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A History of Indian Medical Literature v4.c62: Chapter 6: Authors and works on veterinary medicine

A History of Indian Medical Literature v4.c62

Language
English

Chapter 6: Authors and works on veterinary medicine

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1 See on Indian veterinary science in general: Anonymous (1945); R. Froehner (1952): 54–60, (1968): 572–582; J. Jolly (1901): 14 (C.G. Kashikar 17–18); A. Krishnaswami Ayyar (1939a), (1939b); A. Krishnaswami Iyer (1946); A. Krishnaswamy (1941a), *(1941b)*, *(1941c)*, *(1941d)*, *(1945a)*, (1945b); O. Raschke (1922); J.F. Smithcors (1957): 15–22. Compare on Graeco-Roman and Byzantine veterinary medicine: A.M. Doyen (1981); A.-M. Doyen-Higuet (1985); K.-D. Fischer (1988); R. Froehner (1952): I, 64–172; J. Scarborough (1969): 171–173; J.F. Smithcors (1957): 42–109.

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2 NCC I, 302. The author was a Digambara Jain (NCC; Rājkumār Jain, 1981: 88) or a brāhmaṇa (ABI 329; Ambālāl Jośī, 1981: 93). Atrideva and Jośī call the work Aśvavaidya, date it to about A.D. 1400, and add that the works of Candrarāja were Abhinavacandra’s model. Vardhamāna Pārśvanātha Śāstrī claims (Intr. to his ed. of the Kalyāṇakāraka, 39) that Abhinavacandra wrote his work not in Sanskrit, but in Kannaḍa. A.M. Shastri (1991: 114–115) says that Abhinavacandra’s Aśvavaidya was written in Kannaḍa, dates from about the fourteenth century, and was based on a treatise on aśvaśāstra attributed to the mythical being called Revanta.

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See on Revanta, also called Raivata (a common faulty reading according to H.-P. Schmidt, 1977: 142), who is associated with horses: J.N. Banerjea (1956): 442–443; A. Bhattacharyya (1977): 45–46; N.K. Bhattasali (1929): 174–177; B.B. Bidyabinod (1909); Dowson; K.K. Handiqui (1949): 461; H. Härtel (1960): 24, 37, 46, 68–70; H. Krishna Sastri (1916): 236; J.J. Meyer (1937): II, 117–118 and 245–246, III, 57; L.P. Pandey (1969); E.C. Sachau (1964): I, 119; Bhagwant Sahai (1975): 89–97; J.N. Samaddar (1928); N.B. Sanyal (1927); H.-P. Schmidt (1977); B.N. Sharma (1971), (1973), (1975); A.M. Shastri (1991): 115–117, (1996): I, 152–153; H. von Stietencron (1972): 71; M. and J. Stutley (1977): 249; C. Suneson (1984); Vettam Mani. See also the Raivatastotra in Nakula’s Aśvaśāstra and the mantra addressed to Revanta in Jayadatta’s Aśvāyurveda (quoted by Mitramiśra in Vīramitrodaya, Lakṣaṇaprakāśa, aśvalakṣaṇaprakaraṇa, p.446). The probably earliest references to Revanta are found in the Bṛhatsaṃhitā (57.56), Mārkaṇḍeyapurāṇa (see J.N. Banerjea, who refers to the Bibliotheca Indica edition, chapter 109; H.-P. Schmidt, 1977: 154) and Viṣṇupurāṇa (3.2.7) (see C. Suneson, 1984: 237–238). He also figures in the Agnipurāṇa (according to the Śabdakalpadruma; see however, H.-P. Schmidt, 1977: 154: the Agnipurāṇa does not mention him), Bhaviṣyapurāṇa (quoted by H.-P. Schmidt, 1977: 154), Devībhāgavatapurāṇa, Garuḍapurāṇa, Kālikāpurāṇa, Matsyapurāṇa, Sāmbapurāṇa (quoted by H.-P. Schmidt, 1977: 154), Skandapurāṇa, and Viṣṇudharmottarapurāṇa (3.67.9, ed. Śrīveṅkaṭeśvar Press, Bombay 1912/13; quoted by H.-P. Schmidt, 1977: 154), as well as in various other works in Sanskrit and in regional languages, in inscriptions, etc. (see H.-P. Schmidt, 1977 and C. Suneson, 1984; see also J.J. Meyer, 1937, s.v. Revanta). The etymology of Revata is elaborately discussed by C. Suneson (1984: 256–262); see also H.-P. Schmidt (1977: 141, 149 and 154; an etymology is found in the Bhaviṣyapurāṇa).

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3 References are to the edition by Ācārya Baladeva Upādhyāya, Kashi Sanskrit Series 174, Varanasi 1966. English translation by Manmatha Nāth Dutt Shastrī, The Chowkhamba Sanskrit Studies 54, Varanasi 1967.

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4 Compare S.S. Misra (1982): 227–228.

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5 Śālihotra’s pupil may be Suśruta again (see J.R. Haldar, 1977: 12; Yādavaśarman’s upodghāta, 13, to edition cc of the Suśrutasaṃhitā).

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6 NCC: not recorded. ABI 472: Government Oriental MSS Library, Madras, *MS Nr. 3791 (not recorded in S. Kuppuswami’s Madras Cat., Vol. XXIII).

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7 NCC I, 341: title Siddhiyogacikitsā; classified as a tantra. STMI 533.

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8 NCC: not recorded. STMI 533.

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9 NCC I, 325.

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10 NCC I, 443. STMI 533: a small work on the characteristics of horses.

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11 NCC: not recorded. Check-list Nr. 55.

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12 NCC I, 443. Kavīndrācāryasūcipatram, Nr. 2164. Compare Śālihotra.

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13 NCC I, 442: one of the texts of this title, in the form of a dialogue between Śiva and a Pāṇḍya king, forms part of the Hālāsyamāhātmya (from the Agastyasaṃhitā of the Skandapurāṇa). HIM II, 359–360: Aśvalakṣaṇa from the Ākāśabhairavatantra (see Tāntrika Sāhitya 24–25). B. Jawalia (1983): 328–329 (Nr. 2941). Compare Bṛhaspati.

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14 NCC I, 442. Check-list Nr. 60. STMI 533.

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15 NCC I, 442. STMI 534: two anonymous works; the first one refers to a large work by Siṃhadatta; the second one, in two sections (sthāna) of respectively eighteen and ninety-two chapters, mentions that the subject was taught by Śālihotra to Suśruta. Check-list Nr. 61. ABI 597: in eight chapters (adhyāya). C.G. Kashikar (1977): 152: in eight adhyāyas. Compare Śālihotra’s Aśvalakṣaṇaśāstra.

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16 NCC: not recorded. Check-list Nr. 62.

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17 NCC: not recorded. Check-list Nr. 63.

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18 NCC I, 440.

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19 NCC: no anonymous treatise of this title. M. Vinayasagar and D.B. Khsirsagar (1979a): 158–159 (Nr. 1404). Compare Nalarāja.

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20 NCC I, 440.

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21 NCC I, 441. Check-list Nr. 64. STMI 534. Cat. Madras Nr. 13317: a short essay on the importance of horses, said to have been taught by Śālihotra to Suśruta. Compare Śālihotra.

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22 NCC: not recorded. Check-list Nr. 65. Compare Śālihotra.

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23 NCC I, 443.

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24 NCC I, 442. STMI 534.

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25 NCC I, 437: quoted by Rāyamukuṭa. Check-list Nr. 69. Cat. Tanjore Nr. 11246.

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26 NCC I, 443. STMI 534. Cat. Madras Nrs. 13321–13323: appears to be a compilation from various sources. Compare Śālihotra.

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27 See on the editions, etc.: Basava’s Śivatattvaratnākara.

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28 See on mythical elephants: M.A. Mehendale (1993).

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29 The verses describing these forests are the same as those in Someśvara’s Mānasollāsa.

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30 The verses are the same as those in the Mānasollāsa, but Someśvara’s seventh type, called kubja, is absent.

