The Positive Sciences of the Ancient Hindus c8.t1.1

c8.t1.1

It may be noted that the *Chhândogya Upaniṣad* classifies animals on the basis of their *vîja* (ovum or seed) as three-fold :—(1) *Aṇḍaja*, born of eggs; (2) *Jîvaja*, viviparous; and (3) *Udbijja*. Śankara explains that the *udvijja* animals arise from vegetable organisms (उद्भिन् स्थावरं ततो जातम् उद्भिज्जम्), which is also Charaka's view, as we have seen; but unlike Charaka, Śankara holds that the *svedaja* animals must be included partly under the oviparous, and partly under the *udvijja* (vegetable-born) class (अण्डजोद्भिज्जयोरेव यथासम्भवमन्तर्भावः—Chhândogya, Prapâthaka 6, part 3).