A History of Agriculture in India v1.c6.180

v1.c6.180

190. *Top*, *Bhakhar* a scraper in common use in the black-cottonsoil areas of Madhya Pradesh; *Bottom*, A closer view of the bhakhar 399
191. Black-pepper (*Piper nigrum*) was the favourite spice of Indians till the Portuguese introduced red-pepper (*Capsicum frutescens*) from Peru, South America, in the sixteenth century. Black-pepper is grown in Kerala, trained on posts of *Erythrina variegata* var. *orientalis* 400
192. Women drying berries of black-pepper in Kerala 400
193. Map showing the Gupta Empire at the close of the fourth century 411
194. Mango, a favourite fruit of the Indians. The couples shown standing below the branches of fruit-bearing mangoes are (*right*) from Badami (A.D. 578) and (*left*) from Pattadakal, Bijapur District, Karnataka, seventh century 447
195. Relief showing the descent of Ganga, Mahabalipuram, Tamil Nadu, Pallava, seventh century. A number of animals, including deer and lions, are shown 448
196. A ship with sails. South Indians sailed in such vessels from India to Java during the Chola period. Borobuddur, Java, eighth century (Courtesy: Archaeological Survey of India) 448
197. Krishna milking a cow. Mahabalipuram, Pallava, seventh century. The cow is of the Hallikar breed 449
198. A herd of Hallikar cattle in Karnataka 450
199. Krishna holding the mountain Govardhana. Hoysaleshwara Temple, Halebid, Karnataka, Hoysala, twelfth century. The cattle sheltering under the mountain are of the Hallikar breed 451
200. Sculpture of the Nandi Bull, Mysore. It is based on the Ongole breed of Andhra Pradesh 452
201. An Ongole bull from the Guntur District of Andhra Pradesh, with energetic body, white skin, large dewlap and stumpy horns. 453
202. A panel depicting a Persian wheel from Mandor, Rajasthan, eleventh century. This is the earliest record of a Persian wheel in India. It is pre-Islamic and proves that it is an Indian wheel and not an import from Iran (Courtesy: Jodhpur Museum) 453
203. *Top*, A ploughman. The plough is similar to the Indian *desi* plough. Borobuddur, Java, eighth century; *Bottom*, The plough from Jorhat, Assam resembles the plough shown in the Borobuddur sculpture above 454
204. Map showing the Chola Empire under Kulottunga I, c. 1100 458 the Pope, and the Emperor, and the King of France, and the King of England, were all of them, in their several ways, the instruments of the Almighty in bringing about the great event which we are now to contemplate.