Ancient Indian Education (Brahmanical and Buddhist) c16.162

c16.162

**Its Five Phases.** The five patterns or states of Chitta are described as follows: (1) *Kshipta*, restless, distracted, wandering (*bhramati*) from one object to another; (2) *Mūḍha*, absorbed in *vishaya* or pleasures, blinded by passion like anger; (3) *Vikshipta*, a state of distraction occasionally broken by lucid intervals of concentration, a state in which the mind generally cultivates the pleasant and avoids what is unpleasant; (4) *Ekāgra*, ‘one-pointed thinking,’ focussed state where the mind concentrates on the thought of one object; (5) *Niruddha*, “concentration, and inhibition of conflicting functions, so that the mind is left with the substratum of its innate dispositions as its only content (niruddhasakalavrittikaṁ saṁskārāvaśesham).