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31 The verses are almost the same as in the Mānasollāsa and are also found in the anonymous Gajaśāstra, which quotes them from a treatise by Vyāsa. The aṃśaka types are called after gods; a part (aṃśa) of these gods is thought to be present in them.

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32 The āvartas are especially prominent among these marks.

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33 Twelve types of dantaṅhāta are enumerated and described; their names are also found in the anonymous Gajaśāstra, which adds two more. 34 They consist of: śarīra, roman, chāyā, gati, gandha, svara, varṇa, sattva. 35 The names and descriptions do not tally with those of Someśvara. 36 Four sheens are distinguished, partially different from those of Jayadatta. 37 The list resembles that of Nakula's Aśvaśāstra. 38 The three special āvartas of Someśvara are also described: devamaṇi, cakraka (= Someśvara's kaṇṭhāvarta), and rocamāna (175cd–177). 39 Compare on bullocks and cows: Arthaśāstra 2.29. 40 See on Bhoja and the medical works attributed to him: Bhoja. 41 See: Rājamārtaṇḍa. 42 CC I, 418 and 644. Check-list Nr 767. Cat. München Nr. 403. Kavīndrācāryasūcipatram: Śālihotra by Bhojadeva (Nr. 2172) and Śālihotra by Sahadeva or Bhoja (Nr. 2171). R. Nambiyar (1950): 1316–1317 (Serial Nrs. 285 and 286, Accession Nrs. 9437 and 10958). Edition: Śālihotra of Bhoja, critically edited by Ekanath Dattatraya (sic) Kulkarni, Sources of Indo-Aryan Lexicography 11, Deccan college, Postgraduate and Research Institute, Poona 1953. This edition, based on four MSS and a number of related texts, contains a useful introduction (with summary of the contents of the treatise) by E.D. Kulkarni, and a number of Appendices: I, A comparison of the text of Bhoja's Śālihotra with Nakula's Aśvacikitsā; II, Additional passages found in Bhoja's Yuktikalpataru; III, Critical notes; IV, Glossary of important and technical words in the text; V, Glossary of important words from additional passages; VI, Glossary of Indian drugs mentioned by Bhoja in his text; VII, Index verborum to the text; VIII, Index of important words in additional passages from the Yuktikalpataru. The edition was reviewed by J. Filliozat, JA 241, 1953, 539–540. 43 The corresponding passages of the Aśvacikitsā are indicated in the footnotes and quoted in Appendix I. The following verses cannot be traced to Nakula's text: 26–27, 39, 48ab, 49cd, 50ab, 69, 84–90, 92ab, 95–97, 112ab, 117, 130–138. 44 These verses correspond with chapter ten on dhātuparīkṣā of Nakula's Aśvacikitsā. 45 Compare Samarāṅgaṇasūtradhāra 33 (aśvaśālā). 46 CC I, 418 and 476. STMI 535. Edited by Isvara Chandra Sāstrī, Calcutta Oriental Series 1, Siddheśvara Press, Calcutta 1917 [IO.12.I.43]; references are to page numbers of this edition. See on the Yuktikalpataru: P.K. Gode (1946d); 9; R.C. Hazra (1960): 161–168; E.D. Kulkarni's Introduction to his edition of Bhoja's Śālihotra, and its Appendix II; P.A. Mankad (1935/36); R. Mukerji (1917); B.K. Sarkar (1974): I, 12–14; S.R. Sarma (1986). 47 See on other subjects dealt with: M. Chaudhuri (1976); R. Mukerji (1917; on the nauyānayukti, i.e., shipping). 48 Those not found there are reproduced in Appendix II of the edition of Bhoja's Śālihotra. 49 Quoted on mṛgaparīkṣā. 50 Quoted on the four jātis of horses. 51 Bhoja is said to follow Vātsya. 52 NCC I, 442. 53 NCC V, 229. AVI 519. A treatise on elephants, called Bṛhaspatimata (A.B. Keith, 1935: 757, Nr. 6257; STMI 535) is the same work (see NCC V, 229). Th. Aufrecht (CC I, 376) records a Bṛhaspatitantra, dealing with the different breeds of elephants. A Bṛhaspatisaṃhitā on elephants and their medical treatment is quoted by Mitramiśra in the

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Vīramitrodaya, Lakṣaṇaprakāśa, p.331–346, 347–350, 347–350, 352, 353–354, 356–376, 378–386, 390–397, 399. Bṛhaspati is referred to in Godāvara's Hariharacaturaṅga and Nīlakaṇṭha's Mātaṅgalīlā (4. 4). He is mentioned in the commentary on Nārada's Gajaśikṣā and in Pālakāpya's Hastyāyurveda. Bṛhaspati and a Bṛhaspatya are among the sources of Basava's Śivatattvaratnākara. 54 Caūppaṇṇamahāpurisacariya, p.38: mentioned in a list of experts in various branches of learning (compare A.K. Chatterjee, 1978: 286). 55 CC: not recorded. The Kavīndrācāryasūcipatram records a work on horses, in Hindusthānī, by Buddhisena (Nr. 2163). 56 NCC I, 442–443. STMI 535. 57 NCC: not recorded. Cat. BHU Nr. 10: by Devīdatta, son of Abhimanyu, pupil of Śrī Rāma Bhaṭṭa; the MS dates from A.D. 1784/85. 58 NCC I, 442 and IX, 60. STMI 536. H.P. Śāstrī (1905): Preface XXIV and 151 (Nr. 1161). J. Jolly (1901): 125 (C.G. Kashikar 151). AVI 519. The NCC and E.D. Kulkarni (Intr. to his ed. of Bhoja's Śālihotra, 16) state that Dīpaṅkara was a son of Nānākara and grandson of Nidhānakara. P. Peterson (1899), Preface 24: the author was a vaidya by caste, belonging to the Kāntāravāsīnī Gāi or Gai; he appears to have been a Buddhist; his work is said to consist of 1,300 verses in ninety chapters; Śālihotra and his disciples are saluted. 59 NCC: not recorded. AVI 519: the author is called Gaṇa. Hemarājaśarman says (36) that the author refers to Śālihotra, Garga and Suśruta as authorities on the science of horses. This work may be the same as Gaṇa's Siddhayogasaṃgraha (see: Gaṇa). 60 The author was a Jain householder (gṛhastha) who lived in the twelfth century. See on him and the mentioned two works, written in Prakrit: B.M. Chintamani (1971): 169; JAI 91–92; V.P.P Śāstrī (1984): 387. B.M. Chintamani and V.P.P. Śāstrī assign him to the thirteenth century. According to R. Bhaṭṇāgar (JAI 91–92) he wrote, apart from the mentioned works, a Svapnaśāstra and a Sāmudrikatilaka, also Puruṣastrilakṣaṇa (see NCC IX, 90 and 356: Durlabharāja, son of Narasimha or Nṛsiṃha Mahattara, author of Sāmudrikatilaka or Naralakṣaṇa). Durlabharāja was a minister of Kumārapāla of the Caulukya dynasty of Gujarāt (A.D. 1143–1174); his son, Jagaddeva, who wrote the Svapnacintāmaṇi, held the same position as his father (JAI 91). Compare Jinadāsa. 61 CC: not recorded. Alternative titles are Gajaśarīkṣā, Gajaprabandha and Hasticikitsā; the treatise deals in about 1500 verses with the characteristics of elephants, the duration of their life, their conception period, diseases, etc.; it was completed in A.D. 1158/59 (JAI 91). 62 NCC: not recorded. This treatise, completed in A.D. 1157/58 according to R. Bhaṭṇāgar (JAI 91), is concerned with horses. 63 NCC V, 228. B. Jawalia (1983): 328–329 (Nr. 2946). 64 NCC V, 229. 65 NCC V, 229. 66 NCC V, 229. 67 NCC V, 229. STMI 536. 68 NCC V, 229. 69 NCC: not recorded. Check-list Nr. 289. 70 CC I, 38, 141. NCC V, 230. HIM II, 360: from the Ākāśabhairavāgama (CC I, 38; Tāntrika Sāhitya 25).

