The Long Āgama Sūtra 30: 世記經

30.1

佛說長阿含經卷第十八

The Long Āgama Sūtra Spoken by the Buddha, Fascicle Eighteen

30.2

後秦弘始年佛陀耶舍共竺佛念譯

Translated by Buddhayaśas together with Zhu Fonian during the Hongshi era of the Later Qin

30.3

（三〇）第四分世記經

(30) Fourth Section: Sūtra on the Account of the World

30.4

閻浮提州品第一

Chapter 1: The Continent of Jambudvīpa

30.5

如是我聞：

Thus have I heard:

Thus I have heard: One time, the Buddha was staying in the Karīrika Hut in Anāthapiṇḍada’s Park at Jeta’s Grove of Śrāvastī. He was accompanied by a large assembly of 1,250 monks.

30.6

一時，佛在舍衛國祇樹給孤獨園俱利窟中，與大比丘眾千二百五十人俱。

At one time, the Buddha was staying in Śrāvastī at the Jetavana, Anāthapiṇḍada's park, inside the Kareri cave, together with a great assembly of one thousand two hundred and fifty bhikṣus.

30.7

時，眾比丘於食後集講堂上議言：「諸賢！未曾有也，今此天地何由而敗？何由而成？眾生所居國土云何？」

At that time, after the meal, the bhikṣus assembled in the lecture hall and discussed, saying: "Worthy ones! It is unprecedented: on what basis does this world perish? On what basis does it form? What are the lands like in which sentient beings dwell?"

After their meal, a group of monks gathered up in the meeting hall. They had this discussion: “Gentlemen, it’s amazing! What causes the destruction of heaven and earth? What causes their formation? What are the countries where sentient beings live?”

30.8

爾時，世尊於閑靜處天耳徹聽，聞諸比丘於食後集講堂上議如此言。爾時世尊於靜窟起，詣講堂坐，知而故問，問諸比丘：「向者所議，議何等事？」

At that time, the Bhagavat, in a quiet and secluded place, listened thoroughly with the divine ear and heard those bhikṣus assembling in the lecture hall after the meal and speaking such words. The Bhagavat then arose from the quiet cave, went to the lecture hall, sat down, and, though knowing it, intentionally asked the bhikṣus: "What was the matter you were just discussing?"

The Bhagavān was in a quiet place at the time and overheard them clearly with his heavenly ear. He heard those monks saying this, having gathering up in the meeting hall after their meal. The Bhagavān then emerged from his quiet hut, went to the meeting hall, and sat down. Knowing it, he purposefully questioned them. He asked the monks, “You were having a discussion earlier. What was it that you were discussing?”

30.9

諸比丘白佛言：「我等於食後集法講堂議言：『諸賢！未曾有也，今是天地何由而敗？何由而成？眾生所居國土云何？』我等集堂議如是事。」

The bhikṣus said to the Buddha: "After our meal, we assembled in the Dharma lecture hall and discussed, saying: 'Worthy ones! It is unprecedented: on what basis does this world perish? On what basis does it form? What are the lands like in which sentient beings dwell?' We assembled in the hall and were discussing this matter."

The monks said to the Buddha, “We gathered here in the meeting hall after our meal and discussed this: ‘Gentlemen, it’s amazing! What causes the destruction of heaven and earth? What causes their formation? What countries do sentient beings live in?’ This was what we were discussing after gathering here in the hall.”

30.10

佛告諸比丘言：「善哉！善哉！凡出家者應行二法：一賢聖默然，二講論法語。汝等集在講堂，亦應如此賢聖默然，講論法語。諸比丘！汝等欲聞如來記天地成敗、眾生所居國邑不耶？」

The Buddha told the bhikṣus: "Good indeed! Good indeed! In general, one who has gone forth should practice two things: first, noble silence; second, discussing Dharma speech. When you assemble in the lecture hall, you should likewise maintain this noble silence or discuss Dharma speech. Bhikṣus! Do you wish to hear the Tathāgata explain the formation and destruction of heaven and earth, and the lands and cities in which sentient beings dwell?"

The Buddha told the monks, “Good, good! Everyone who’s left home should practice two things: The first is the noble silence, and the second is [the noble] discussion of the Dharma. When all of you gather in a meeting hall, you should practice noble silence or [noble] discussion of the Dharma. Monks, would you like to hear the Tathāgata describe the formation and destruction of heaven and earth and the cities and countries where sentient beings live?”

30.11

時，諸比丘白佛言：「唯然。世尊！今正是時，願樂欲聞。世尊說已，當奉持之。」

Then the bhikṣus said to the Buddha: "Indeed, Bhagavat! Now is the proper time; we wish and desire to hear it. After the Bhagavat speaks, we shall uphold it."

The monks said to the Buddha, “Indeed, Bhagavān, now would be a good time! We’d be glad to hear it. Once the Bhagavān has explained this, we’ll remember it!”

30.12

佛言：「比丘！諦聽，諦聽，善思念之，當為汝說。」

The Buddha said: "Bhikṣus, listen attentively, listen attentively, and reflect well on it; I shall speak to you."

The Buddha said, “Monks, listen closely! Listen closely and consider it well! I will explain it for you.”

