251), apasmāra⁴⁰⁴ (252–259), unmāda⁴⁰⁵ (260–261), ardita (262–264), dhanurvāta (265–266), śītāṅgaroga (268–270), āmavāta (271–274), rāndhaṇa (275–278), sandhivāta (279–283), vātaroga (284–304), amlapitta (305–307), visarpa (308–310), nāḍīvraṇa (311–313), visphoṭa (316), dagdhapīḍā⁴⁰⁶ (317–318), karṇamūlagranthi⁴⁰⁷ (319–320), karṇaka⁴⁰⁸ (321–322), śastraghāta⁴⁰⁹ (323–326), saptaputa, hodikā and copaṭikā (327–337), cipikā or cipī and sadyovraṇa (338–340), nāsura (341), snāyuroga (342), ślīpada and valmīka (343–345), arbuda and rasolikā (346–349), gaṇḍamālā (350–352), lūtā (353–356), bhagandara (357–362), vidradhi (363–365), upadaṃśa (366–375), śitalā (376), ūrustambha (377–379), vicarcikā (380–382), ānāha (383–384), madhura(jvara) (385–387), sthaulya (388–389), āmabāyu (390), loss of libido (391–393),⁴¹⁰ udāvarta (394–395), vyaṅga (396–397), khillaka (398), śiroroga (399–410), bhrūśaṅkhadoṣa (411), ardhaśirṣa⁴¹¹ (412), nāsāroga (413–418), indralupta and other types of śiroroga (419–422), karṇaroga (423–426), oṣṭhadoṣa (427), dantaroga (428–429), jihvāroga (430–431), ghaṇṭikāroga (432–435), galaroga (436–439), mukharoga (440), svararoga (441–442), mukharoga (443–445), netraroga (446–456), and bālaroga (457–463).

v3.c45.s13.t1.11

The last part of the work is devoted to various subjects of general medical interest, some of which are: prakṛti (470–471), the eight branches of āyurveda (474–477), aṣṭaparīkṣā (478),⁴¹² pañcakarman (479–481ab),⁴¹³ embryology (487–491), and anatomy (492–510).

v3.c45.s13.t1.12

Remarkable names of diseases are: āmabāyu, cipī, cipikā, copaṭikā, ghaṇṭikāroga,⁴¹⁴ hoḍikā,⁴¹⁵ khillaka,⁴¹⁶ madhura(jvara),⁴¹⁷ nāsura,⁴¹⁸ rāndhaṇa,⁴¹⁹ rasolikā,⁴²⁰ saptapuṭa,⁴²¹ and śītāṅgaroga.⁴²²

v3.c45.s13.t1.13

The term ḍambhana is repeatedly used (329, 331, 339) for agnikarman (cauterization).

v3.c45.s13.t1.14

Noteworthy items of the materia medica are bodāra (336), copacīnī (295), māstakī (368), and pārada (340).

v3.c45.s13.t1.15

Caraka is referred to once (177).

v3.c45.s13.t1.16

The author Viśrāma mentions his name and that of his guru, Pītāmbara, at the end of the work. He also informs his readers that he belonged to the Āgamagaccha and lived in a town called Arjunapura in Kūrmadeśa.⁴²³

v3.c45.s13.t1.17

The author remarks that his treatise is based on various works and the teachings of his guru.

v3.c45.s13.t1.18

The Anupānamañjarī is sometimes ascribed to Viśrāma.⁴²⁴

v3.c45.s13.t1.19

The Vyādhinigraha was completed in A.D. 1756/57.⁴²⁵

v3.c45.s13.t1.20

⁴²⁵ [^425]:

v3.c45.s13.t1.21

Yaśavanta Yaśavanta wrote his Vaidyacintāmaṇi in 1792/93.⁴²⁶

v3.c45.s13.t1.22

⁴²⁶ [^426]:

v3.c45.s13.t1.23

Yogaratnākara The anonymous Yogaratnākara⁴²⁷ is an elaborate and comprehensive compilation in verse.⁴²⁸

v3.c45.s13.t1.24

⁴²⁷ [^427]:

v3.c45.s13.t1.25

⁴²⁸ [^428]:

v3.c45.s13.t1.26

Contents⁴²⁹ Section one (pūrvakhaṇḍa): generalities (1–3), omina (3–4), the eightfold examination (aṣṭasthānanirīkṣaṇa) of a patient (4–13),⁴³⁰ kālajñāna, on signs foreboding death (13–14), types of country (14), the dosas (14–16), āma (16), the constitutions (17), weights and measures (18–21),⁴³¹ a nighaṇṭu (21–43), the span of life allotted to a patient (43–46), dinacaryā, rātricaryā, and ṛtucaryā (46–80), types of water (80–82), milk and other dairy produce (82–91), oils (91–93), honey (93–94), the sugarcane and its products (94–95), urines (96), groups of condiments and drugs (97–100), pharmaceutical preparations (101–109),⁴³² the purification (śodhana) and killing (māraṇa) of the eight dhātus (109–120), the upadhātus, ratnas, viṣas and upaviṣas, the processes to which mercury has to be subjected, and various related subjects (120–146), substitutes for medicinal substances which are obtainable with difficulty (147–150), emetic and purgative procedures (150–154), nasya (154), karṇapūraṇa (154), bloodletting (154–155), some definitions (156–157), and the nidāna and treatment of diseases (157–910). Section two (uttarakhaṇḍa) deals with vājīkaraṇa (910–927), rasāyana (927–931), and anupānas (931–932).

v3.c45.s13.t1.27

⁴²⁹ [^429]:

v3.c45.s13.t1.28

⁴³⁰ [^430]:

v3.c45.s13.t1.29

⁴³¹ [^431]:

v3.c45.s13.t1.30

⁴³² [^432]:

v3.c45.s13.t1.31

A large number of sources are quoted by name:⁴³³ Āśvinasaṃhitā (522), 434 Baudhasarvasva (366), Bhaṭṭārakahariścandra (515), 435 Bhāvaprakāśa (185, 186, 724, 741, 753, 789, 812, 853), Bheḍa (199), Bhoja (617, 618, 619, 620, 635, 731, 744, 745, 854), Cakradatta (170, 403, 653), Caraka (150, 515, 517, 563, 606, 730, 764), Carpaṭa (9), Cikitsādīpa (365), 436 Cikitsākalikā (228, 319, 780), Cikitsāsāra (364, 365, 371, 376, 382, 386, 387, 389, 396, 398, 402, 403, 420, 428, 429, 715), Dhanvantarīyamata (282), 437 Gadanigraha (248, 294, 327, 383, 446, 526, 540), Gorakṣanātha (377), 438 Hārīta (493, 635), Hemādri (157), 439 Jaijjaṭa (606), 440 Kadamba (376, 475), 441 Kāśyapa (529), 442 Kāśyapapurantha (297), 443 Kāśyapasamhitā (897), Kṣīrapāṇi (601), Laghuyoga (390, 410), 444 Lakṣmaṇotsava (701), Madanapāla (382), 445 Mādhava (869), 446 Mālatīmukura (105), 447 Manthānabhairava (280), Nārāyaṇīya (364, 365), 448 Nimi (800, 801), Rājamārtaṇḍa (302, 397, 555), Rājaniighaṇṭu (99), Rasamañjarī (415), Rasarājalakṣmī (206, 249), Rasaratnapradīpa (357, 364, 366, 391, 397, 404, 415, 422, 431, 480, 544), Rasaratnasamuccaya (483), Rasārṇava (275, 337), Rasasindhu (282), Rasendracintāmaṇi (279), Ratnapradīpa (293), 449 Rudratantra (10), 450 Saṃgraha (543), 451 Saṃhitā (598, 789), 452 Śamkarākhya (371), 453 Sārasam-

v3.c45.s13.t1.32

⁴³³ [^433]:

v3.c45.s13.t1.33

graha (338, 382, 386, 389, 390, 395, 399, 453, 475, 478, 507, 705), Śārṅgadhara (107, 200, 201, 320, 353, 359, 380, 381, 386, 388, 389, 397, 413, 420, 451, 466, 467, 468, 477, 478, 487, 496, 521, 548), Suśruta (many times), Vāgbhaṭa (150, 169, 229, 576), Vaidyajīvana (354, 355, 365, 370, 398, 403, 414, 487), Vaidyālaṃkāra (106), Vaidyavilāsa (330, 365, 370, 487), 454 Vaṅgasena (347, 817, 863), Videha (168, 797, 798, 802), Virasiṃhāvaloka (327, 420, 453), Viśvāmitra (875), Viṭṭhala (429), 455 Vopadevakṛtaśataka (489), 456 Vopadevaśata (373, 380), 457 Vṛddhahārīta (6), 458 Vṛddhavāgbhaṭa (168, 170, 181), Vṛnda (243, 245, 293, 306, 355, 356, 364, 365, 371, 377, 395, 396, 402, 403, 409, 410, 420, 421, 425, 428, 430, 444, 452, 476, 477, 478, 483, 486, 488, 497, 511, 518, 522, 528, 532, 533, 534, 538, 540, 541, 555, 566, 579, 595, 610, 616, 701, 768, 842), Yāmala (12), 459 Yoga (371, 389), Yogaratnasamuccaya (113, 199), Yogaratnāvali (106, 358, 388, 391, 451, 489, 568, 569), Yogasāra (54, 335, 338, 381, 387, 388, 390, 391, 467, 525, 541), Yogaśata (371, 376, 388, 397, 425, 446, 474), Yogaśataka (365), 460 Yogatarangiṇī (293, 306, 331, 334, 335, 357, 365, 372, 383, 386, 387, 388, 389, 396, 397, 403, 420, 421, 426, 428, 430, 595, 740), and Yogatattva (332).