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71 NCC V, 230: extracts from Pālakāpya with a Marāṭhī verse translation. Check-list Nr. 291. STMI 545–546. Cat. Tanjore Nr. 11287: incomplete (the Sanskrit text reaches up to 10.3); the Sanskrit text is chiefly from Pālakāpya and the Vaiśampāyanīya; the text is accompanied by a translation in Marāṭhī verse by Śarabhendra (see Cat. Tanjore on the contents of the Marāṭhī version); the MS contains 300 finished coloured illustrations with text, ninety-three without text, and sixteen unfinished coloured and pencil sketches. Cat. Tanjore Nrs. 11265–11281 and 11282–11286 (with Telugu commentary) appear to contain the same text. A.B. Keith (1935): 756 (Nr. 6255). Edition: Gaja Śāstram of Pālakāpya Muni with extracts from other works and coloured illustrations, edited with translation in Tamil by K.S. Subrahmanya Śāstri and a summary in English by S. Gopalan, Saraswati Mahal Series No. 76, Tanjore 1958.

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72 Śarabhendra, also called Serfojī, son of Tulajī II, was one of the Mahratta kings of Tanjore, who reigned from A.D. 1798 to 1832. He was the patron of many scholars and was mainly responsible for the development of the Sarasvatī Mahāl Library at Tanjore; he also compiled a large medical treatise in Marāṭhī, the Śarabhendravaidyaratnāvalī, consisting of a collection of more than five thousand recipes. See on this work: N. Gangadharan (1922): 156; V.S. Venkatasubramania Sastri and C. Rajarajeswara Sarma (1974): 34–36. The Śarabhendravaidyaratnāvalī has been edited in Marāṭhī and in a Tamil translation (the latter edited by K. Vāsudeva Cāstri and S. Veṅkaṭarājan, title: Carapentirar Vaittiyamuraikaḷ, vols. 1–9, Tañcai 1949–1957).

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73 The Gajaśāstra and its anubandha are composed mainly in ślokas, but contain also many stanzas in more elaborate metres.

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74 It is an extract from the vanānucarita chapter (I.1) of Pālakāpya’s Hastyāyurveda.

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75 This elaborate description is not found in the Hastyāyurveda.

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76 These descendants and their characteristics are also described in Someśvara’s Mānasollāsa (2.274–281). See: S.S. Misra (1982): 223–224; Edgerton’s translation of the Mātangalīlā, chapter I, n.17.

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77 More succinctly related in the Mātangalīlā (1.35–39).

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78 The eight major forests and the elephants found there are also described in the Hariharacaturaṅga, the Mānasollāsa, and the Nitinirṇiti, a commentary on the Arthaśāstra by Yogghama, alias Mugdhavilāsa (see the quotation in a footnote of Kangle’s edition of the Arthaśāstra, ad 2.2.15–16). The Arthaśāstra (2.2.15–16) merely lists the names of the forests. The Mānasollāsa differs somewhat in its details. See on these forests: S.S. Misra (1982): 216–217; Th.R. Trautmann (1982): 273–278. See also: P.E.P. Deraniyagala (1938): 161–162. Compare Nārāyaṇa Dīkṣita’s Gajagrahaṇaprakāra, chapter 3.

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79 Compare on this subject: P.E.P. Deraniyagala (1938): 152–155.

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80 The names of the second and third series are largely the same as those mentioned in the Mātangalīlā, but this work is not quoted.

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81 Edgerton (see his translation of Nīlakaṇṭha’s Mātangalīlā, ch.5, n.39) mentions that this chapter contains five verses which are also found in the Mātangalīlā.

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82 See on this subject: P.E.P. Deraniyagala (1938): 159–160. The largest elephants, those most suited to warfare, are found in Sri Lanka (see K. Karttunen, 1997: 194, on references to them in Graeco-Roman sources). Compare the critical remarks of Th.R. Trautmann (1982): 279–280 on the reliability of the classical sources, in particular Aelian. See on the elephant in Aelian’s De natura animalium: H.H. Scullard (1974): 222–230. See on the import of elephants from Sri Lanka: P.E.P. Deraniyagala (1938): 138; S. Digby (1971): 69–73. See on Sinhalese elephant-lore: P.E.P. Deraniyagala (1938).

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83 See on this subject: S.S. Misra (1982): 217–220. See also: P.E.P. Deraniyagala (1938): 155–157. The bhadra, manda and mṛga, as well as mixed types, are mentioned, for example, in the Rāmāyaṇa (Bālakāṇḍa 6.25; ed. Bombay). See on the mṛga and other types used in processions and other ceremonials: R. Carrington (1958): 197–198.

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84 These eight types are called after gods; the Gajaśāstra describes eight types, among which the viṣṇuvaṃśa holds the most prominent place; the verses are also found in the Mānasollāsa and Śivatattvaratnākara, which add a ninth type, called agnimāruta. See on the aṃśa types S.S. Misra (1982): 221–222. See also: P.E.P. Deraniyagala (1938): 157.

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85 Three pure and three mixed types are described, to which three, called antarvarṇa, are added from another source. See on the colours: P.E.P. Deraniyagala (1938): 158. A different classification is quoted from an unspecified source. An independent and very elaborate classification of male elephants is found in the Hastividyārṇava (1–149, pages 12–78), followed by a classification of females (pages 79–96).

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86 Five types, called after the five elements (mahābhūta).

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87 Numerous smells are distinguished. See P.E.P. Deraniyagala (1938): 159.

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88 Three main types (sāttvika, rājasa, tāmasa), which are subdivided. See on the sattvas: P.E.P. Deraniyagala (1938): 158.

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89 Many types of trumpeting are mentioned.

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90 The description according to Vyāsa is also found in the Hastividyārṇava (p.104–110), Mānasollāsa, and Śivatattvaratnākara. Compare S.S. Misra (1982): 222–223.

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91 The classification differs from that in the Mātangalīlā (12.13). See on the locomotion of elephants: G.M. McKay (1973): 43–44.

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92 Compare Hastividyārṇava, pages 112, 136–142.

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93 Compare Hastividyārṇava, page 152.

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⁹⁴ Compare Mātangalīlā 12.14–16.

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⁹⁵ The ṣṇi is the same as the aṅkuśa. See on the elephant-driver’s hook: P.E.P. Deraniyagala (1938): 145–146. Compare Mātangalīlā 12.17–25.

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⁹⁶ See on pressure points used by mahouts for controlling an elephant: P.E.P. Deraniyagala (1938): 141–143. Compare Mātangalīlā 12.11–12.

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⁹⁷ Compare Mātangalīlā 12.9–10 and Someśvara’s Mānasollāsa 2.282–331.

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⁹⁸ Compare Śivatattvaratnākara VII.11.148–154.

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⁹⁹ Compare Śivatattvaratnākara VII.11.205–212.

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¹⁰¹ Compare Mātangalīlā 9.12–18.

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¹⁰⁵ Compare Śivatattvaratnākara VII.11.113–123.

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¹⁰⁷ Compare Mātangalīlā 4.3.

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¹⁰⁹ Compare on the construction of stables: Arthaśāstra 2.31.2–4; Samarāṅgaṇasūtradhāra 32.

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¹¹⁰ Edgerton mentions (see his transl. of Nīlakaṇṭha’s Mātangalīlā, p.62, n.39) that the MS of the Gajaśāstra also quotes from a Gautamīya and a Rājaputrīya; the latter is a work on elephants by Budha according to the Matsyapurāṇa (24.3); the Padmapurāṇa (1.12.43–45) tells that Rājaputra, a son of Tārā and also known as Budha, knew all the sciences and

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was the propounder of the science of elephants. Gautama and Rājaputra are authorities on elephants quoted in Godāvara's Hariharacaturaṅga.

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111 I.e., the work on elephants by Vyāsa.

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112 Pālakāpya is mentioned in the final colophon of both Gajaśāstra and Gajaśāstrānubandha, which suggests that the major part of the treatise has been taken from a work ascribed to him. This work cannot be the Hastyāyurveda, which does not deal with many subjects of the Gajaśāstra.

