A History of Hindu Chemistry from the Earliest Times to the Middle of the Sixteenth Century A.D. v2.c35.16

v2.c35.16

An inference admits of a rigorous formal statement,—in the shape of five propositions, for dialectical purposes (i.e. in demonstrating to others),—or of three propositions when the inference is for oneself (स्वार्थानुमान):—(1) the probandum, the statement of the proposition to be established (प्रतिज्ञा, साध्यनिर्देश, e.g., yonder mountain is fiery (say, an active volcano); (2) the reason, the ascription of the mark (हेतु, लिङ्गपरामर्श),—e.g., for it smokes; (3) now, the general proposition, stating the invariable concomitance which is the ground of the inference,—clenched by an example bringing home the responsibility of the reasoner to establish a real relation, e.g., whatever smokes is fiery, as an oven; (उदाहरण);—(4) next, the application, the ascertainment of the existence of the mark in the present case (उपनय) e.g., yonder mountain smokes;—(5) finally, the conclusion, the probandum proved (निगमन), e.g., yonder mountain is fiery.