30.13

佛告諸比丘：「如一日月周行四天下，光明所照，如是千世界，千世界中有千日月、千須彌山王、四千天下、四千大天下、四千海水、四千大海、四千龍、四千大龍、四千金翅鳥、四千大金翅鳥、四千惡道、四千大惡道、四千王、四千大王、七千大樹、八千大泥犁、十千大山、千閻羅王、千四天王、千忉利天、千焰摩天、千兜率天、千化自在天、千他化自在天、千梵天，是為小千世界。如一小千世界，爾所小千千世界，是為中千世界。如一中千世界，爾所中千千世界，是為三千大千世界。如是世界周匝成敗，眾生所居名一佛剎。」

The Buddha told the bhikṣus: "Just as one sun and moon encircle the four continents, illuminating them with light, so a thousand worlds—within a thousand worlds there are a thousand suns and moons, a thousand Sumeru kings of mountains, four thousand continents, four thousand great continents, four thousand seas, four thousand great oceans, four thousand nāgas, four thousand great nāgas, four thousand garuḍas, four thousand great garuḍas, four thousand evil destinies, four thousand great evil destinies, four thousand kings, four thousand great kings, seven thousand great trees, eight thousand great naraka hells, ten thousand great mountains, a thousand Yama kings, a thousand four heavenly kings, a thousand Trāyastriṃśa heavens, a thousand Yāma heavens, a thousand Tuṣita heavens, a thousand Nimmānarati heavens, a thousand Paranimmittavasavatti heavens, and a thousand Brahmā heavens. This is called a small chiliocosm. As many as there are in one small chiliocosm, a thousand such small chiliocosms make a medium chiliocosm. As many as there are in one medium chiliocosm, a thousand such medium chiliocosms make a great trichiliocosm. Worlds like these circumscribing formation and destruction, where sentient beings dwell, are called one buddha-field."

The Buddha told the monks, “Just as one sun and moon orbit the four continents and shine their light on them, there are a thousand such worlds. In a thousand worlds, there are a thousand suns and moons, a thousand Sumeru mountain kings, four thousand continents, four thousand great continents, four thousand oceans, four thousand great oceans, four thousand nāgas, four thousand great nāgas, four thousand garuḍas, four thousand great garuḍas, four thousand unpleasant destinies, four thousand great unpleasant destinies, four thousand kings, four thousand great kings, seven thousand great trees, eight thousand great hells, ten thousand great mountains, a thousand King Yamas, a thousand four god kings, a thousand Trāyastriṃśa Heavens, a thousand Yama Heavens, a thousand Tuṣita Heavens, a thousand Nirmāṇarati Heavens, a thousand Paranirmitavaśavartin Heavens, and a thousand Brahma Heavens. This is a small thousand worlds.

“Like one small thousand worlds, a thousand of those small thousand worlds are a medium thousand worlds. Like one medium thousand worlds, a thousand of those medium thousand worlds are a triple-thousand great thousand worlds. Such worlds revolve around as they form and are destroyed. The sentient beings that inhabit them are called a single Buddha realm.”

30.14

佛告比丘：「今此大地深十六萬八千由旬，其邊無際，地止於水，水深三千三十由旬，其邊無際，水止於風，風深六千四十由旬，其邊無際。比丘！其大海水深八萬四千由旬，其邊無際，須彌山王入海水中八萬四千由旬，出海水上高八萬四千由旬，下根連地，多固地分，其山直上，無有阿曲，生種種樹，樹出眾香，香遍山林，多諸賢聖，大神妙天之所居止。其山下基純有金沙，其山四面有四埵出，高七百由旬，雜色間廁，七寶所成，四埵斜低，曲臨海上。

The Buddha told the bhikṣus: "Now, this great earth is one hundred and sixty-eight thousand yojanas deep, its boundaries without limit. The earth rests on water; the water is three thousand and thirty yojanas deep, its boundaries without limit. The water rests on wind; the wind is six thousand and forty yojanas deep, its boundaries without limit. Bhikṣus! That great ocean water is eighty-four thousand yojanas deep, its boundaries without limit. The Sumeru king of mountains plunges eighty-four thousand yojanas into the ocean water, and rises eighty-four thousand yojanas above the ocean water. Its root below connects to the earth, firm in the portion of earth. That mountain rises straight up without any bend or curvature, growing various kinds of trees, the trees yielding many fragrances, their fragrance pervading the mountain forests. Many are the worthy and noble ones, and great, marvelous gods who reside and dwell there. The lower base of that mountain consists purely of gold sand. On the four sides of that mountain, four ledges jut out, seven hundred yojanas high, variegated in color, composed of the seven treasures; the four ledges slant down, curving to overlook the sea.

The Buddha told the monks, “Now, this Earth is 168,000 yojanas deep, and its bounds are endless [in the four directions]. Where the earth stops, there’s water. The water is 3,030 yojanas deep, and its bounds are endless. Where the water stops, there’s air. The air is 6,040 yojanas deep, and its bounds are endless.

“Monks, the ocean’s water is 84,000 yojanas deep, and its bounds are endless. Sumeru the mountain king is 84,000 yojanas in the water, and it rises to a height of 84,000 yojanas above the ocean. Below, it’s roots connect it to the earth with many hard points. That mountain goes straight up without any bends. All sorts of trees grow on it, and the trees produce many fragrances. The fragrances pervade the mountain’s forests. Many noble people, great spirits, and marvelous gods make their homes there. The foundation under that mountain is entirely gold sand. Four crags emerge from that mountain’s four sides that are 700 yojanas high with a mixture of colors throughout and made of the seven treasures. Those four crags are slanted, leaning precariously over the ocean.

