The University of Nalanda c10.193

c10.193

(1) *See* above, Chap. II, p. 19, n. 5.
(2) The reason why it was handed down secretly from guru to śiṣya down to Dharmakīrti is to be found in the fact that Tāntric practices could not be performed openly and publicly because they violated all the rules of conduct and discipline prescribed by Buddha while in the seventh century it passed into the hands of such bold men as Indrabhūti, Saraha and Padmasaṃbhava who were not afraid to preach them publicly.
(3) Taranath, o.c., p. 201.
(4) Lamaism, pp. 14-15.
(5) Winternitz, however, says that *Mañjuśrīmūlakalpa* is not very ancient; its final redaction may have taken place between the 8th and the 10th centuries A.D. *See I.H.Q.*, IX, No. 1, 1933, p. 5.
(6) The theory is explained in the appendix.
(7) Of the five varieties of the *Siddhi* Janmaja, Tapoja, Samādhija, and Auṣadhija, the Buddhists were concerned mainly with the Mantraja Apart from these ideal achievements, the Sādhaka, as it appears from the numerous Sādhanas, was anxious to have emancipation be it either from ordinary earthly ills—diseases etc.,—or from this worldly life.¹