Ancient Indian Education (Brahmanical and Buddhist) c21.25

c21.25

¹ The subject of “Indian Sects or Schools in the time of the Buddha” is discussed in the *JRAS* by Rhys Davids (1898, p. 197) and Bendall (1901, pp. 122 f.). The former mentions that the *Aṅguttara-Nikāya* [part iii, p. 276], refers to ten such sects named as follows: (1) Ājīvako, (2) Nigaṇṭho, (3) Muṇḍasāvako (“a Nigaṇṭha disciple, a Jain”), (4) Jaṭilako, (5) Paribbājako, (6) Māgaṇḍiko (?), (7) Tedaṇḍiko (“school of Brahman beggars who carried three staves bound up as one”), (8) Aviruddhako (?), (9) Gotamako (“a school founded by another Gotama”), (10) Devadhammiko (deva-worshippers?). The latter quotes from another ancient work called *Ratnolkā-dhāranī* a list which mentions the Charakas, Parivrājakas, followers of Gotama (No. 9 in the previous list) who observe the vow of silence, the Achelakas (naked ascetics), the Ājīvikas, ascetics having the *dīrghajaṭā* or taking the vow of celibacy (*kumāravrata*), or practising the penance of *pañchatapa*. He also cites a passage from the *Mahāvastu* (iii, 412, 7–10) which mentions a *Traidaṇḍika* (No. 7 above) and a disciple of a different Gautama.