30.15

「須彌山王有七寶階道，其下階道廣六十由旬，挾道兩邊有七重寶牆、七重欄楯、七重羅網、七重行樹，金牆銀門，銀牆金門，水精牆琉璃門，琉璃牆水精門，赤珠牆馬瑙門，馬瑙牆赤珠門，車𤦲牆眾寶門。其欄楯者，金欄銀桄，銀欄金桄，水精欄琉璃桄，琉璃欄水精桄，赤珠欄馬瑙桄，馬瑙欄赤珠桄，車𤦲欄眾寶桄。其欄楯上有寶羅網，其金羅網下懸銀鈴，其銀羅網下懸金鈴，琉璃羅網懸水精鈴，水精羅網懸琉璃鈴，赤珠羅網懸馬瑙鈴，馬瑙羅網懸赤珠鈴，車𤦲羅網懸眾寶鈴。其金樹者金根金枝銀葉華實，其銀樹者銀根銀枝金葉華實，其水精樹水精根枝琉璃華葉，其琉璃樹琉璃根枝水精華葉，其赤珠樹赤珠根枝馬瑙華葉，其馬瑙樹者馬瑙根枝赤珠華葉，車𤦲樹者車𤦲根枝眾寶華葉。

"The Sumeru king of mountains has flights of steps made of the seven treasures. The lower flight of steps is sixty yojanas wide; flanking both sides of the stairway are sevenfold jewel walls, sevenfold balustrades, sevenfold nets, and sevenfold rows of trees: golden walls with silver gates, silver walls with golden gates, crystal walls with lapis lazuli gates, lapis lazuli walls with crystal gates, red pearl walls with agate gates, agate walls with red pearl gates, and musāragalva walls with multiple-jewel gates. As for their balustrades: golden rails with silver bars, silver rails with golden bars, crystal rails with lapis lazuli bars, lapis lazuli rails with crystal bars, red pearl rails with agate bars, agate rails with red pearl bars, and musāragalva rails with multiple-jewel bars. Above the balustrades are jeweled nets; beneath the golden nets hang silver bells, beneath the silver nets hang golden bells, from the lapis lazuli nets hang crystal bells, from the crystal nets hang lapis lazuli bells, from the red pearl nets hang agate bells, from the agate nets hang red pearl bells, and from the musāragalva nets hang multiple-jewel bells. The golden trees have golden roots and golden branches with silver leaves, flowers, and fruits; the silver trees have silver roots and silver branches with golden leaves, flowers, and fruits; the crystal trees have crystal roots and branches with lapis lazuli flowers and leaves; the lapis lazuli trees have lapis lazuli roots and branches with crystal flowers and leaves; the red pearl trees have red pearl roots and branches with agate flowers and leaves; the agate trees have agate roots and branches with red pearl flowers and leaves; and the musāragalva trees have musāragalva roots and branches with multiple-jewel flowers and leaves.

“Sumeru the mountain king has stairways made of the seven treasures. At the bottom, the stairways are sixty yojanas wide. On both sides, the path is bordered by a seven walls, seven balustrades, seven nettings, and seven rows of trees.

“The gold walls have silver gates, the silver walls have gold gates, the crystal walls have beryl gates, the beryl walls have crystal gates, the ruby walls have emerald gates, the emerald walls have ruby gates, and the coral walls have gates made of many treasures.

“The balustrades had gold balusters with silver rails, silver balusters with gold rails, crystal balusters with beryl rails, beryl balusters with crystal rails, ruby balusters with emerald rails, emerald balusters with ruby rails, and coral balusters with rails made of many treasures.

“Above those balustrades, there are precious nettings. The gold netting is hung with silver bells, the silver netting is hung with gold bells, the beryl netting is hung with crystal bells, the crystal netting is hung with beryl bells, the ruby netting is hung with emerald bells, the emerald netting is hung with ruby bells, and the coral netting is hung with bells made of many treasures.

“The gold trees have gold roots and limbs and silver leaves, flowers, and fruit. The silver trees have silver roots and limbs and gold leaves, flowers, and fruit. The crystal trees have crystal roots and limbs and beryl leaves, flowers[, and fruit]. The beryl trees have beryl roots and limbs and crystal leaves, flowers[, and fruit]. The ruby trees have ruby roots and limbs and emerald leaves, flowers[, and fruit]. The emerald trees have emerald roots and limbs and ruby leaves, flowers[, and fruit]. The coral trees have coral roots and limbs and leaves, flowers[, and fruit] made of many treasures.

30.16

「其七重牆，牆有四門，門有欄楯，七重牆上皆有樓閣臺觀，周匝圍遶有園觀浴池，生眾寶華葉，寶樹行列，花果繁茂，香風四起，悅可人心，鳧鴈鴛鴦，異類奇鳥，無數千種，相和而鳴。

"Those sevenfold walls—each wall has four gates, each gate has balustrades, and atop the sevenfold walls there are multi-storied pavilions and observation towers, surrounded on all sides by parks, observation groves, and bathing pools growing multiple jeweled flowers and leaves, with jeweled trees in orderly rows, flowers and fruits flourishing, fragrant breezes arising from the four directions, delighting people's hearts; wild ducks, wild geese, mandarin ducks, and other rare and wondrous birds of innumerable thousands of kinds sing in harmony together.