v3.c45.s13.t1.34

Edition f gives more references to sources than g. Sources added in f are: Anaṅgaraṅga (1474, = g, 923), Bhāvaprakāśa (1206, = g, 752; 1209, = g, 753–754; 461 1214, = g, 756; 1378, = g, 863; 1380, = g, 865; 1387, = g, 869; 1411, = g, 884; 1440, = g, 903; 1443, = g, 905; 1456, = g, 913; 462 1485, = g, 930), 463 Cakradatta (1352, = g, 848), Candrasena (1047, = g, 654), 464 Caraka (458, = g, 289), Cikitsākalikā (1484, = g, 929), Gadanigraha (969, = g, 606), 465 Harīścandra (853, = g, 535), 466 Kadamba (898, = g, 563–564), Kṣīrapāṇi (960, = g, 600), Mādhava (1360, = g, 853), Rājamārtaṇḍa (1001, = g, 627; 1003, = g, 628; 1408, = g, 882; 1473, = g, 923; 1483, = g, 929), Rasaratnākara (213, = g, 138), Rasaratnapradīpa (1343, = g, 842), 467 Sārasaṃgraha (874, = g, 549), 468 Śārṅgadhara (833, = g, 523), 469 Śivāgama (202, = g, 131), Suśruta (1432, = g, 897), Virasiṃhāvaloka (463, = g, 292; 593, = g, 372), 470 Vopadevaśata (702, = g, 446), 471 Vṛnda (2, = g, 177; 755, = g, 475; 472 755, = g, 475; 473 859, = g, 539; 1248, = g, 779), Yoga (706, = g, 448; 755, = g, 475), 474 Yogaratnāvali (1249, = g, 779), 475 Yogasāra (711, = g, 451; 476 1343, = g, 843), and Yogatarangiṇī (709, = g, 450; 713, = g, 452–453; 477 1207, = g, 753).

v3.c45.s13.t1.35

Sources, absent from the above lists, but mentioned in the Yogaratnākara according to other scholars are: Ārogyadarpana, Aśvinikumārasaṃhitā, 478 Līlāvatī, 479 Matimukura, 480 Navaratnamālā, Nirnayasindhu, 481 Śamkaramata, 482 Yogacintāmaṇi, and Yogapradīpa, 483 Rasasārasaṃgraha and Rasendrasaṃhitā, 484 Lolimbarāja, 485 and Nirṇayasindhu. 486 Atrideva⁴⁸⁷ claims that the nighaṇṭu of the Yogaratnākara quotes Cakrapāṇidatta's Dravyaguṇa.

v3.c45.s13.t1.36

⁴⁸⁷ [^487]:

v3.c45.s13.t1.37

The verses of the Yogaratnākara on nidāna are usually those of Mādhava's Rugviniścaya, with the addition of other ones from sources not mentioned by name in most cases.

v3.c45.s13.t1.38

Authors and works quoting from or referring to the Yogaratnākara are: Āśubodha and Nityabodha Senagupta's commentary on the Rasaratnasamuccaya, the Āyurvedīya Khanijavijñāna, the Bheṣajasamhitā, Devasimha Viṭṭhal’s Bṛhadasavāriṣṭasamgraha, Dharmadatta’s Tridoṣasamgraha, Govindadāsa’s Bhaiṣajyaratnāvalī, Gulrājśarmamiśra’s Siddhaprayogalatikā and Viśikhānupraveśavijñāna, Haridattaśāstrin’s commentary on the Rasataraṅgiṇī, Hariprapanna’s Rasayogasāgara, Hariśaraṇānanda’s Kūpīpakavaranirmāṇavijñāna, Karandikar’s Nidānadīpikā, Khare’s commentary on the Rasaratnasamuccaya, Lakṣmīrāma’s commentary on the Siddhabhesajamaṇimālā, Nirañjanaprasāda Gupta’s Pāradasamhitā, Rājeśvaradatta Miśra’s Svasthavṛttasamuccaya, the Rasadhātuprakāśa, the Rasatattvavivecana, the Rasoddhāratantra, Priyavrat Śarmā’s auto-commentary on the Āyurvedadarśana, Satyadeva Vāsiṣṭha’s commentary on Rāvaṇa’s Nāḍīparīkṣā, Somadevaśarman’s commentary on the Āyurvedaprakāśa, and the Rasāmṛta and Siddhayogasamgraha of Vaidya Yādavajī Trikamajī Ācārya. It was also used by the unknown author of the interpolated portions of Niścalakara’s Ratnaprabhā.⁴⁸⁸ The Yogaratnākara is one of the sources of Āryadāsa Kumārasimha’s Kvāthamanimālā and Viśvanātha Dvivedī’s Rasendrasambhava.