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113 F. Edgerton (see the preface to his translation of Nīlakaṇṭha's Mātaṅgalīlā, 9–10) is convinced that the Gajaśāstra is a relatively late compilation, since it contains (without referring to its source) nearly one hundred verses of the Mātaṅgalīlā, scattered in many different places; one of the verses quoted was originally composed by the author of the Mātaṅgalīlā.

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115 According to A.C. Burnell (1880) it is a compilation, later than Gaṇa's Sārasaṃgraha on horses (see STMI 536). A Gajavaidyaka, quoted in Vācaspati's Ātaṅkadarpaṇa on the Mādhavanidāna, is Pālakāpya's Hastyāyurveda.

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118 NCC I, 443 and 505; V, 235. Check-list Nrs. 71 and 72. STMI 537: the treatise is also called Sārasaṃgraha and Sārasindhu. Cat. Berlin Nr. 944. Cat. Madras Nrs. 13319 and 13320. Cat. Sarasvati Bhavan XII, Nr. 44920 (anonymous; on aśvacikitsā). Cat. Tanjore Nrs. 11247–11255 (cf. A.C. Burnell, 1880: 73–74). M. Jinavijaya (1968): 414–415 (Nr. 7431). A.B. Keith (1935): 757–758 (Nr. 6258). R. Nambiyar (1950): 1318–1319 (Serial Nr. 300, Accession Nr. 1632: Siddhayoga). H.P. Śāstrī (1905): Preface XXV and 151–152 (Nr. 765). Compare: Durlabhagaṇa. The Kavīndrācāryasūcipatram mentions an Aśvasārasamuccaya Śālihotra by Gaṇa (Nr. 2167).

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119 See Cat. Madras Nr. 13319 on the contents of the chapters of each section. See also the anukramaṇī, quoted by A.C. Burnell (1880: 73–74), which mentions many diseases.

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121 Anuṣkanda in the MS.

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122 Compare Pālakāpya's droṇīkaśopha.

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123 Krimikroṣṭu in the MS.

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124 Liṅgaga in the MS.

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125 Pitāṇḍa in the MS.

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126 Praskanda in the MS.

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127 Śiṅghāṇika in the MS.

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128 Ulūkapādistānaruj in the MS.

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129 Pātabalāsaka in the MS.

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132 Viramitrodaya, Lakṣaṇaprakāśa, aśvalakṣaṇaprakāśa, p.404–407, 454, 457, 476–478, 490–491, 494.

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133 Aśvalakṣaṇaprakāśa, p.442.

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134 A.C. Burnell (1880): 74.

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135 NCC I, 443 and V, 328. Compare Cat. Puṇyavijayaji II, Nr. 6409: Vājivāhanaśāstra by Garga. Garga is referred to as an authority on aśvaśāstra in Bhoja's Yuktikalpataru, Durlabhagaṇa's Siddhopadeśasaṃgraha, Gaṇa's Aśvāyurveda, Godāvara's Hariharacaturaṅga (3.729), and Nakula's Aśvaśāstra. Garga's work on horses is said to be referred to in the Matsyapurāṇa and the Prayogaratnākara (D.N. Garg, 1987: 108). He is quoted, but not as an authority on horses, in Bhaṭṭotpala's commentary on Varāhamihira's Bṛhatsaṃhitā (chapters 61, 62, 63; on dogs, cocks, and porpoises respectively). Compare on Garga: authorities mentioned in the Carakasaṃhitā.

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136 Chapter 201 (ed. Rāmaśaṅkarabhaṭṭācārya, Kāśī Saṃskṛta Granthamālā 165, Vārāṇasī 1964) or 226 (English translation by Manmatha Nath Dutt Shastrī, The Chowkhamba Sanskrit Studies Vol. 67, 2nd ed., Varanasi 1968).

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138 C.G. Kashikar (1977): 165.

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139 Edited by late Sriyut Tarini Charan Bhattacharjee of Tezpur, published under the orders of the Government of Assam, Shillong 1932.

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140 NCC VI, 126. Edition: Hariharacaturaṅgam, Critically edited with Preface (in English) and Introduction (in Sanskrit) by S.K. Ramanatha Sastri, Madras Government Oriental Series No. XVII, Madras 1950. The title of the treatise is not mentioned in the text itself, but only in the colophons. See on this work: V.R.R. Dikshitar (1987): 365–366.

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141 See on this subject: P.C. Chakravarti (1993); V.R.R. Dikshitar (1987); P.K. Gode (1939h), (1947j), (1948d); E.W. Hopkins (1889); J.C. Ray (1931), (1932); S.D. Singh (1989); H.H. Wilson (1979), (1984): II, 290–309.

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142 See on the use of elephants in warfare: P. Armandi (1843); F.G. Benedict (1936): 8–10; R. Carrington (1958): 177–187; S. Digby (1971); K. Karttunen (1997): 194–199; H.H. Scullard (1974); P.D. Stracey (1991): 42–47.

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143 See on Indian chariots: V.R.R. Dikshitar (1987): 157–166; P.K. Gode (1940f), (1947i); E.W. Hopkins (1889): 235–251; R.P. Kulkarni (1994); R. Krishnamurthy (1995): 33–34.

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144 See on horses (and chariots) in ancient India, for example: J. Gonda (1965a): 95–114 (with bibliographical references); R.N. Saletore (1975): 178–180. See on the war-horse in India: S. Digby (1971). See on the history of the stirrup (pādādhāra) in India: S. Digby (1971): 13–14; P.K. Gode (1948e).

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145 See on archery (dhanurveda): J. Auboyer (1955): 5–20, (1956); S.C. Banerji (1988): 300–301; V.R.R. Dikshitar (1987); P.K. Gode (1947j); E.W. Hopkins (1889): 269–281; R. Krishnamurthy (1995): 339–352; H. Losch (1955); S.D. Singh (1989); Winternitz III, 532. A Dhanurvedasaṃhitā, ascribed to Vasiṣṭha, has been edited: *(a) ed., Saṃskṛt Pustakālaya, Merath 1988; *(b) ed., with Bengali translation, by Pandit Iswar Chandra Sastri and Arun Chandra Sinha, Maharaja Kumud Chandra Memorial Series 1, Calcutta 1922; (c) ed., with a Hindī translation, by Dvārakāprasāda Śāstrī, Kashi Sanskrit Series 267, Vārāṇasī 1989; *(d) ed. and translated by Pūrṇimā Rāy, Delhi 1991. A Dhanurveda, compiled from various sources, has recently been published: Dhanurveda (Sub-Veda of Yajur-Veda); compilation, translation (into Hindī) and commentary: Dr. Devvrat Acharya, Vijaykumar Govindram Hasanand, Delhi 1999. V.R.R. Dikshitar (1987: 367) refers to a Tryambakadhanurveda and a Viracintāmaṇidhanurveda (this is an extract from the Śārṅgadharapaddhati according to CC I, 594). The Traiyambakadhanurveda is quoted in Mitramiśra's Viramitrodaya, Lakṣaṇaprakāśa, nānāyudhalakṣaṇaprakaraṇa, p.276–278, 280; the same applies to the Viracintāmaṇidhanurveda (nānāyudhalakṣaṇaprakaraṇa, p.279–284) and the Auśanasadhanurveda (rājacakalakṣaṇaprakaraṇa, p.239–241; nānāyudhalakṣaṇaprakaraṇa, p.293–294, 303, 306–318) (compare P.K. Gode, 1947j, who mentions that the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute at Poona possesses five MSS of the *Viracintāmaṇidhanurveda*; see also: B. Jawalia, 1983, Serial Nrs. 2794–96, R. Nambiyar, 1950, Serial Nr. 225, M. Vinayasagar and D.B. Khsirsagar, 1979a, Serial Nr. 1355, and the same, 1979b, Serial Nr. 1674: attributed to Vedavyāsa). See on a number of works on dhanurveda: D. Acharya (1999): 9–10; CC I, 267, III, 58.

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146 The verses on elephants appear to have been composed, at least for the larger part, by the author himself, and are not borrowed from earlier treatises on the same subject.

