Vada in Theory and Practice: Studies in Debates, Dialogues and Discussions in Indian Intellectual Discourses c7.s2.24

c7.s2.24

*Chala* has been defined by Caraka as mere verbosity full of deceit and pseudo-meanings. Examples are given from Āyurvedic debates. He defines two types of *chala* only – *vāk-chala* and *sāmānya-chala*, and omits *upacāra-chala*.⁶⁰ The categories like *atītakāla* are repeated here and they are taken up as *nigrahasthānas* also. Caraka has used the term *ahetu* for *hetvābhāsa*. *Ahetu* is of three types — *prakaraṇasama*, *saṁśayasama* and *varṇyasama*. *Upālambha* is remonstration. *Parihāra* is retribution of the defect. *Pratijñāhāni* and *abhyanujñā* are also defined as *nigrahasthas* in *Nyāyasūtra*. *Hetvantara* is referred to a defective cause instead of the cause in the context. *Arthāntara* is digression.