v3.c45.s13.t1.39

⁴³⁴ [^434]:

v3.c45.s13.t1.40

⁴³⁵ [^435]:

v3.c45.s13.t1.41

⁴³⁶ [^436]:

v3.c45.s13.t1.42

⁴³⁷ [^437]:

v3.c45.s13.t1.43

⁴³⁸ [^438]:

v3.c45.s13.t1.44

⁴³⁹ [^439]:

v3.c45.s13.t1.45

⁴⁴⁰ [^440]:

v3.c45.s13.t1.46

⁴⁴¹ [^441]:

v3.c45.s13.t1.47

⁴⁴² [^442]:

v3.c45.s13.t1.48

⁴⁴³ [^443]:

v3.c45.s13.t1.49

⁴⁴⁴ [^444]:

v3.c45.s13.t1.50

⁴⁴⁵ [^445]:

v3.c45.s13.t1.51

⁴⁴⁶ [^446]:

v3.c45.s13.t1.52

⁴⁴⁷ [^447]:

v3.c45.s13.t1.53

⁴⁴⁸ [^448]:

v3.c45.s13.t1.54

⁴⁴⁹ [^449]:

v3.c45.s13.t1.55

⁴⁵⁰ [^450]:

v3.c45.s13.t1.56

⁴⁵¹ [^451]:

v3.c45.s13.t1.57

⁴⁵² [^452]:

v3.c45.s13.t1.58

⁴⁵³ [^453]:

v3.c45.s13.t1.59

⁴⁵⁴ [^454]:

v3.c45.s13.t1.60

⁴⁵⁵ [^455]:

v3.c45.s13.t1.61

⁴⁵⁶ [^456]:

v3.c45.s13.t1.62

⁴⁵⁷ [^457]:

v3.c45.s13.t1.63

⁴⁵⁸ [^458]:

v3.c45.s13.t1.64

⁴⁵⁹ [^459]:

v3.c45.s13.t1.65

⁴⁶⁰ [^460]:

v3.c45.s13.t1.66

⁴⁶¹ [^461]:

v3.c45.s13.t1.67

⁴⁶² [^462]:

v3.c45.s13.t1.68

⁴⁶³ [^463]:

v3.c45.s13.t1.69

⁴⁶⁴ [^464]:

v3.c45.s13.t1.70

⁴⁶⁵ [^465]:

v3.c45.s13.t1.71

⁴⁶⁶ [^466]:

v3.c45.s13.t1.72

⁴⁶⁷ [^467]:

v3.c45.s13.t1.73

⁴⁶⁸ [^468]:

v3.c45.s13.t1.74

⁴⁶⁹ [^469]:

v3.c45.s13.t1.75

⁴⁷⁰ [^470]:

v3.c45.s13.t1.76

⁴⁷¹ [^471]:

v3.c45.s13.t1.77

⁴⁷² [^472]:

v3.c45.s13.t1.78

⁴⁷³ [^473]:

v3.c45.s13.t1.79

⁴⁷⁴ [^474]:

v3.c45.s13.t1.80

⁴⁷⁵ [^475]:

v3.c45.s13.t1.81

⁴⁷⁶ [^476]:

v3.c45.s13.t1.82

⁴⁷⁷ [^477]:

v3.c45.s13.t1.83

⁴⁷⁸ [^478]:

v3.c45.s13.t1.84

⁴⁷⁹ [^479]:

v3.c45.s13.t1.85

⁴⁸⁰ [^480]:

v3.c45.s13.t1.86

⁴⁸¹ [^481]:

v3.c45.s13.t1.87

⁴⁸² [^482]:

v3.c45.s13.t1.88

⁴⁸³ [^483]:

v3.c45.s13.t1.89

⁴⁸⁴ [^484]:

v3.c45.s13.t1.90

⁴⁸⁵ [^485]:

v3.c45.s13.t1.91

⁴⁸⁶ [^486]:

v3.c45.s13.t1.92

⁴⁸⁸ [^cont]: ...