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147 Pālakāpya is the authority quoted; the verses are closely related to *Gajaśāstra* 2.62–64.

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149 Compare the corresponding verses of the *Gajaśāstra* and Someśvara’s *Mānasollāsa*.

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150 Rājaputra is the same as Bāṣkali in Pālakāpya’s *Hastyāyurveda*. Compare the *Rājaputrīya* mentioned in the *Gajaśāstra*.

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151 Two varieties of chāyā are distinguished: chāyā in the restricted sense, and prabhā; three types of chāyā are described, called after the elements fire, water and earth.

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152 Compare *Śivatattvaratnākara* VII.11.205–212.

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153 Suitable types are elephants called prājāpatya, aindra, kaubera, kaumāra, saumya, āgneya, and vāyava.

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158 The list resembles that of Nakula’s *Aśvaśāstra*. See S.S. Misra (1982): 185. Compare the list of breeds of Gaṇa’s *Śāsamgraha* (see A.C. Burnell, 1880: 74). Breeds of horses are also mentioned in the *Arthaśāstra* (2.30.29).

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160 The seven śuddha types are brāhma, ārṣa, māhendra, yāmya, kaubera, vāruṇa, and gāndharva; the six rājasa types are āsura, rākṣasa, paiśāca, nāga, pautra, and śākuna; the three tāmasa types are pāśava, mātsya, and vānaspatya. This classification is the same as that found in Nakula’s *Aśvaśāstra*, but the descriptions are more elaborate. Compare the human sattva typology (Ca.Śā.4.37–39).

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161 See on the anatomy of horses and its terminology: W.D. O’Flaherty (1978; see figure 1, illustrating the points of the horse); S.S. Misra (1982): 202–206. Some of the terms occurring in this section are: āsana (the saddle area; 330–331); bhāsala (dock; 345); ghoṇā (the nose; 314); grīvā (crest of the neck; 326); kākasa (the sides of the withers; 328–329); kakṣa (elbow and region of the girth; 339); kakuda (the withers; 329–330); keśānta (the forelock; 327); kroḍa (the area between chest and heart; 333–334); kūrca (the back tendon; 336–337); kuṣṭhikā (the pastern; 337); nigāla (the part of the neck around the jugular furrow; 324, 331); mandira (back of the knee or hock; 352); maṇḍūki (the frog; 338); pālihasta (the front of the cannon bone; 336–337); prapāṇa (the inside of the upper lip; 312–313); protha (the muzzle, the area around the nostrils; 313–314); randhra (the sheath?; 349); sthūra (hock; 351–352); stuva (poll; 321); trika (the area of the back together with the joints of the hind-quarters; 342); uparandhra (the penis?; 349); vaha, vāha (the harness point, between the cest and the point of the shoulder; 325, 328); vakrasakthi (351). See for a discussion of the term maṇḍūki: W.D. O’Flaherty (1978).

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162 This subject is not dealt with in Nakula’s *Aśvaśāstra*. Some terms found in this section are: ghoṇā (370); kākasa (381); kakṣa (385); kakud (361); kakuda (381, 387); kroḍa (382); kūrca (384); kuṣṭhikā (384); manyā (the side of the ear; 379); nigāla (378); prapāṇa (368);

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protha (361); sthūra (393); stuva (376); trika (388); vakrasakthi (396); vidu (the hollow between the frontal bones; 379).

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164 The eight shapes distinguished are very close to those of Nakula’s treatise on horses: śukti, saṃghāta, mukula, avalīḍhaka, pādukā, pādukārdha, śatapādī, and jalāvarta.

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165 The total number of āvartas is 123; they are divided into 113 whirls called impermanent (adhruva), and ten called dhruva. Nakula has a total number of ninety-six, of which again ten are dhruva.

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167 The views of several authorities on the number of chief colours are referred to; these authorities are Sumitra (one chief colour), Niṣadha (two colours), Mitrajit (three colours), Śālihotra (four colours), Astyali(?) (five colours), Kārika(?) (six colours), and Garga (seven colours).

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170 I.e., the *Mahābhārata*.

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171 Compare *Viracintāmaṇi*.

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¹⁷⁸ D. Pingree (CESS A 2, 129) calls him Godāvara Miśra.

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¹⁸⁰ Godāvara also refers to his (*A)dvaitadarpaṇa* in his *Yogacintāmaṇi* (P.K. Gode, 1944d: 472–474; compare NCC I, 125: quoted once in the *Yogacintāmaṇi*, twice in the *Hariharacaturaṅga*).

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¹⁸⁴ See P.K. Gode (1944d). Sridhar Das (1960: 63) adds a *Mantracintāmaṇi*, *Yantracintāmaṇi*, and *Durgotsavapūjākramasamskṛtapaddhati* to the list of Godāvara’s works (not recorded as works of Godāvara in CC and NCC). K.M. Bhubaneswar (1958: XX) adds a *Mukticintāmaṇi*, and as his most popular work, still being used all over Orissa, the *Śāradāśaradacanasamskārapaddhati* (two MSS are in the Orissa State Museum collection).

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¹⁸⁵ Mentioned in the introductory verses of the *Yogacintāmaṇi* (see P.K. Gode, 1944d). D. Pingree (CESS A 2, 129) calls him Balabhadra Miśra. Balabhadra (see on him: K.M. Bhubaneswar, 1958: XVII–XVIII) was the author of the *Advaitacintāmaṇi* (NCC I, 124) and *Śarīrakasārapuruṣottamastuti* (CC: not recorded), two works referred to as written by his father in Godāvara’s *Yogacintāmaṇi*; Balabhadra’s father, Gaṅgādhara, wrote the *Kāśīmīmāṃsā* (NCC IV, 137) and the *Saṃkṣepaśārīrakavārttika* (see CC I, 685) on the *Saṃkṣepaśārīraka*, two works (these two works are attributed to Narasimha, Gaṅgādhara’s elder brother, by K.M. Bhubaneswar, 1958: XVII) mentioned as written by his grandfather in Godāvara’s *Yogacintāmaṇi* (see P.K. Gode, 1944d).