“Each of the seven walls has four gates. The gates have balustrades, and towers and terraces are above the seven walls. They’re surrounded by scenic parks and lakes where myriad precious flowers and plants grow. The rows of treasure trees are full with flowers and fruit, and they produce fragrances that blow in the four directions to the delight of passersby. Ducks, geese, cakras, and other rare kinds of birds in countless thousands sing peacefully to each other.

30.17

「又須彌山王中級階道廣四十由旬，挾道兩邊有七重寶牆、欄楯七重、羅網七重、行樹七重，乃至無數眾鳥相和而鳴，亦如下階。上級階道廣二十由旬，挾道兩邊有七重寶牆、欄楯七重、羅網七重、行樹七重，乃至無數眾鳥相和而鳴，亦如中階。」

"Furthermore, the middle flight of steps of the Sumeru king of mountains is forty yojanas wide, flanked on both sides by sevenfold jewel walls, sevenfold balustrades, sevenfold nets, and sevenfold rows of trees, down to the innumerable birds singing in harmony together, just like the lower steps. The upper flight of steps is twenty yojanas wide, flanked on both sides by sevenfold jewel walls, sevenfold balustrades, sevenfold nets, and sevenfold rows of trees, down to the innumerable birds singing in harmony together, just like the middle steps."

“Furthermore, halfway up Sumeru the mountain king, the stairways are forty yojanas wide. On both sides, the path is bordered by seven walls, seven balustrades, seven nettings, and seven rows of trees … Countless birds of many kinds sing peacefully to each other as they do at the lower stairways.

“At the top of Sumeru the mountain king, the stairways are twenty yojanas wide. On both sides, the path is bordered by seven walls, seven balustrades, seven nettings, and seven rows of trees … Countless birds of many kinds sing peacefully to each other as they do at the middle stairways.”

30.18

佛告比丘：「其下階道有鬼神住，名曰伽樓羅足。其中階道有鬼神住，名曰持鬘。其上階道有鬼神住，名曰喜樂。其四埵出高四萬二千由旬，四天大王所居宮殿，有七重寶城、欄楯七重、羅網七重、行樹七重，諸寶鈴乃至無數眾鳥相和而鳴，亦復如是。須彌山頂有三十三天宮，寶城七重、欄楯七重、羅網七重、行樹七重，乃至無數眾鳥相和而鳴，亦復如是。過三十三天由旬一倍有焰摩天宮，過焰摩天宮由旬一倍有兜率天宮，過兜率天宮由旬一倍有化自在天宮，過化自在天宮由旬一倍有他化自在天宮，過他化自在天宮由旬一倍有梵加夷天宮。

The Buddha told the bhikṣus: "On that lower flight of steps there dwell spirits named Garuḍapāda. On the middle flight of steps there dwell spirits named Mālādhārin. On the upper flight of steps there dwell spirits named Sadāmatta. Where the four ledges jut out, forty-two thousand yojanas high, are the palaces where the four great heavenly kings reside, having sevenfold jewel ramparts, sevenfold balustrades, sevenfold nets, sevenfold rows of trees, various jeweled bells, down to innumerable birds singing in harmony together, just as before. On the peak of Mount Sumeru is the palace of the Thirty-Three Gods, with sevenfold jewel ramparts, sevenfold balustrades, sevenfold nets, sevenfold rows of trees, down to innumerable birds singing in harmony together, just as before. Above the Thirty-Three Gods by twice the yojanas is the palace of the Yāma heaven; above the palace of the Yāma heaven by twice the yojanas is the palace of the Tuṣita heaven; above the palace of the Tuṣita heaven by twice the yojanas is the palace of the Nimmānarati heaven; above the palace of the Nimmānarati heaven by twice the yojanas is the palace of the Paranimmittavasavatti heaven; above the palace of the Paranimmittavasavatti heaven by twice the yojanas is the palace of the Brahmakāyika heaven.

The Buddha told the monks, “There are yakṣa spirits that live on the lower stairway called Karoṭapāṇi. The yakṣa spirits that live on the middle stairway are called Mālādhāra. The yakṣa spirits that live on the upper stairway are called Sadāmada.

“The four crags rise to a height of 42,000 yojanas, and the four great god kings live on them in their palaces. Their palaces have seven fortress walls, seven balustrades, seven nettings, and seven rows of trees with precious bells … Countless birds of many kinds sing peacefully to each other as before.

“The palace of the Trāyastriṃśa gods is at the summit of Mount Sumeru. It has seven fortress walls made of treasures, seven balustrades, seven nettings, and seven rows of trees … Countless birds of many kinds sing peacefully to each other as before.

“The same number of yojanas up from the Trāyastriṃśa Heaven is the palace of the Yama gods. The same number of yojanas beyond the Yama Heaven palace is the palace of the Tuṣita gods. The same number of yojanas beyond the Tuṣita Heaven palace is the palace of the Nirmāṇarati gods. The same number of yojanas beyond the Nirmāṇarati Heaven palace is the palace of the Paranirmitavaśavartin gods. The same number of yojanas beyond the Paranirmitavaśavartin Heaven palace is the palace of the Brahmakāyika gods.

