A History of Agriculture in India v2.c88: Appendix. Chronology of Dynasties, Kings and Chief Events in the Mediaeval Period
A History of Agriculture in India v2.c88
- Language
- English
Contents
- v2.c88.s1 The Early Muhammedan Invaders — 3 parts
- v2.c88.s2 The Sultans of Delhi (1200-1556 A.D.) — 2 parts
- v2.c88.s3 The Mughals — 146 parts
Appendix. Chronology of Dynasties, Kings and Chief Events in the Mediaeval Period
The Early Muhammedan Invaders
v2.c88.s1.1
A.D.
v2.c88.s1.2
SULTAN MAHMUD OF GHAZNI (998-1030)
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1001 Mahmud defeats Jaipal, ruler of the Punjab 1026 Sack of Somnath 1192 Muhammad of Ghor defeats Prithvi Raj at Tarain 1199 Bakhtiyar ravages Bihar 1199-1200 Conquest of Bengal 1206 Death of Muhammad Ghori
The Sultans of Delhi (1200-1556 A.D.)
I. Turks
v2.c88.s2.t1.1
SLAVE KINGS (1206-1265)
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1206-1210 Qutb-ud-din Aibak 1210-1236 Shams-ud-din Iltutmish 1231 Foundation of Qutb-Minar 1235-1236 Rukn-ud-din Firuz Shah I 1236-1239 Raziya 1239-1241 Mu'izz-ud-din Bahram Shah 1241-1246 'Ala-ud-din Mas'ud Shah 1246-1265 Nasir-ud-din Mahmud
v2.c88.s2.t1.3
HOUSE OF BALBAN (1265-1290)
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1265-1287 Ghiyas-ud-din Balban 1287-1290 Mu'zz-ud-din Kaikubad
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KHALJIS (1290-1320)
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1290-1295 Jalal-ud-din (Firoz Shah II) 1295-1315 Ala-ud-din (Muhammad Shahi) 1299 Mongol invasion 1300 Price control measures Revenue administrative measures 1315-1316 Shihab-ud-din Umar Shah 1316-1320 Qutb-ud-din Mubarak 1320 Nasir-ud-din Khusru Khan 1325 Death of Amir Khusrau, poet and historian
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TUGHLAKS (1320–1388)
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1320–1324 Ghias-ud-din Encouragement of agriculture Postal system Muhammed-bin-Tughlak (1325–1351) Transfer of capital from Delhi to Deogir Issue of copper money as substitute for silver money A scheme for reclamation of waste-lands 1342 Ibn Battuta in India. His stay at Delhi
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VIJAYANAGAR
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1336 Vijayanagar founded by Harihara I
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FIROZ SHAH (1351–1388)
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1355 Digging of Western Jamuna Canal Founding of Jaunpur and Hissar 1367 Construction of Anantaraja Sagar Tank by Bukka I at Vijayanagar Mahmud Shah Tughlak II (1392–1394) Nusrat Shah (1394–1399) 1398 Timur invades India Ramanand born Daulat Khan Lodi (1412–1414)
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SAYYIDS (1414–1451)
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1414–1421 Khizr Khan 1421–1433 Mu'zz-ud-din Mubarak Shah II 1433–1443 Muhammad Shah IV 1443–1451 'Ala-ud-din 'Alam Shah 1443 Abdur Razzak visits Vijayanagar
Afghans
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LODIS (1451–1526)
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BUHLOL (1451–1488)
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1453 Fall of Constantinople to the Turks 1469 Guru Nanak born 1478 Vallabhacharya born 1486 Chaitanya born
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SIKANDAR (1489–1517)
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1498 Vasco da Gama at Calicut 1500 Argar-maha-bedak, a Sanskrit treatise on science of medicine translated into Persian and named as Tibb-i-Sikandri 1500 Cabral discovers Brazil 1501 10 Jan. The Portuguese fleet leaves Cochin, touching at Cannanor on 15 Jan. and reaching Lisbon on 21 July. Bihari Lal, a Hindi poet, author of Satsai, flourished at Amber 1502 Pope Alexander VI grants to the Portuguese king a bull constituting him “Lord of the Navigation, Conquest, and Trade of Ethiopia, Arabia, Persia, and India”
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1503 Sultan Sikandar II transfers the capital of the Empire from Delhi to Agra
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1506 Albuquerque conquers Mallacca
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1508 7 March. Humayun born at Kabul
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1509 Reign of Krishna Raya at Vijayanagar
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Albuquerque, Portuguese Governor in India
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1510 Portuguese capture Goa
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1513 The Krishnasvami temple at Vijayanagar built by Krishna Deva. The temple of Hazara Ramasvami is begun
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1515 Duarte Barbosa travels in India—visits Vijayanagar, 1504–15
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IBRAHIM (1517–1526)
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LOW PRICE OF FOOD-GRAINS
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1518 Albuquerque is recalled, and the Portuguese power in the East from this time begins to decline
