Ancient Indian Education (Brahmanical and Buddhist) c16.299

c16.299

Then one must understand the other important elements of Debate, such as (1) the Issue or Proposition called *Pratijñā*, the definition of the subject to be debated upon; (2) *Sthāpanā*, 'the establishment of a Proposition through the process of a reason, example, application, and conclusion'; (3) *Pratishṭhāpana*, 'establishment of counter-proposition'; (4) *Hetu*, Reason, the source of knowledge such as *pratyaksha*, perception; *anumāna*, inference; *aitihya*, scripture; and *aupamya*, comparison; (5) *Upanaya*, application; (6) *Nigamana*, conclusion; (7) *Uttara*, rejoinder; (8) *Dṛishṭānta*, example; (9) *Siddhānta*, 'the truth or tenet established on examination by experts or on proof by reasoning'; (10) *Saṁśaya*, doubt or uncertainty;