30.19

「於他化自在天、梵加夷天中間，有摩天宮，縱廣六千由旬，宮牆七重、欄楯七重、羅網七重、行樹七重，乃至無數眾鳥相和而鳴，亦復如是。過梵伽夷天宮由旬一倍有光音天宮，過光音天由旬一倍有遍淨天宮，過遍淨天由旬一倍有果實天宮，過果實天由旬一倍有無想天宮，過無想天由旬一倍有無造天宮，過無造天由旬一倍有無熱天宮，過無熱天由旬一倍有善見天宮，過善見天由旬一倍有大善見天宮，過大善見天由旬一倍有色究竟天宮，過色究竟天上有空處智天、識處智天、無所有處智天、有想無想處智天，齊此名眾生邊際、眾生世界，一切眾生生、老、病、死、受陰、受有，齊此不過。」

"Between the Paranimmittavasavatti heaven and the Brahmakāyika heaven is the palace of Māra, six thousand yojanas in length and breadth, with sevenfold palace walls, sevenfold balustrades, sevenfold nets, sevenfold rows of trees, down to innumerable birds singing in harmony together, just as before. Above the Brahmakāyika heaven by twice the yojanas is the palace of the Ābhāsvara heaven; above the Ābhāsvara heaven by twice the yojanas is the palace of the Śubhakṛtsna heaven; above the Śubhakṛtsna heaven by twice the yojanas is the palace of the Bṛhatphala heaven; above the Bṛhatphala heaven by twice the yojanas is the palace of the Asaññasatta heaven; above the Asaññasatta heaven by twice the yojanas is the palace of the Avṛha heaven; above the Avṛha heaven by twice the yojanas is the palace of the Atapa heaven; above the Atapa heaven by twice the yojanas is the palace of the Sudṛśa heaven; above the Sudṛśa heaven by twice the yojanas is the palace of the Sudarśana heaven; above the Sudarśana heaven by twice the yojanas is the palace of the Akaniṣṭha heaven. Above the Akaniṣṭha heaven are the heaven of the realm of infinite space, the heaven of the realm of infinite consciousness, the heaven of the realm of nothingness, and the heaven of the realm of neither-perception-nor-non-perception. This is the boundary of sentient beings, the world of sentient beings; the birth, old age, sickness, death, grasping of aggregates, and receiving of existence of all sentient beings do not go beyond this."

“The god Māra’s palace is halfway between the Paranirmitavaśavartin Heaven and the Brahmakāyika Heaven. It’s 6,000 yojanas in diameter and has seven fortress walls made of treasures, seven balustrades, seven nettings, and seven rows of trees … Countless birds of many kinds sing peacefully to each other as before.

“The same number of yojanas beyond the Brahmakāyika Heaven palace is the palace of the Ābhāsvara gods. The same number of yojanas beyond the Ābhāsvara Heaven is the palace of the Śubhakṛtsnā gods. The same number of yojanas beyond the Śubhakṛtsnā Heaven palace is the palace of the Bṛhatphala gods. The same number of yojanas beyond the Bṛhatphala Heaven [palace] is the palace of the Asaṃjñika gods. The same number of yojanas beyond the Asaṃjñika Heaven [palace] is the palace of the Avṛha gods. The same number of yojanas beyond the Avṛha Heaven [palace] is the palace of the Atapa gods. The same number of yojanas beyond the Atapa Heaven [palace] is the palace of the Sudarśana gods. The same number of yojanas beyond the Sudarśana Heaven [palace] is the palace of the Mahāsudarśana gods. The same distance beyond the Mahāsudarśana Heaven [palace] is the palace of the Akaniṣṭha gods.

“Above the Akaniṣṭha Heaven are the gods who cognize the abode of space … the gods who cognize the abode of consciousness … the gods who cognize the abode of nothingness … the gods who cognize the abode with and without conception.

“These are called the boundaries of sentient beings and the worlds of sentient beings where they all are born, grow old, fall ill, and die. They acquire these aggregates and these existences, and none go beyond that.”

30.20

佛告比丘：「須彌山北有天下，名欝單曰，其土正方，縱廣一萬由旬，人面亦方，像彼地形。須彌山東有天下，名弗于逮，其土正圓，縱廣九千由旬，人面亦圓，像彼地形。須彌山西有天下，名俱耶尼，其土形如半月，縱廣八千由旬，人面亦爾，像彼地形。須彌山南有天下，名閻浮提，其土南狹北廣，縱廣七千由旬，人面亦爾，像此地形。須彌山北面天金所成，光照北方。須彌山東面天銀所成，光照東方。須彌山西面天水精所成，光照西方。須彌山南面天琉璃所成，光照南方。

The Buddha said to the bhikṣus: “North of Mount Sumeru is a subcontinent named Uttarakuru. Its land is square, ten thousand yojanas in length and breadth. The faces of its people are also square, resembling the shape of the land. East of Mount Sumeru is a subcontinent named Pūrvavideha. Its land is circular, nine thousand yojanas in length and breadth. The faces of its people are also circular, resembling the shape of the land. West of Mount Sumeru is a subcontinent named Aparagodānīya. Its land is shaped like a half-moon, eight thousand yojanas in length and breadth. The faces of its people are likewise so, resembling the shape of the land. South of Mount Sumeru is a subcontinent named Jambudvīpa. Its land is narrow in the south and broad in the north, seven thousand yojanas in length and breadth. The faces of its people are likewise so, resembling the shape of this land. The northern face of Mount Sumeru is made of divine gold, and its radiance shines upon the north. The eastern face of Mount Sumeru is made of divine silver, and its radiance shines upon the east. The western face of Mount Sumeru is made of divine crystal, and its radiance shines upon the west. The southern face of Mount Sumeru is made of divine lapis lazuli, and its radiance shines upon the south.