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1520 Visit of Domingo Paes to Vijayanagar
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A pair of spectacles presented to Vyasaraya, guru of Krishnadevaraya by the Portuguese
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1521 Krishna Deva of Vijayanagar constructs the great dam and channel at Korragal, also the Basavanna channel
The Mughals
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BABUR (1526–1530)
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1526 First battle of Panipat, 19 April at Panipat. Babur defeats Ibrahim, who was slain, and founds the Mughal dynasty in Hindustan
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1527 Chaitanya, prophet and mystic, dies
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1528 19 Sep. Babur receives the historian Khondamir, who henceforth accompanies the Emperor on his journeys
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1530 Babur completes the dictation of Babur-nama, which he started in 1528 at Agra
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HUMAYUN (1530–1556)
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1530 26 Dec. Babur dies near Agra, and Humayun, his son, succeeds at the age of twenty-two, till 1539
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1533 Aug. Humayun repairs the old fort of Indraprastha; and calls it Dinpanah, making it his royal residence
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1534 Farid Khan, an Afghan chief, separates from Humayun, and begins an anti-Mughal movement, assuming the title of Sher Khan
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The Humayun-nama, the last work of Khondamir, written
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1535 Fernao Nuniz visits Vijayanagar
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1536 The imperial troops in Bihar defeat a Bengal army at Bihar fort. The young king, Jalal, flees to Gaur. Chunar fort captured by Sher Khan, who makes himself master of Bihar
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1538 Oct. Guru Nanak dies at Kartarpur. Angad, his disciple, succeeds as second Guru
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SHER SHAH AFGHAN (1540–1545)
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1540 Sher Shah ascends the throne of Delhi, and seizes all Humayun’s possessions. He subdivides Bengal into provinces. His revenue, administrative measures, and construction of sarais, roads
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Inquisition established at Goa
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1541 The Lubbu-t Tawarikh of Yahya bin ’Abd-ul Latif written
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1542 A Portuguese expedition to China discovers Japan
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23 Nov. Birth of Akbar at Amarkot
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1544 Humayun is hospitably received by Shah Safawi Tahmasp of Persia, and, though forced to profess the Shiah religion, he obtains an army to reconquer Hindustan
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ISLAM SHAH (1545–1554)
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1545 24 May. Sher Khan killed by an explosion at Kalinjar. Salim or Jalal Khan supplants his brother in the succession, and assumes the title of Islam Shah
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1550 Technique of grafting introduced by the Portuguese into Indian horticulture
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1551 14 Jan. Shaikh Abu-l Fazl, the historian, born
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Kashmir is divided into three principalities, Nazak being pageant king over all
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1552 4 March. Angad, the second Sikh Guru, dies, having nominated as his successor his disciple Guru Amardas
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1552 Luiz de Camoens, the poet, arrives at Goa and becomes a soldier
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MUHAMMAD SHAH ADIL (1554–1555)
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1554 A great earthquake in Kashmir destroys the town of Jadra with most of its inhabitants, and changes the course of the Jhelum at Dampor
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The Mughals
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AKBAR (1556–1605)
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1556 28 Jan. Humayun dies, the result of a fall on the palace stairs
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14 Feb. Akbar, at the age of fourteen, succeeds
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14 Feb. Akbar introduces the Fasli or “harvest” year—a solar year for revenue and other civil purposes, instead of the usual Muhammadan lunar year, but dating from the Hijri year 963. It corresponds with the Hindu solar years of the Saka reckoning, but beginning with Aswin