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186 CESS A 2, 129. 187 CESS A 2, 129. The genealogy of the family to which Godāvara belonged is discussed in K.M. Bhubaneswar (1958): XV–XXI. 188 This word means cloud-drum, i.e., thunder. 189 See the colophons of the Hariharacaturaṅga; the same information is found in the colophons of the Yogacintāmaṇi (see P.K. Gode, 1944d). See on the sacrifices performed by Godāvara and biographical information on him in general: K.M. Bhubaneswar (1958): XVIII–XXI. 190 CESS A 2, 129. 191 K.M. Bhubaneswar (1958): XVIII. CESS A 2, 129. 192 NCC III, 172 and VI, 142. Check-list Nr. 383. STMI 537. Cat. Berlin Nr. 945. This treatise deals with the elephant and its diseases in three sections (ullāsa); its subjects are (see Cat. Berlin): sādhyāsādhya, lakṣaṇa, brāhmaṇādi, jātilakṣaṇa, āraṇyadantisā-dhukaraṇahastivāhana, saṃkīrṇajāti, dantidoṣa, śītalīkaraṇa, jalodgāra, jāthara, nāḍī, svaralakṣaṇavaṇiṣacikitsā, gajacakra, gajapraśamśā, gajalūtā, kavacādika, jvara, atisāra, grahaṇī, kṛmiroga, pāṇḍu, pracaṇḍāmayakālānala madya, gulma, śūla, arocakāmaya, karṇaroga, śiroroga, śuṇḍāmaya, tuṇḍaroga, rājaroga, netraroga, āmavāta, mūtrabharaṅgaroga, kuṣṭha, khañjatā, raktapitta, śītapitta, apasmāra and mūrchā, prameha, and vīryahīnacikitsā (compare STMI 537). Gopāladāsa was a son of Balabhadra. He also wrote a Vaidyavilāsa and a commentary, called Śabdāmṛta, on the Kumārasambhava (NCC VI, 142). This commentary is referred to in Rāmacandra's Prakriyākaumudī, a grammatical work that dates from the fourteenth or fifteenth century (see CC I, 347 and 512, II, 77 and 210, III, 74; NCC XII, 220–223); this establishes that Gopāladāsa is earlier than this Rāmacandra. 193 See on this text, known from quotations in the Rājamārtaṇḍa only: Gaṇanātha Sena (1924): 40; R.C. Majumdar (1971): 254–255. 194 NCC: not recorded. Cat. Mysore XIII, Nr. 41589. See on information from non-medical texts about the treatment of cattle: R. Gangopadhyay (1932): 88–90; R. Ganguli (1930/31); P. Hymavathi (1993): 270. See on vegetable drugs used in the treatment of cattle: V. Jha, U.N. Choudhary and K.C. Saraswati (1991); D.C. Pal (1981). See on cattle-curing rites: R.S. Freed and A. Stanley (1966). See on a Tamil treatise on the treatment of cattle: A. von den Driesch (1989): 50; *J. Mills (1893); *W. Rieck (1930). See on a Telugu source mentioning a paśuvaidya: P. Hymavathi (1993): 164. See on cattle-rearing in India: R. Gangopadhyay (1932): 78–100; L. Gopal (1989). 195 NCC VI, 214. 196 NCC III, 179 and VI, 58. Guṇākara is quoted in the chapter on elephants of the Śārṅgadharapaddhati. 197 CC: not recorded. See on MSS: B.M. Chintamani (1971): 169. 198 J.L. Bhaduri, K.K. Tiwari and B. Biswas (1971): 439. 199 Translated by Sundarācārya, P.N. Press, Kalahasti 1927 [IO.San.F.189]. 200 See on the work and its contents: B.M. Chintamani (1971): 169; J.L. Bhaduri, K.K. Tiwari and B. Biswas (1971): 439; JAI 98–99; V.P.P. Śāstrī (1984): 392. 201 Edited by Māruti Citampallī and K.P. Narasiṃhasāstrī Bhaṭkhaṇḍe, Mahārāṣṭra Rājya Sāhitya āṇi Saṃskṛti Maṇḍal, Bombay 1993. 202 The identifications are those of the editors. See on a number of mammals and birds not identified in the footnotes to this treatise: Ca.Sū.27; Su.Sū.46.

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203 See on the lion: Ca.Sū.27.35. See also: K. Karttunen (1997): 168–170. 204 See on the leopard: Ca.Sū.27.35. See also: K. Karttunen (1997): 170, 173–174. 205 See on the tiger: Ca.Sū.27.35. See also: K. Karttunen (1997): 170–173. 206 See on the hyena: Ca.Sū.27.35. See also: K. Karttunen (1997): 175. 207 See on the cheetah: Ca.Sū.27.35 (dvīpin). See also: K. Karttunen (1997): 174. 208 The sloth bear. See Ca.Sū.27.35. 209 The brown bear according to the editors. See Ca.Sū.27.35. 210 The Himalayan black bear. See Ca.Sū.27.35. 211 The great Indian onehorned rhinoceros. Compare Ca.Sū.27.38. See also: J. Bautze (1985); G.W. Briggs (1931); Hobson-Jobson; K. Karttunen (1997): 184–186. 212 Usually a synonym of gaṇḍaka. 213 See on the camel: Ca.Sū.27.35. See also: K. Karttunen (1997): 180. 214 Equus hemionus Pallas, the Asiatic wild ass. Compare Ca.Sū.27.35. See also: K. Karttunen (1997): 179–180. 215 The Indian wild boar. Compare Ca.Sū.27.39. See also: K. Karttunen (1997): 184. 216 Hystrix indica Kerr, the Indian porcupine. Compare Ca.Sū.27.38. See also: K. Karttunen (1997): 186–187. 217 Sus salvanius (Hodgson), the pygmy hog. See on this animal: F. Finn (1929): 195–197; S.H. Prater (1971): 300; WIRM VI, Supplement 125–126. 218 Hystrix hodgsoni (Gray), Hodgson's porcupine. See on this animal: F. Finn (1929): 166–167; S.H. Prater (1971): 216; WIRM IX, 63. 219 Cf. Ca.Sū.27.39. See on the buffalo in India also: S.A. Freed and R.S. Freed (1981). 220 Capra falconeri (Wagner), the markhor. See on this animal: F. Finn (1929): 209–211; R.E. Hawkins (1986): 392; S.H. Prater (1971): 256–258; WIRM X, 578. 221 Hemitragus jemlahicus (H. Smith), the Himalayan tahr. See on this animal: F. Finn (1929): 215–216; R.E. Hawkins (1986): 393; S.H. Prater (1971): 259–260; WIRM X, 577. 222 Hemitragus hylocrius (Ogilby), the Nilgiri tahr. See on this animal: F. Finn (1929): 216–217; R.E. Hawkins (1986): 393; S.H. Prater (1971): 259–260; WIRM X, 577. 223 Capra hircus Linnaeus, the wild goat. See on this animal: F. Finn (1929): 213–215; R.E. Hawkins (1986): 392. See on its Indian subspecies, C. hircus blythi Hume: S.H. Prater (1971): 255–256. 224 Ovis ammon hodgsoni Blyth, the nayan or great Tibetan sheep. See on this animal: F. Finn (1929): 201–204; R.E. Hawkins (1986): 393; S.H. Prater (1971): 250–251; WIRM X, 576. 225 The chital, Axis axis (Erxleben). See Ca.Sū.27.45 (pṛṣata). 226 Tetracerus quadricornis (Blainville), the fourhorned antelope or chowsingha. See: F. Finn (1929): 231–233; S.H. Prater (11971): 271–272; WIRM IV, 121. See Ca.Sū.27.45. 227 Unidentified. 228 The female of the black buck. 229 Unidentified. 230 The male of the black buck. See Cakra ad Ca.Sū.27.46 (= eṇa). 231 Cervus eldi eldi McClelland, the thamin or brown-antlered deer. See: F. Finn (1929): 257–259; S.H. Prater (1971): 287–288; WIRM III, 28. 232 Cervus duvauceli Cuvier, the swamp deer or barasingha. See: F. Finn (1929): 256–257; S.H. Prater (1971): 289–290; WIRM III, 27–28. 233 Cervus unicolor Kerr, the sambar. See: F. Finn (1929): 248–251; S.H. Prater (1971): 290–291; WIRM III, 27. See Ca.Sū.27.46.