The Buddha told the monks, “North of Mount Sumeru, there is a continent named Uttarakuru. That land is perfectly square and 10,000 yojanas across. The people there have square faces that resemble the shape of their land.

“East of Mount Sumeru, there’s a continent named Pūrvavideha. That land is perfectly round and 9,000 yojanas across. The people there have round faces that resemble the shape of their land.

“West of Mount Sumeru, there’s a continent named Godānīya. That land is the shape of a half moon and 8,000 yojanas across. The people there have faces that likewise resemble the shape of that land.

“South of Mount Sumeru, there’s a continent named Jambudvīpa. That land is narrow in the south and wide in the north, and it’s 7,000 yojanas across. The people there have faces that likewise resemble the shape of that land.

“The north side of Mount Sumeru is made of heavenly gold that shines northward. The east side of Mount Sumeru is made of heavenly silver that shines eastward. The west side of Mount Sumeru is made of heavenly crystal that shines westward. The south side of Mount Sumeru is made of heavenly beryl that shines southward.

30.21

「欝單曰有大樹王，名菴婆羅，圍七由旬，高百由旬，枝葉四布五十由旬。弗于逮有大樹王，名伽藍浮，圍七由旬，高百由旬，枝葉四布五十由旬。俱耶尼有大樹王，名曰斤提，圍七由旬，高百由旬，枝葉四布五十由旬；又其樹下有石牛幢，高一由旬。閻浮提有大樹王，名曰閻浮提，圍七由旬，高百由旬，枝葉四布五十由旬。金翅鳥王及龍王樹，名俱利睒婆羅，圍七由旬，高百由旬，枝葉四布五十由旬。阿修羅王有樹，名善畫，圍七由旬，高百由旬，枝葉四布五十由旬。忉利天有樹，名曰晝度，圍七由旬，高百由旬，枝葉四布五十由旬。

“Uttarakuru has a great king of trees named Āmra, seven yojanas in girth and one hundred yojanas in height, its branches and leaves spreading fifty yojanas in all directions. Pūrvavideha has a great king of trees named Kadamba, seven yojanas in girth and one hundred yojanas in height, its branches and leaves spreading fifty yojanas in all directions. Aparagodānīya has a great king of trees named *Kinti, seven yojanas in girth and one hundred yojanas in height, its branches and leaves spreading fifty yojanas in all directions; and beneath that tree there is a stone cow-pillar one yojana high. Jambudvīpa has a great king of trees named Jambu, seven yojanas in girth and one hundred yojanas in height, its branches and leaves spreading fifty yojanas in all directions. The tree of the garuḍa king and the nāga kings is named *Kūlaśāmbalī, seven yojanas in girth and one hundred yojanas in height, its branches and leaves spreading fifty yojanas in all directions. The asura king has a tree named Citrapāṭalī, seven yojanas in girth and one hundred yojanas in height, its branches and leaves spreading fifty yojanas in all directions. The Trāyastriṃśa devas have a tree named Pārijātaka, seven yojanas in girth and one hundred yojanas in height, its branches and leaves spreading fifty yojanas in all directions.

“Uttarakuru has a great tree king named Amra. It’s seven yojanas around and a hundred yojanas tall. It’s limbs and leaves spread out for fifty yojanas in each direction.

“Pūrvavideha has a great tree king named Kadamba. It’s seven yojanas around and a hundred yojanas tall. It’s limbs and leaves spread out for fifty yojanas in each direction.

“Godānīya has a great tree king named Tinduka. It’s seven yojanas around and a hundred yojanas tall. It’s limbs and leaves spread out for fifty yojanas in each direction. That tree also has a banner of a stone bull under it that’s one yojana tall.

“Jambudvīpa has a great tree king named Jambu. it’s seven yojanas around and a hundred yojanas tall. It’s limbs and leaves spread out for fifty yojanas in each direction.

“The king of the garuḍa birds and the king of the nāgas have a tree named Kūṭaśālmali. It’s seven yojanas around and a hundred yojanas tall. It’s limbs and leaves spread out for fifty yojanas in each direction.

“The king of the asuras has a tree named Good Day. It’s seven yojanas around and a hundred yojanas tall. It’s limbs and leaves spread out for fifty yojanas in each direction.

“The Trāyastriṃśa Heaven has a tree named Pārijāta. It’s seven yojanas around and a hundred yojanas tall. It’s limbs and leaves spread out for fifty yojanas in each direction.

30.22

「須彌山邊有山，名伽陀羅，高四萬二千由旬，縱廣四萬二千由旬，其邊廣遠，雜色間廁，七寶所成，其山去須彌山八萬四千由旬，其間純生優鉢羅花、鉢頭摩花、俱物頭花、分陀利花，蘆葦、松、竹叢生其中，出種種香，香亦充遍。去佉陀羅山不遠有山，名伊沙陀羅，高二萬一千由旬，縱廣二萬一千由旬，其邊廣遠，雜色間廁，七寶所成，去佉陀羅山四萬二千由旬，其間純生優鉢羅花、鉢頭摩花、俱勿頭花、分陀利花，蘆葦、松、竹叢生其中，出種種香，香氣充遍。去伊沙陀羅山不遠有山，名樹巨陀羅，高萬二千由旬，縱廣萬二千由旬，其邊廣遠，雜色間廁，七寶所成。去伊沙陀羅山二萬一千由旬，其間純生四種雜花，蘆葦、松、竹叢生其中，出種種香，香氣充遍。去樹巨陀羅山不遠有山，名善見，高六千由旬，縱廣六千由旬，其邊廣遠，雜色間廁，七寶所成，去樹巨陀羅山萬二千由旬，其間純生四種雜花，蘆葦、松、竹叢生其中，出種種香，香氣充遍。