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The Portuguese become stringent in the enforcement of their pass rules, confiscating all ships and massacring crews not producing the pass. The rice trade falls into their hands
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1563 Publication of Garcia da Orta’s *Coloquios*, a description of Indian medicinal plants
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Introduction of new plants from the New World
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1564 *Hamza-nama*, painted for Akbar. Completed in 1569
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1565 Akbar abolishes *Jazia*
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25 Jan. The Muhammadan kings of the Deccan unite and overthrow the Hindu monarchy of Vijayanagar in the battle of Talikota
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1569 Building of Fatehpur Sikri starts. Continues till 1576
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1574 Abu-l Fazl comes to Akbar’s court
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14 May. Amardas, the third Sikh Guru, dies, having appointed his son-in-law, Ramdas, to the Guruship. On a site granted by Akbar, Ramdas restores an old tank which he calls Amritsar, in the middle of which he builds the temple of Harmandar
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Tulsi Das, the poet, begins his poem, the *Ramacharita Manas*, founded on the *Ramayana*
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1575 Akbar starts an enquiry into religions
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1577 The Muslim creed (*Kalimah*) disappears from the national coinage and liturgy
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1578 First mention of cashewnut and pine-apple by Acosta
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1582 Akbar promulgates *Din-i-Ilahi*
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The rent-roll of Todar Mal divides Bengal into 19 Sarkars and 682 Mahals
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1583 Ralph Fitch comes to India and stays on till 1591
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1585 Akbar shifts his capital to Lahore
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Ralph Fitch at Agra
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1586 Annexation of Kashmir
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1591 Akbar orders a compilation of Muhammadan history up to the year 1000. The *Tarikh-i-Alfi* is thereupon begun, the chief labour devolving upon Maulana Ahmad, son of the Qazi of Thatta
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Akbar conquers Sind
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1592 Annexation of Orissa
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1593 Cornelius Houtman makes inquiries in Portugal as to Indian trade
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Todar Mal’s land revenue regulations
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1594 Birth of Shahji Bhonsla, son of Molaji Bhonsla, a silahdar in the Ahmadnagar service, and father of Sivaji A great meeting held at Amsterdam, when it is resolved to send a fleet to India at an early date
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Babur-nama illustrated by Akbar's artists
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2 April. Four ships under Cornelius Houtman leave from the Texel, Holland, for India via the Cape
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1600 31 Dec. Queen Elizabeth grants the first Charter to a Corporation of "Governor and Company of Merchants of London trading to the East Indies"—enabling them to trade for fifteen years
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1602 The Dutch East India Company formed out of a number of small companies
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1603 John Mildenahall comes to India and stays on for two years. He reached Agra in 1603
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1603 6 Jan. The Dutch, with a large flect, attempt to oust the Portuguese from Mozambique and blockade Goa. The struggle between the two nations begins and the Dutch gradually acquire most of the Portuguese possessions
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JAHANGIR (1605-1627)
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1605 25 Oct. The Emperor Akbar dies after a reign of 51 lunar years, 9 months, aged 64. Prince Salim assumes the government as Nur-ud-din Muhammad Jahangir
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1606 Arjun, the fifth Sikh Guru, charged with aiding in Khusro's rebellion, suffers death. He nominates his son, Hargobind, as sixth Guru. He arms the Sikhs
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1609 William Hawkins arrives at Agra and stays for five years
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1611 Jahangir marries Nur Jahan