v3.c45.s13.t1.93

The nighaṇṭu part of the Yogaratnākara enumerates properties; synonyms are only occasionally given.⁴⁹⁰ Noteworthy substances described are: agastyaśimba (24), bheṇḍī (22),⁴⁹¹ bṛhanmarica (24),⁴⁹² gaurabākucī (24),⁴⁹³ kṣupaja marica (24), mahāpīlu (27),⁴⁹⁴ miṣṭatumbī (22),⁴⁹⁵ pañcabhṛṅga (98), rāmāhvayaphala (27),⁴⁹⁶ śākūta (24),⁴⁹⁷ śitāphala (27),⁴⁹⁸ śyāmalāśākūṭa (25),⁴⁹⁹ and tamākhu (30).⁵⁰⁰

v3.c45.s13.t1.94

⁴⁹⁰ [^490]: ...

v3.c45.s13.t1.95

⁴⁹¹ [^491]: ...

v3.c45.s13.t1.96

⁴⁹² [^492]: ...

v3.c45.s13.t1.97

⁴⁹³ [^493]: ...

v3.c45.s13.t1.98

⁴⁹⁴ [^494]: ...

v3.c45.s13.t1.99

⁴⁹⁵ [^495]: ...

v3.c45.s13.t1.100

⁴⁹⁶ [^496]: ...

v3.c45.s13.t1.101

⁴⁹⁷ [^497]: ...

v3.c45.s13.t1.102

⁴⁹⁸ [^498]: ...

v3.c45.s13.t1.103

⁴⁹⁹ [^499]: ...

v3.c45.s13.t1.104

⁵⁰⁰ [^500]: ...

v3.c45.s13.t1.105

The verses on rasaśāstra mention two opinions on the composition of the group of the metals (dhātu); the first list consists of seven metals: gold, silver, brass (āra, = pittala), copper, lead, tin, and tīkṣṇaka (a kind of iron), to which by some mercury is added; the second list enumerates gold, silver, copper, tin, lead, brass (rītikā, = pittala), bell-metal (ghoṣa), and iron (109). Seven upadhātus are recognized: abhraka, mākṣika, tāla, śilā, nīlāñjana, tutthaka, and rasaka. Nine major poisonous substances are mentioned: kālakūṭa, vatsanābha, śṛṅgaka, pradīpana, hālāhala, brahmaputra, hāridra, saktuka, and saurāṣṭrika (142); the seven minor poisons are: arakṣīra, snuhīkṣīra, lāṅgalī, karavīra, guñjā, ahiphena, and dhattūra (143).

v3.c45.s13.t1.106

The Yogaratnākara contains a long list of substitutes for drugs which are difficult to procure (147–150).

v3.c45.s13.t1.107

The order of the diseases agrees with the Mādhavanidāna. Diseases added are: one series of thirteen saṃnipāta fevers, namely sandhika, antaka, rugdāha, cittavibhrama, śītāṅga, tandrika, kaṇṭhakubja, karṇaka, bhugnanetra, raktaṣṭhīvin, pralāpaka, jihvaka, and abhinyāsa (160–162);⁵⁰¹ a fever called mantharajvara (214–215);⁵⁰² jvarātisāra (233–239); pādakaṇṭaka (439); ūrdhvavāta (440); śītavāta, sparśavāta, and raktavāta⁵⁰³ (441); urograha (535); bahumūtrameha (polyuria; 576–577); vardhma (611); agnidagdhavraṇa (654–656); candrakavraṇa (672);⁵⁰⁵ pūtiprameha (672);⁵⁰⁵ snāyuka (716–718); śitalā (724–727);⁵⁰⁶ somaroga and mūtrātisāra (843–845). Phirangaroga is not described separately, but is included in the group of diseases called upadaṃśa.⁵⁰⁷

v3.c45.s13.t1.108

⁵⁰¹ [^501]: ...

v3.c45.s13.t1.109

⁵⁰² [^502]: ...

v3.c45.s13.t1.110

⁵⁰³ [^503]: ...

v3.c45.s13.t1.111

⁵⁰⁵ [^505]: ...

v3.c45.s13.t1.112

⁵⁰⁶ [^506]: ...

v3.c45.s13.t1.113

⁵⁰⁷ [^507]: ...

v3.c45.s13.t1.114

The formula of khaṇḍakūṣmāṇḍaka (308) does not agree at all with that of the Bhāvaprakāśa.⁵⁰⁸ The chapter on galagaṇḍa, etc., contains a verse, ascribed to Bhoja, on types of granthi which are incurable or difficult to cure (619) that is already found

v3.c45.s13.t1.115

⁵⁰⁸ [^508]: ...