“Beside Mount Sumeru is a mountain named Khadiraka, forty-two thousand yojanas high and forty-two thousand yojanas in length and breadth, its borders vast and expansive, variegated in color, and formed of the seven treasures. That mountain is eighty-four thousand yojanas away from Mount Sumeru. In the intervening space there grow purely utpala flowers, padma flowers, kumuda flowers, and puṇḍarīka flowers; reeds, pines, and bamboos grow in dense thickets within it, giving off diverse fragrances, and their scents are all-pervasive. Not far from Mount Khadiraka is a mountain named Īṣādhara, twenty-one thousand yojanas high and twenty-one thousand yojanas in length and breadth, its borders vast and expansive, variegated in color, and formed of the seven treasures. It is forty-two thousand yojanas away from Mount Khadiraka. In the intervening space there grow purely utpala flowers, padma flowers, kumuda flowers, and puṇḍarīka flowers; reeds, pines, and bamboos grow in dense thickets within it, giving off diverse fragrances, and their scents are all-pervasive. Not far from Mount Īṣādhara is a mountain named Yugaṃdhara, twelve thousand yojanas high and twelve thousand yojanas in length and breadth, its borders vast and expansive, variegated in color, and formed of the seven treasures. It is twenty-one thousand yojanas away from Mount Īṣādhara. In the intervening space there grow purely the four kinds of mixed flowers; reeds, pines, and bamboos grow in dense thickets within it, giving off diverse fragrances, and their scents are all-pervasive. Not far from Mount Yugaṃdhara is a mountain named Sudarśana, six thousand yojanas high and six thousand yojanas in length and breadth, its borders vast and expansive, variegated in color, and formed of the seven treasures. It is twelve thousand yojanas away from Mount Yugaṃdhara. In the intervening space there grow purely the four kinds of mixed flowers; reeds, pines, and bamboos grow in dense thickets within it, giving off diverse fragrances, and their scents are all-pervasive.

“Mount Sumeru is bordered by a mountain named Khadiraka. It’s 42,000 yojanas tall and 42,000 yojanas across. Its extent is spacious with a mixture of colors throughout, and it’s made of the seven treasures.

“That mountain sits 84,000 yojanas away from Mount Sumeru, and utpala flowers, padma flowers, kumuda flowers, puṇḍarīka flowers, reeds, pine trees, and bamboo groves grow between them. They produce all sorts of fragrances that fill the area.

“Not far beyond Mount Khadiraka, there’s a mountain named Īśādāra. It’s 21,000 yojanas tall and 21,000 yojanas across. Its extent is spacious with a mixture of colors throughout, and it’s made of the seven treasures.

“That mountain sits 42,000 yojanas away from Mount Khadiraka, and utpala flowers, padma flowers, kumuda flowers, puṇḍarīka flowers, reeds, pine trees, and bamboo groves grow between them. They produce all sorts of fragrances that fill the area.

“Not far beyond Mount Īśādāra, there’s a mountain named Yugandhara. It’s 12,000 yojanas tall and 12,000 yojanas across. Its extent is spacious with a mixture of colors throughout, and it’s made of the seven treasures.

“That mountain sits 21,000 yojanas away from Mount Īśādāra, and utpala flowers, padma flowers, kumuda flowers, puṇḍarīka flowers, reeds, pine trees, and bamboo groves grow between them. They produce all sorts of fragrances that fill the area.

“Not far beyond Mount Yugandhara, there’s a mountain named Sudarśana. It’s 6,000 yojanas tall and 6,000 yojanas across. Its extent is spacious with a mixture of colors throughout, and it’s made of the seven treasures.

“That mountain sits 12,000 yojanas away from Mount Yugandhara, and utpala flowers, padma flowers, kumuda flowers, puṇḍarīka flowers, reeds, pine trees, and bamboo groves grow between them. They produce all sorts of fragrances that fill the area.

30.23

「去善見山不遠有山，名馬食山，高三千由旬，縱廣三千由旬，其邊廣遠，雜色間廁，七寶所成，去善見山六千由旬，其間純生四種雜花，蘆葦、松、竹叢生其中，出種種香，香氣充遍。去馬食山不遠有山，名尼民陀羅，高千二百由旬，縱廣千二百由旬，其邊廣遠，雜色間廁，七寶所成，去馬食山三千由旬，其間純生四種雜花，蘆葦、松、竹叢生其中，出種種香，香氣充遍。去尼民陀羅山不遠有山，名調伏，高六百由旬，縱廣六百由旬，其邊廣遠，雜色間廁，七寶所成，去尼民陀羅山千二百由旬，其間純生四種雜花，蘆葦、松、竹叢生其中，出種種香香氣充遍。去調伏山不遠有山，名金剛圍，高三百由旬，縱廣三百由旬，其邊廣遠，雜色間廁，七寶所成，去調伏山六百由旬，其間純生四種雜花，蘆葦、松、竹叢生其中，出種種香，香氣充遍。

