Ancient Indian Education (Brahmanical and Buddhist) c16.300

c16.300

(11) *Prayojana*, purpose for the accomplishment of which an action is undertaken; (12) *Jijñāsā*, inquiry or investigation; (13) *Vyavasāya*, ‘determination, e.g., that disease is due to the disturbance of wind in the stomach, and this is the medicine’; (14) *Artha-prāpti*, ‘presumption, the knowledge of a thing implied by the declaration of another thing’; (15) *Vākyadosha*, ‘defects of speech such as inadequacy, redundancy (in the form of irrelevancy or repetition), meaninglessness, incoherence (combination of words which do not convey a connected meaning), and contradiction (opposition to the tenet, example, or occasion or a statement inconsistent with the occasion)’; (16) *Chhala*, quibble (in respect of a word or a generality); (17) *Ahetu*, fallacy such as (*a*) Begging the question (*prakaraṇa-sama*), when what is to be proved is taken as the reason, (*b*) Assumption based on doubt (*saṁśaya-sama*), (*c*) Balancing the subject (*varṇya-sama*), where the example is not different from the subject in respect of its questionable character; (18) *Atīta-kāla*, inopportune, ‘when that which should be stated first is stated later’; (19) *Upālambha*, imputation of defect to the reason adduced; (20) *Hetvantara*, shifting the reason; (21) *Arthāntara*, shifting the topic; and (22) *Pratijñāhāni*, abandonment of a proposition.