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1612 12 March. Jahangir grants a *farman* permitting the English to establish factories at Surat, Gogha, Ahmadabad, and Khambay; thus Surat forms the first established settlement of the English in India
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1614 The Danish East India Company formed at Copenhagen
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The History of the Muhammadan dynasties by Muhammad Qasim Firishta is written and called *Gulshan-i-Ibrahimi* and also *Nauras-nama*
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Thomas Coryat comes to India and stays for three years
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1615 7 Feb. Mr Edwardes, the English Company's agent, presented to Jahangir. He obtains a general and perpetual *farman* for trade in the Mughal dominions
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1616 Bubonic plague begins. It lasts for eight years
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10 Jan. Sir Thomas Roe, received by Jahangir in "Darbar", 26 March, presents to Jahangir his nineteen articles of Amity, Commerce, and Intercourse, regarding which some concessions are granted in September Edward Terry comes to India and stays for three years
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Jan. English factories in the Mughal's dominions now number five: Agra, Ahmadabad, Burhanpur, Bharoch, and Surat. Those in East India were Masulipatam and Peddapoli (Nizampatam)
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1620 Francisco Palsaert comes to Agra and stays for seven years
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1622 Death of Khusro
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1623 Pietro della Valle, a Roman patrician of literary attainments, visits Surat, and proceeds to Ikkeri, in Vijayanagar. He wrote sketches of his travels, published at Rome, 1650
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1625 John De Laet comes to India
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1627 6 May. Sivaji, son of Shahji Bhonsla, born at Sivaner, Junnar
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SHAHJAHAN (1627–1658)
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1628 14 Feb. Shahjahan arrives at Agra, and ascends the throne
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Peter Mundy comes to India and stays till 1634
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1630 The rains in 1629 having failed in the Deccan, famine and pestilence break out
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1631 Death of Mumtaz Mahal
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1634 The peacock throne of Delhi finished; it costed seven years' work and 100 lakhs of rupees
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1636 Shahjahan endeavours to introduce the revenue system of Todar Mall into Maharashtra, and with it the revenue or Fasli year
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1638 10 March. Guru Hargobind dies, having nominated his grandson, Har Rai, as seventh Sikh Guru; he died in 1660
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John Albert de Mandelslo comes to India
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1 Dec. 'Ali Mardan Khan received at Lahore and appointed Governor of Kashmir
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1639 29 April. The foundations of the fort at the metropolis of Shahjahanabad are laid; completed 13 May 1648
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1640 Sebestian Manrique comes to India
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Jean Baptiste Tavernier comes to India
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1644 Death of Guru Hargobind, the sixth Sikh Guru
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1645 The Taj Mahal at Agra completed by Shahjahan, as the tomb of Arjumand Banu Begam Mumtaz Mahal, who died in 1631
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1646 Sivaji Bhonsla obtains possession of the strong fort of Torna
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1647 Jan. A great famine in Madras
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1648 Sivaji revolts openly against the Bijapur government, and takes possession of the northern Konkan, making Kalyan his capital
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1649 The Venetian physician Manucci arrives at Agra and resides at the court for forty-eight years, compiling *Storia Do Mogor*, memoirs of the Mughal sovereigns Dara Shikoh, Governor of Gujarat since 1648, is succeeded by Shaista Khan
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1655 Job Charnock arrives in India, and obtains employment under the East India Company in Bengal
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1656 M. Francois Bernier comes to India and stays till 1668 The Koh-i-nur diamond found at Kolhapur on the Krishna and presented by Mir Jumla to Shahjahan Murshid Quli Khan appointed Diwan of Deccan Monsieur de Thevenot comes to India
