The Positive Sciences of the Ancient Hindus c8.4

c8.4

Charaka mentions four primary divisions:—
(1) *Jarâyuja*, born from the uterus, or, rather, placentalia, viviparous (no a-placental mammals were known), *e.g.* man, the quadrupeds, etc.
(2) *Andaja*, born of an ovum (egg), comprising fishes, reptiles, and birds.
(3) *Svedaja* (or *Uṣmaja*), born of moisture and heat, spontaneously or a-sexually generated, *e.g.* worms, mosquitoes, etc.
(4) *Udvijja*, born of vegetable organisms (भूतानां चतुर्विधा योनिर्र्भवति जरायुजण्डजस्वेदोद्भिदः—*Sârîrasthâna*, Chap. III. एकैका योनिः अपरिसंख्येयभेदा भवन्ति भूतानामाकृतिविशेषा परिसंख्येयत्वात्—*Ibid.*).