v3.c45.s13.t1.116

in Gayadāsa’s commentary on the Suśrutasamhitā.⁵⁰⁹ The recipe of puṣyānugacūrṇa (841) differs slightly from that found in the Carakasamhitā.⁵¹⁰

v3.c45.s13.t1.117

⁵⁰⁹ [^509]: ...

v3.c45.s13.t1.118

⁵¹⁰ [^510]: ...

v3.c45.s13.t1.119

The description of the yoniroga called udāvartā (845) differs from that in the Carakasamhitā;⁵¹¹ the aṇḍinī type (846) corresponds to the phalinī type of the Suśrutasamhitā.⁵¹² The chapter on yoniroga mentions that a daughter is born from the left nāḍī of the female reproductive system, a son from the right nāḍī (848). The formula of phalaghṛta (848) differs very much from that present in the Aṣṭāṅgahṛdaya and agrees with that found in the Bhāvaprakāśa.⁵¹³ The chapter on yoniroga also contains prescriptions against infertility in women (847–849), as well as contraceptive and abortifacient formulae (849–850),⁵¹⁴ recipes which tighten the vagina (851),⁵¹⁵ recipes effective against yonidāha (a burning sensation in the vagina) (851),⁵¹⁶ etc.

v3.c45.s13.t1.120

⁵¹¹ [^511]: ...

v3.c45.s13.t1.121

⁵¹² [^512]: ...

v3.c45.s13.t1.122

⁵¹³ [^513]: ...

v3.c45.s13.t1.123

⁵¹⁴ [^514]: ...

v3.c45.s13.t1.124

⁵¹⁵ [^515]: ...

v3.c45.s13.t1.125

⁵¹⁶ [^516]: ...

v3.c45.s13.t1.126

The chapter on strīroga describes that parturition may be impossible due to contraction (saṃkoca) of the birth channel (garbha), caused by vāta (861).⁵¹⁷ The same chapter leaves the treatment of mūḍhagarbha (malpositions), even the surgical interventions, to experienced midwives (862–863).⁵¹⁸ Some verses on the treatment of mūḍhagarbha have been borrowed from Vangasena (863–864).⁵¹⁹ The Yogaratnākara advises pressing of the vaginal canal just after delivery, in order to prevent the entry of vāta (864). The employment of poultices (upanāha) is recommended in diseases of the breasts (stanaroga) (869), although this type of treatment is said to be contra-indicated in most āyurvedic treatises.⁵²⁰ The chapter on kṣīradoṣa and its treatment⁵²¹ has a long list of articles of diet, patterns of behaviour, etc., which should be recommended to a pregnant woman, followed by a series of unwholesome things (871).⁵²² Prescriptions against the evil effects of overuse of mercurial compounds are also found in the treatise (925–927).

v3.c45.s13.t1.127

⁵¹⁷ [^517]: ...

v3.c45.s13.t1.128

⁵¹⁸ [^518]: ...

v3.c45.s13.t1.129

⁵¹⁹ [^519]: ...

v3.c45.s13.t1.130

⁵²⁰ [^520]: ...

v3.c45.s13.t1.131

⁵²¹ [^521]: ...

v3.c45.s13.t1.132

⁵²² [^522]: ...

v3.c45.s13.t1.133

The verses on therapy contain both āyurvedic recipes and rasauṣadhas.⁵²³

v3.c45.s13.t1.134

⁵²³ [^523]: ...

v3.c45.s13.t1.135

Some new formulae may be found in the Yogaratnākara: gokṣurādiguṭī (568),⁵²⁴ candraprabhāguṭī (568),⁵²⁵ bālaharitakīyoga (671),⁵²⁶ mahākṣāraguṭī (672),⁵²⁷ pūgādiyoga (672),⁵²⁸ and kadalikandaghṛta (844).⁵²⁹

v3.c45.s13.t1.136

⁵²⁴ [^524]: ...

v3.c45.s13.t1.137

⁵²⁵ [^525]: ...

v3.c45.s13.t1.138

⁵²⁶ [^526]: ...

v3.c45.s13.t1.139

⁵²⁷ [^527]: ...

v3.c45.s13.t1.140

⁵²⁸ [^528]: ...

v3.c45.s13.t1.141

⁵²⁹ [^529]: ...

v3.c45.s13.t1.142

Verses on pathyāpathya are at the end of the sections on treatment.

v3.c45.s13.t1.143

Many formulae of pākas are present in the Yogaratnākara.⁵³⁰

v3.c45.s13.t1.144

⁵³⁰ [^530]: ...