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AURANGZEB 'ALAMGIR (1658-1707)
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1658 30 July. Aurangzeb assumes the government at Delhi and is proclaimed as 'Alamgir
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1661 3 April. Charles II grants a new charter "for ever", confirming former privileges and authorizing the East India Company to make peace or war with any non-Christian prince or poeple, to erect fortifications, maintain armies, administer justice, and to have the right of sending unlicensed persons to England
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1662 15 Jan. Cranganor is assaulted and taken by the Dutch; churches and other buildings destroyed; and the Portuguese soldiers taken back to Europe Feb. The Dutch take Kollam and attack Cochin, put the Nayars to flight and capture the queen
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1664 Sivaji assumes the title of Raja. With his reign begins the Raj-abhishek era of the Marathas
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1666 Sivaji's visit to Agra and escape
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1668 The Court of Directors orders the agent at Bantam to send home by their ships 100 lb. weight of the best tea: the first mention of it in their accounts
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1669 Jat rebellion
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1670 The King of Golkonda grants a Kaul, by which the Company agrees to pay 1,200 pagodas (4,200 rupees) as rent for Chennapatnam (Madras) town and fort
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1671 Sivaji sacks Surat
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1672 Satnami rebellion
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1674 Sivaji enthroned at Raigarh
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1675 12 July. The English Court of Directors regulate the status and pay of their servants, with the successive titles of writers, factors, merchants, and senior merchants. The civil servants are recommended to acquire some knowledge of military duties 13 Nov. Tegh Bahadur, ninth Sikh Guru, tortured by the Mughals to convert him to Islam. His son, Gobind, becomes tenth Guru, and begins a religious war against the Mughals
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1679 March-April. Aurangzeb re-enacts the imposition of the *jizya* or capitation tax on non-Muslims
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1680 Death of Sivaji
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1686 Shuja'at Khan, Kartalab Khan, thirty-ninth Viceroy of Gujarat, till 1703. A great famine prevails in Gujarat
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1686 Aurangzeb annexes Bijapur
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1687 Jan. The Danish fleet appears off Bombay
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Pondicheri is established by the French
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1688 Aurangzeb annexes Golkonda
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1690 Calcutta founded
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1691 The Jats rebel near Agra and plunder a caravan
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1694 Khafi Khan, the Muhammadan historian, visits the English residency at Bombay
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1695 Sujan Rai writes the *Khulasatu-t Tawarikh*
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1699 Guru Gobind Singh creates the Khalsa
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1706 Retreat of Mughal armies from the Deccan
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1707 3 March. Aurangzeb dies at Ahmadnagar in his eighty-ninth year
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BAHADUR SHAH I (1707-1712)
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1708 Guru Gobind Singh assassinated at Nander in Deccan
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The Sikhs rise in rebellion in the Panjab and plunder extensively. Shams Khan, faujdar of the Jalandhar Doab, defeats them with a volunteer army at Rahun
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1710 Peasant revolt in East Punjab led by Banda Bahadur
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JAHANDAR SHAH (1712)
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FARRUKH-SIYAR (1713-1719)
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1714 Charles VI. Emperor of Germany grants commissions for ships to trade to the East Indies. This association makes several successful experimental voyages. He afterwards founded the Ostend Company
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1718 Great famine in Gujarat
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MUHAMMAD SHAH (1719-1748)
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1720 8 July. A great earthquake at Delhi, nine shocks felt, and for a month afterwards there were lesser shocks; buildings thrown down, and people killed