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235 *Boselaphus tragocamelus* (Pallas), the nilgai or blue bull. See: F. Finn (1929): 229–231; S.H. Prater (1971): 272–273; WIRM IV, 121. 236 Unidentified by the editors. See Ca.Sū.27.46. 237 Unidentified by the editors. See Ca.Sū.27.46. 238 *Moschus moschiferus* Linnaeus. See: F. Finn (1929): 244–246; S.H. Prater (1971): 295–296; WIRM III, 25–26. See Ca.Sū.27.46 (ṛśya). 239 *Bos grunniens* Linnaeus, the yak. Compare Caraka’s camara. 240 The text says that camūru, kandalī, cīna and priyaka are also called camara, which means that they are varieties of the yak. The priyaka is described in Yādavaprakāśa’s *Vaijayantī* (1.3.4.17ab; see C. Vogel, 1996: 10). 241 *Presbytis johni* (Fischer), the Nilgiri langur. See: F. Finn (1929): 10; R.E. Hawkins (1986): 456; S.H. Prater (1971): 42–43; WIRM VI, 420. See on the Indian langurs: M.L. Roonwal (1986). 242 *Nycticebus coucang* (Boddaert), the slow lori. See: F. Finn (1929): 22; R.E. Hawkins (1986): 455–456; S.H. Prater (1971): 43–44; J.E. Tennent (1861): 12–13; WIRM VI, 175. 243 *Presbytis pileatus* (Blyth), the capped langur or leaf monkey. See: F. Finn (1929): 10–11; R.E. Hawkins (1986): 456; S.H. Prater (1971): 41; WIRM VI, 420. 244 *Presbytis geei* (Khajuria), the golden langur. See: R.E. Hawkins (1986): 456; H. Khajuria (1986); S.H. Prater (1971): 42; WIRM VI, 420. 245 *Macaca radiata* (Geoffroy), the bonnet macaque. See: F. Finn (1929): 19–20; R.E. Hawkins (1986): 456; S.H. Prater (1971): 35–36; J.E. Tennent (1861): 5; WIRM VI, 419. 246 *Presbytis entellus* (Dufresne), the common langur or Hanuman monkey. See: F. Finn (1929): 7–8; R.E. Hawkins (1986): 456; S.H. Prater (1971): 39–41; J.E. Tennent (1861): 11; WIRM VI, 419–420. 247 *Macaca mulatta* (Zimmermann), the Rhesus macaque. See: F. Finn (1929): 16–17; R.E. Hawkins (1986): 456; S.H. Prater (1971): 36–37; WIRM VI, 419. 248 *Macaca silenus* (Linnaeus), the liontailed macaque. See: F. Finn (1929): 15–16; R.E. Hawkins (1986): 456; S.H. Prater (1971): 38–39; WIRM VI, 419. 249 See on the jackal: Ca.Sū.27.36. See also K. Karttunen (1997): 175–176. 250 Unidentified. Usually one of the names of the jackal. 251 Unidentified. Usually one of the names of the jackal. 252 Unidentified. Usually one of the names of the jackal. 253 The red fox. Compare Caraka’s lopāka. 254 *Vulpes bengalensis* (Shaw), the Indian fox. See: F. Finn (1929): 121; S.H. Prater (1971): 129–130; WIRM III, 99–100. Compare Caraka’s lopāka. 255 *Felis bengalensis* Kerr, the leopard-cat. See: F. Finn (1929): 89–90; R.E. Hawkins (1986): 507; S.H. Prater (1971): 73–74; WIRM X, 246. 256 *Felis chaus* Güldenstädt, the jungle cat. See: F. Finn (1929): 93–94; R.E. Hawkins (1986): 507; S.H. Prater (1971): 75–76; WIRM X, 246. 257 *Felis marmorata* Martin, the marbled cat. See: F. Finn (1929): 88–89; R.E. Hawkins (1986): 508; S.H. Prater (1971): 71–72; WIRM X, 246. 258 *Felis temmincki* Horsfield, the golden cat. See: F. Finn (1929): 91–92; R.E. Hawkins (1986): 507; S.H. Prater (1971): 73–74; WIRM X, 246. 259 *Felis manul* Pallas, Pallas’s cat. See: F. Finn (1929): 92–93; R.E. Hawkins (1986): 507; S.H. Prater (1971): 79–80; WIRM X, 246.

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260 *Mus booduga* (Gray), the Indian field mouse. See on this animal: F. Finn (1929): 157; S.H. Prater (1971): 207–208; WIRM IX, 61. The unduru, also called indūra, is identified by others as the bandicoot (see C.D. Maclean, 1982: 72). See on *Bandicota bengalensis* (Gray et Hardwicke), the Indian mole-rat or bandicoot: R.E. Hawkins (1986): 38; S.H. Prater (1971): 205–206; WIRM IX, 61. 261 *Millardia meltada* (Gray), the metad or softfurred field rat. See: F. Finn (1929): 158; S.H. Prater (1971): 207; WIRM IX, 61. 262 *Golunda ellioti* Gray, the Indian bush rat. See: F. Finn (1929): 158–159; S.H. Prater (1971): 208–209; WIRM IX, 61. 263 *Suncus murinus* (Linnaeus), the grey musk shrew. See: F. Finn (1929): 44–45; S.H. Prater (1971): 168–169; WIRM V, 11. 264 *Ochotona roylei* (Ogilby), the Himalayan mouse-hare. See: F. Finn (1929): 171–172; S.H. Prater (1971): 220–221; WIRM IX, 63. 265 Unidentified. Usually one of the names of the wolf. 266 Unidentified. Usually one of the names of the wolf. 267 *Cuon alpinus* (Pallas), the dhole or Indian wild dog. See: S.H. Prater (1971): 130–131; WIRM III, 100. See also on Indian dogs: K. Karttunen (1997): 174–175. Compare Ca.Sū. 27.36. 268 *Cygnus jankowskii*. See on *Cygnus columbianus jankowskii* Alphéraky, Jankowski’s or the Eastern whistling swan: S. Ali and S.D. Ripley 1, 135–136. Compare Caraka’s haṃsa. 269 *Anser albifrons* (not recorded by S. Ali and S.D. Ripley). See on *Anser albifrons albifrons* (Scopoli), the whitefronted goose: S. Ali and S.D. Ripley 1, 126–128. 270 *Cygnus olor* (Gmelin), the mute swan: S. Ali and S.D. Ripley 1, 137–138. 271 *Anser indicus* (Latham), the barheaded goose. See: S. Ali and S.D. Ripley 1, 131–133. Compare Caraka’s rājahaṃsa (Si.12.18). 272 Unidentified. See Suśruta’s mallikākṣa. 273 Unidentified. See Caraka’s kādamba. 274 *Anser anser*, the Greylag goose. See on *Anser anser rubrirostris* Swinhoe, the Eastern Greylag goose: S. Ali and S.D. Ripley 1, 129–131. Compare Caraka’s kādamba. 275 *Tadorna ferruginea* (Pallas), the ruddy shelduck or Brahminy duck. See: S. Ali and S.D. Ripley 1, 141–144. 276 Unidentified. Identical with the cakravāka according to K.N. Dave (1985: 450). See Caraka’s cakravāka. 277 *Tadorna tadorna* (Linnaeus), the common shelduck. See: S. Ali and S.D. Ripley 1, 144–145. 278 *Grus grus*, the Eastern common crane. See on *Grus grus lilfordi* Sharpe, the Eastern common crane: S. Ali and S.D. Ripley 2, 136–138. 279 *Grus antigone antigone* Linnaeus, the Indian sarus crane. Compare Caraka’s sārasa. 280 Unidentified. See Caraka’s balākā. 281 *Ardea cinerea*, the grey heron. See on *Ardea cinerea rectirostris* Gould, the Eastern grey heron: S. Ali and S.D. Ripley 1, 55–57. Compare Caraka’s śāraṅga. 282 *Alectoris chukar chukar* (J.E. Gray), the chukor partridge. See: S. Ali and S.D. Ripley 2, 18–20. Compare Caraka’s cakora. 283 Unidentified. 284 *Dendrocygna javanica* (Horsfield), the lesser whistling teal. See: S. Ali and S.D. Ripley 1, 138–139.

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285 *Nettapus coromandelianus*, the cotton teal. See on *Nettapus coromandelianus coromandelianus* (Gmelin), the cotton teal or quacky-duck: S. Ali and S.D. Ripley 1, 190–192. Compare Caraka’s vāṭī.

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286 *Clamator jacobinus* (Boddaert), the pied crested cuckoo. See on the Indian subspecies: S. Ali and S.D. Ripley 3, 194–198. K.N. Dave (1985: 130) says that, apart from the pied crested cuckoo, four more cuckoos are called cātaka: the common and the large hawk cuckoo, the plaintive cuckoo, and the banded bay cuckoo. See on *Cuculus varius varius* Vahl, the common hawk-cuckoo: S. Ali and S.D. Ripley 3, 200–202, on *C. sparverioides sparverioides* Vigors, the large hawk-cuckoo: the same, 3, 198–200, on *Cacomantis passerinus* (Vahl), the plaintive cuckoo: the same, 3, 218–220, on *Cacomantis sonneratii sonneratii* (Latham), the Indian baybanded cuckoo: the same, 3, 215–217. Compare Cakra ad Ca.I.12.75: priyavādin = cātaka; Ḍalhaṇa ad Su.Sū.46.59: sāraṅga = cātaka.

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287 *Clamator coromandus* (Linnaeus), the redwinged crested cuckoo. See: S. Ali and S.D. Ripley 3, 192–194.

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288 *Haliaeetus leucoryphus* (Pallas), the ringtailed or Pallas’s fishing eagle. See: S. Ali and S.D. Ripley 1, 289–292.