v3.c45.s13.t1.145

Noteworthy medicinal plants and substances prescribed are: bhīmasenakarpūra, ⁵³¹ bhūparṇikā (461),⁵³² bhūśarkarā (461),⁵³³ bhūtāṅkuśa (461),⁵³⁴ copacīnī (671),⁵³⁵ gaṅgāvatī (461), gṛdhramahīruha (460),⁵³⁶ heru (460),⁵³⁷ kabāba (691), karahāṭikā (135),⁵³⁸ kāruñjī (461),⁵³⁹ kevaṇī (460),⁵⁴⁰ kuñjarikā (460),⁵⁴¹ kusari (460),⁵⁴² madhupuṣpikā (461),⁵⁴³ mrgakhurī (461),⁵⁴⁴ murdādaka (672),⁵⁴⁵ nepatī (461),⁵⁴⁶ paṅgula (460),⁵⁴⁷ phalā (461),⁵⁴⁸ picchalikā (460),⁵⁴⁹ poṭa (466),⁵⁵⁰ rasakarpūra,⁵⁵¹ rāyapurī śarkarā,⁵⁵² sākuraṇḍa (461),⁵⁵³ sauraka (672),⁵⁵⁴ śivetara (460),⁵⁵⁵ śvetapuṣpa (205),⁵⁵⁶ vaiṣṇavikā (461),⁵⁵⁷ vāsanī (460),⁵⁵⁸ and virojā (672).⁵⁵⁹

v3.c45.s13.t1.146

⁵³¹ [^531]: ...

v3.c45.s13.t1.147

⁵³² [^532]: ...

v3.c45.s13.t1.148

⁵³³ [^533]: ...

v3.c45.s13.t1.149

⁵³⁴ [^534]: ...

v3.c45.s13.t1.150

⁵³⁵ [^535]: ...

v3.c45.s13.t1.151

⁵³⁶ [^536]: ...

v3.c45.s13.t1.152

⁵³⁷ [^537]: ...

v3.c45.s13.t1.153

⁵³⁸ [^538]: ...

v3.c45.s13.t1.154

⁵³⁹ [^539]: ...

v3.c45.s13.t1.155

⁵⁴⁰ [^540]: ...

v3.c45.s13.t1.156

⁵⁴¹ [^541]: ...

v3.c45.s13.t1.157

⁵⁴² [^542]: ...

v3.c45.s13.t1.158

⁵⁴³ [^543]: ...

v3.c45.s13.t1.159

⁵⁴⁴ [^544]: ...

v3.c45.s13.t1.160

⁵⁴⁵ [^545]: ...

v3.c45.s13.t1.161

⁵⁴⁶ [^546]: ...

v3.c45.s13.t1.162

⁵⁴⁷ [^547]: ...

v3.c45.s13.t1.163

⁵⁴⁸ [^548]: ...

v3.c45.s13.t1.164

⁵⁴⁹ [^549]: ...

v3.c45.s13.t1.165

⁵⁵⁰ [^550]: ...

v3.c45.s13.t1.166

⁵⁵¹ [^551]: ...

v3.c45.s13.t1.167

⁵⁵² [^552]: ...

v3.c45.s13.t1.168

⁵⁵³ [^553]: ...

v3.c45.s13.t1.169

⁵⁵⁴ [^554]: ...

v3.c45.s13.t1.170

⁵⁵⁵ [^555]: ...

v3.c45.s13.t1.171

⁵⁵⁶ [^556]: ...

v3.c45.s13.t1.172

⁵⁵⁷ [^557]: ...

v3.c45.s13.t1.173

⁵⁵⁸ [^558]: ...

v3.c45.s13.t1.174

⁵⁵⁹ [^559]: ...

v3.c45.s13.t1.175

*The author*

v3.c45.s13.t1.176

The identity of the author remains unknown. According to some he must have been a resident of southern India since most of the MSS are found there and the Yogaratnākara is still much in use in Mahārāṣṭra. The author’s name was Mayūrapāda Bhikṣu according to some Indian scholars.⁵⁶⁰

v3.c45.s13.t1.177

⁴⁸⁹ [^489]: ...

v3.c45.s13.t1.178

⁵⁶⁰ [^560]: ...