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Accession of Baji Rao Peshwa
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1726 24 Sep. A Charter granted by George I, enabling the Company to establish Courts of Record for the discharge of both civil and criminal justice, at Madras, Calcutta, and Bombay. English law extended to India
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1728 Jaisingh's Jaipur Astronomical tables completed, constructed from his own observations for seven years 1732 The *Muntakhib-ul Lubab* of Muhammad Hashim, Khafi Khan, a history of Hindustan from 1519 to 1718, is published 1735 East Jamuna canal dug by Muhammad Shah 1737 11-12 Oct. Great hurricane and earthquake at Calcutta and up the Ganges; 300,000 lives were lost and 20,000 vessels of all sizes were cast away 1739 26 Jan. Nadir Shah defeats the Mughal armies at Shah-daula 24 Feb. Muhammad Shah’s army under Burhan-ul-Mulk is defeated. Deputations to the Persian camp result in a complete capitulation. 19 March. Muhammad Shah enters Delhi, followed next day by Nadir Shah 1744 21 May. War declared between France and England 1747 A great famine prevails in Gujarat 1748 Jan.-Feb. Ahmad Khan Durani captures Lahore AHMAD SHAH (1748-1754) 1750 Warren Hastings arrives at Calcutta as a civil servant of the East India Company 1751 Ahmad Shah Durani again invades the Panjab, defeats Mu’in-ul-Mulk and demands the cession of the Panjab, which is yielded ALAMGIR II (1754-1759) 1760 24 July. The Maratha army, under Vishvasrav, the son of Balaji Bajirav, and Sadashiv Bhau, invests Delhi, which capitulates in ten days SHAH ’ALAM II (1759-1806) 1761 The Sikhs assume greater power, and elect a certain Chintia as their Emperor at Lahore, they are defeated by a Durani invasion 1763 Surajmal Jat of Bharatpur, now master of Agra, makes an attempt to capture Delhi 1765 A dak (postal service) established between Calcutta and Murshidabad 1767 Ahmad Shah Durani again invades the Punjab. He overran several Sikh districts towards Delhi, and returned to his own country the Roman world, and the most formidable of the barbarian tribes, the Goths, were now united under the sceptre of a single king. The Goths, who had been so long the terror of the empire, were now its most faithful allies; and the Roman legions, which had once been the masters of the world, were now the humble servants of the Gothic kings. The history of the Goths, from the time of their first appearance in the Roman world to the final extinction of their power, is a history of the gradual decline and fall of the Roman empire. The Goths, who had been the most formidable enemies of the Roman empire, were now its most faithful allies; and the Roman legions, which had once been the masters of the world, were now the humble servants of the Gothic kings. The history of the Goths, from the time of their first appearance in the Roman world to the final extinction of their power, is a history of the gradual decline and fall of the Roman empire.
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The Goths, who had been the most formidable enemies of the Roman empire, were now its most faithful allies; and the Roman legions, which had once been the masters of the world, were now the humble servants of the Gothic kings. The history of the Goths, from the time of their first appearance in the Roman world to the final extinction of their power, is a history of the gradual decline and fall of the Roman empire. The Goths, who had been the most formidable enemies of the Roman empire, were now its most faithful allies; and the Roman legions, which had once been the masters of the world, were now the humble servants of the Gothic kings. The history of the Goths, from the time of their first appearance in the Roman world to the final extinction of their power, is a history of the gradual decline and fall of the Roman empire.
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The Goths, who had been the most formidable enemies of the Roman empire, were now its most faithful allies; and the Roman legions, which had once been the masters of the world, were now the humble servants of the Gothic kings. The history of the Goths, from the time of their first appearance in the Roman world to the final extinction of their power, is a history of the gradual decline and fall of the Roman empire. The Goths, who had been the most formidable enemies of the Roman empire, were now its most faithful allies; and the Roman legions, which had once been the masters of the world, were now the humble servants of the Gothic kings. The history of the Goths, from the time of their first appearance in the Roman world to the final extinction of their power, is a history of the gradual decline and fall of the Roman empire.
Linked texts (6)
- Tārīkh-i Firishta — Muḥammad Qāsim Hindū Shāh Firishta 1606, Persian
- Rāmacaritamānasa — Tulsīdās 1574, Hindi
- Humāyūnnāma — Gulbadan Bēgam 1587, Persian
- Vālmīkirāmāyaṇa — Vālmīki, Sanskrit
- Taj Mahal
- Satsaī — Tulsīdās 1560, Hindi