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289 *Circaetus gallicus*, the short-toed eagle. See on *Circaetus gallicus gallicus* (Gmelin): S. Ali and S.D. Ripley 1, 327–329.

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290 *Spilornis cheela* (Latham), the crested serpent eagle. See on the Indian subspecies: S. Ali and S.D. Ripley 1, 329–335.

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291 *Accipiter badius* (Gmelin), the shikra. See on the Indian subspecies: S. Ali and S.D. Ripley 1, 234–239. Compare Caraka’s śyena.

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292 *Falco peregrinus*, the shahin falcon. See on *Falco peregrinus peregrinator* Sundevali, the shaheen falcon: S. Ali and S.D. Ripley 1, 350–352. Compare Caraka’s śaśaghni.

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293 *Torgos calvus*, the black or king vulture. See on *Sarcogyps calvus* (Scopoli), the black or king vulture: S. Ali and S.D. Ripley 1, 296–298. Compare Caraka’s gṛdhra.

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294 *Gyps bengalensis* (Gmelin), the Indian whitebacked vulture. See: S. Ali and S.D. Ripley 1, 307–310.

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295 *Haliastur indus*, the Brahminy kite. See on *Haliastur indus indus* (Boddaert), the Brahminy kite: S. Ali and S.D. Ripley 1, 230–232.

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296 *Milvus migrans*, the common pariah kite. See on *Milvus migrans govinda* Sykes, the pariah kite: S. Ali and S.D. Ripley 1, 227–229. Compare Ḍalhaṇa ad Su.Sū.46.74: the cilli is the same as the cilha; ad Su.U.35.6: the ciralli is called cilla in the vernacular;

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297 *Anthropoides virgo* (Linnaeus), the demoiselle crane. See: S. Ali and S.D. Ripley 2, 146–148. Compare Caraka’s krauñca.

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298 *Ciconia ciconia*, the white stork. See on *Ciconia ciconia ciconia* (Linnaeus), the white stork, and *Ciconia ciconia boyciana* Swinhoe, the Eastern white stork: S. Ali and S.D. Ripley 1, 99–102. Compare Caraka’s baka.

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299 *Anastomus oscitans* (Boddaert), the openbill stork. See: S. Ali and S.D. Ripley 1, 95–98.

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300 *Leptoptilos dubius* (Gmelin), the adjutant stork. See: S. Ali and S.D. Ripley 1, 105–107. Compare Cakra ad Ca.Sū.27.41: the krauñca is called koñca in the vernacular.

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302 *Corvus splendens* Vieillot, the house crow. See on the Indian subspecies: S. Ali and S.D. Ripley 5, 242–247. Compare Caraka’s vāyasa.

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303 *Pyrrhocorax graculus*, the Himalayan yellowbilled or Alpine chough. See on *Pyrrhocorax*

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graculus digitatus* Hemprich et Ehrenberg: S. Ali and S.D. Ripley 5, 236–238. Karaṭa is found at Aṣṭāṅganighaṇṭu 354.

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304 Unidentified. Compare Aṣṭāṅganighaṇṭu 354.

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305 *Corvus macrorhyncos*, the jungle crow. See on the subspecies of *Corvus macrorhyncos* Wagler, the jungle crow: S. Ali and S.D. Ripley 5, 251–258.

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306 Unidentified. Dhvāṅkṣa is one of the synonyms of kāka, a crow in general, in Sanskrit literature (see K.N. Dave, 1985: 1, 2).

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307 Unidentified. Compare Aṣṭāṅganighaṇṭu 355, where it is a synonym of droṇakāka.

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308 Unidentified. Different from Suśruta’s parabhṛta. Parabhū is a synonym of dhvāṅkṣa in the Aṣṭāṅganighaṇṭu (354).

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309 *Corvus frugilegus*, the rook. See on *Corvus frugilegus frugilegus* Linnaeus, the rook: S. Ali and S.D. Ripley 5, 248–249. Compare Caraka’s vāyasa.

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310 Unidentified. Cirajīvin is a synonym of vāyasa in the Aṣṭāṅganighaṇṭu (354).

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311 Unidentified. K.N. Dave (1985: 6, 8) regards it as probable that the carrion and jungle crow are called thus. See on the jungle crow: sakṛtpraja. See on *Corvus corone orientalis* Eversmann, the eastern carrion crow: S. Ali and S.D. Ripley 5, 259–260.

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312 *Corvus corax*, the raven. The Punjab raven (*C. corax subcorax* Severtzov) and the Tibetan raven (*C. corax tibetanus* Hodgson) are called droṇakāka in Sanskrit literature according to K.N. Dave (1985: 1). See on the Indian subspecies of *Corvus corax* Linnaeus: S. Ali and S.D. Ripley 5, 261–266.

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³¹³ *Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax* (Linnaeus), the redbilled chough. See on the Indian subspecies: S. Ali and S.D. Ripley 5, 238–242. K.N. Dave (1985: 11) is of the opinion that the jungle and carrion crows and the raven are also called kākola.

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³¹⁴ *Bubo zeylonensis*, the brown fish owl. See on *Bubo zeylonensis leschenault* (Temminck), the Indian subspecies of the brown fish owl: S. Ali and S.D. Ripley 3, 280–282. The large hooting owls are called ulūka according to K.N. Dave (1985: 177). Compare Caraka’s ulūka.

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³¹⁵ *Tyto alba*, the barn owl. See on *Tyto alba stertens* Hartert, the Indian barn owl: S. Ali and S.D. Ripley 3, 250–251.

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³¹⁶ *Bubo bubo*, the great horned owl. See on *Bubo bubo bengalensis* (Franklin), the Indian great horned or eagle-owl: S. Ali and S.D. Ripley 3, 273–275. K.N. Dave (1985: 179–180) regards pecaka as a name probably designating the brown fish owl and the Indian great horned owl; the Indian brown hawk-owl is also one of the owls called pecaka. See on *Bubo zeylonensis leschenault* (Temminck), the brown fish owl: S. Ali and S.D. Ripley 3, 280–282, on *Ninox scutulata lugubris* (Tickell), the Indian brown hawk-owl: S. Ali and S.D. Ripley 3, 292–294.

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³¹⁷ *Otus bakkamoena*, the collared scops owl. See on the Indian subspecies of *Otus bakkamoena* Pennant: S. Ali and S.D. Ripley 3, 266–271. The large hooting owls are called kauśika according to K.N. Dave (1985: 176, 177).

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³¹⁸ *Glaucidium radiatum*, the jungle owlet. See on the Indian subspecies of *Glaucidium radiatum* (Tickell): S. Ali and S.D. Ripley 3, 286–289. Compare Hemādri ad A.H.Sū.6.49: ulūka = ghūka.

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³¹⁹ *Otus brucei*, the striated scops owl. See on *Otus brucei* (Hume), the striated or pallid scops owl: S. Ali and S.D. Ripley 3, 259–261.

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³²⁰ *Athene brama*, the spotted owlet. See on the Indian subspecies of *Athene brama* (Temminck): S. Ali and S.D. Ripley 3, 299–303.

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321 *Psittacula columboides*, the bluewinged parakeet. See on *Psittacula columboides* (Vigors): S. Ali and S.D. Ripley 3, 185–187. Compare Caraka’s śuka.

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322 *Psittacula krameri*, the roseringed parakeet. See on the Indian subspecies of *Psittacula krameri* (Scopoli): S. Ali and S.D. Ripley 3, 169–172. K.N. Dave (1985: 143) says that Indian literary texts and lexica do not distinguish between śuka and kīra as names for all parrots, but that there is reason to believe that smaller species, like the blossomheaded and slatyheaded paroquets were designated as kīra. See on the Indian subspecies of *Psittacula cyanocephala* (Linnaeus), the blossomheaded parakeet; S. Ali and S.D. Ripley 3, 178–182, on *Psittacula himalayana* (Lesson), the Himalayan slatyheaded parakeet, and *P. finschii* (Hume), the Eastern slatyheaded parakeet: S. Ali and S.D. Ripley 3, 183–185.

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