v3.c45.s13.t1.179

The quotations from the *Vaidyavilāsa* by Raghunātha Paṇḍita, composed in A.D. 1697, and the existence of a MS, dating from A.D. 1746, 561 prove that the *Yogaratnākara* was compiled during the first half of the eighteenth century. The earliest author to establish this date was S.L. Katre. 562 P.K. Gode 563 assigned the work to the period 1650–1725 on account of the quotation of Kamalākara's *Nirṇayasindhu*, composed in 1612, 564 the verses on tobacco, 565 and the MS dating from 1746. P.V. Sharma regards the work as having been written towards the end of the seventeenth century because it quotes Lolimbarāja and Trimalla's *Yogatarangiṇī*. 566 The most appropriate date for its composition is A.D. 1676 according to N. Saxena. 567 The *Yogaratnākara* is regarded as dating from the eighteenth century by Atrideva 568 and S. Upadhyaya. 569

v3.c45.s13.t1.180

The *Yogaratnākara* should not be confused with another medical work of the same title, written in caupāī verse in old Gujarātī by a Jain author, called Nayanaśekhara, pupil of Jñānaśekhara, in 1633 or 1680. 570

v3.c45.s13.t1.181

Nineteenth-century authors and works

v3.c45.s13.t1.182

ABHIDHĀNACANDRIKĀ by Bhīmasena. Other works by the same author are a Sūpaśāstra and the Vaidyabhūṣaṇā.

v3.c45.s13.t1.183

The Abhidhānacandrikā¹ is a glossary of medical terms; its preface is to a great extent taken from the Dhanvantarīyaṇighaṇṭu.

v3.c45.s13.t1.184

The Sūpaśāstra is a treatise on cooking.²

v3.c45.s13.t1.185

The Vaidyabhūṣaṇā appears to be a comprehensive medical treatise.³

v3.c45.s13.t1.186

The Vaidyabodhasaṃgraha of a Bhīmasena may or may not be by a different author.⁴

v3.c45.s13.t1.187

Bhīmasena wrote his works in the second half of the nineteenth century. He was highly respected by Kṛṣṇa Rāja Wodeyar III, king of Mysore, who was placed on the throne by the British in A.D. 1799 and who died in 1868. Bhīma was also patronized by Kṛṣṇa Rāja's son, Cāmarāja Wodeyar.⁵

v3.c45.s13.t1.188

ABHINAVANIGHAṆṬU, compiled by Dattārām Nārāyaṇadatta Caube, son of Dattārām.⁶ The subject matter is arranged in twenty-four chapters (varga) and an appendix (pariśiṣṭa). Chapter one deals with pharmacology in general; chapters two to twenty-four describe medicinal substances, their names and their properties, mainly along the lines of the Bhāvaprakāśanighaṇṭu; the appendix, called Yūnānī Dravyaguṇasaṃgraha, is devoted to drugs borrowed from Islamic medicine.⁷

v3.c45.s13.t1.189

The author was a resident of Mathurā.⁸

v3.c45.s13.t1.190

ĀGNEYĀYURVEDAVYĀKHYĀ by Gaṅgādhara.⁹

v3.c45.s13.t1.191

AJĪRṆAMAÑJARĪ by Dattārāma,¹⁰ a short monograph on disorders of digestion (ajīrṇa).

v3.c45.s13.t1.192

The benedictory verses are addressed to Dhanvantari and Kṛṣṇa. The treatise begins with the statement that ajīrṇa is the main cause of all diseases; it proceeds with its nidāna (4–5),¹¹ its definition (6) and a description of its six varieties (7–13).¹² One verse (14) is devoted to the general treatment of the four chief varieties, two verses (15–16) are about the number of days required for ajīrṇa, caused by some specified articles of diet, to disappear when dietary restrictions are observed.¹³ Thirty-two verses (17–48) deal with ajīrṇa brought about by a long series of particular substances and its treatment by prescribing substances considered to be counteractive. Thirteen verses (49–61) are about ways of treating various discomforts; the preparation of śukta and veśavāra is also described (58–60) in this section of the treatise ends with the statement (62) that the author, Dattarāma, compiled the Ajīrṇamañjarī from the words of various sages. 14 A pariśiṣṭa of nine verses contains some compound formulae. A part of the laśunakalpa from the Kāśyapasamhitā is appended at the end.

v3.c45.s13.t1.193

The only authority quoted by name is Kāśyapa (49).

v3.c45.s13.t1.194

A comparison with Kāśinātha’s Ajīrṇamañjarī learns that more than half of Dattarāma’s verses were borrowed from it.

v3.c45.s13.t1.195

The description of ajīrṇa caused by particular substances and its treatment by means of specified other substances is not found in the classical saṃhitās and appears rather late in āyurvedic literature. 15

v3.c45.s13.t1.196

A noteworthy article of diet mentioned in the Ajīrṇamañjarī is cīnaruka (46). 16

v3.c45.s13.t1.197

No particulars are known about the author.

v3.c45.s13.t1.198

The treatise was completed in 1882/83. 17

v3.c45.s13.t1.199

ANUPĀNATARAṄGIṆĪ 18 by Raghunāthaprasāda.

First 200 of 931 passages. Read on

Linked texts (105)