“Not far from Mount Sudarśana is a mountain named Aśvakarṇa, three thousand yojanas high and three thousand yojanas in length and breadth, its borders vast and expansive, variegated in color, and formed of the seven treasures. It is six thousand yojanas away from Mount Sudarśana. In the intervening space there grow purely the four kinds of mixed flowers; reeds, pines, and bamboos grow in dense thickets within it, giving off diverse fragrances, and their scents are all-pervasive. Not far from Mount Aśvakarṇa is a mountain named Nimiṃdhara, one thousand two hundred yojanas high and one thousand two hundred yojanas in length and breadth, its borders vast and expansive, variegated in color, and formed of the seven treasures. It is three thousand yojanas away from Mount Aśvakarṇa. In the intervening space there grow purely the four kinds of mixed flowers; reeds, pines, and bamboos grow in dense thickets within it, giving off diverse fragrances, and their scents are all-pervasive. Not far from Mount Nimiṃdhara is a mountain named Vinataka, six hundred yojanas high and six hundred yojanas in length and breadth, its borders vast and expansive, variegated in color, and formed of the seven treasures. It is one thousand two hundred yojanas away from Mount Nimiṃdhara. In the intervening space there grow purely the four kinds of mixed flowers; reeds, pines, and bamboos grow in dense thickets within it, giving off diverse fragrances, and their scents are all-pervasive. Not far from Mount Vinataka is a mountain named Cakravāla, three hundred yojanas high and three hundred yojanas in length and breadth, its borders vast and expansive, variegated in color, and formed of the seven treasures. It is six hundred yojanas away from Mount Vinataka. In the intervening space there grow purely the four kinds of mixed flowers; reeds, pines, and bamboos grow in dense thickets within it, giving off diverse fragrances, and their scents are all-pervasive.

“Not far beyond Mount Sudarśana, there’s a mountain named Aśvakarṇa. It’s 3,000 yojanas tall and 3,000 yojanas across. Its extent is spacious with a mixture of colors throughout, and it’s made of the seven treasures.

“That mountain sits 6,000 yojanas away from Mount Sudarśana, and utpala flowers, padma flowers, kumuda flowers, puṇḍarīka flowers, reeds, pine trees, and bamboo groves grow between them. They produce all sorts of fragrances that fill the area.

“Not far beyond Mount Aśvakarṇa, there’s a mountain named Nimindhara. It’s 1,200 yojanas tall and 1,200 yojanas across. Its extent is spacious with a mixture of colors throughout, and it’s made of the seven treasures.

“That mountain sits 3,000 yojanas away from Mount Aśvakarṇa, and utpala flowers, padma flowers, kumuda flowers, puṇḍarīka flowers, reeds, pine trees, and bamboo groves grow between them. They produce all sorts of fragrances that fill the area.

“Not far beyond Mount Nimindhara, there’s a mountain named Vinitaka. It’s 600 yojanas tall and 600 yojanas across. Its extent is spacious with a mixture of colors throughout, and it’s made of the seven treasures.

“That mountain sits 1,200 yojanas away from Mount Nimindhara, and utpala flowers, padma flowers, kumuda flowers, puṇḍarīka flowers, reeds, pine trees, and bamboo groves grow between them. They produce all sorts of fragrances that fill the area.

“Not far beyond Mount Vinitaka, there’s a mountain named Cakravāḍa. It’s 300 yojanas tall and 300 yojanas across. Its extent is spacious with a mixture of colors throughout, and it’s made of the seven treasures.

“That mountain sits 600 yojanas away from Mount Vinitaka, and utpala flowers, padma flowers, kumuda flowers, puṇḍarīka flowers, reeds, pine trees, and bamboo groves grow between them. They produce all sorts of fragrances that fill the area.

30.24

「去大金剛山不遠有大海水，海水北岸有大樹王，名曰閻浮，圍七由旬，高百由旬，枝葉四布五十由旬，其邊空地復有叢林，名菴婆羅，縱廣五十由旬。復有叢林名曰閻婆，縱廣五十由旬。復有叢林名曰娑羅，縱廣五十由旬。復有叢林名曰多羅，縱廣五十由旬。復有叢林名曰那多羅，縱廣五十由旬。復有叢林名曰為男，縱廣五十由旬。復有叢林名曰為女，縱廣五十由旬。復有叢林名曰男女，縱廣五十由旬。復有叢林名曰散那，縱廣五十由旬。復有叢林名曰栴檀，縱廣五十由旬。復有叢林名曰佉詶羅，縱廣五十由旬。復有叢林名曰波㮈婆羅，縱廣五十由旬。復有叢林名曰毗羅，縱廣五十由旬。復有叢林名曰香㮈，縱廣五十由旬。復有叢林名曰為梨，縱廣五十由旬。復有叢林名曰安石留，縱廣五十由旬。復有叢林名曰為甘，縱廣五十由旬。復有叢林名呵梨勒，縱廣五十由旬。復有叢林名毗醯勒，縱廣五十由旬。復有叢林名阿摩勒，縱廣五十由旬。復有叢林名阿摩犁，縱廣五十由旬。復有叢林名㮈，縱廣五十由旬。復有叢林名甘蔗，縱廣五十由旬。復有叢林名葦，縱廣五十由旬。復有叢林名竹，縱廣五十由旬。復有叢林名舍羅，縱廣五十由旬。復有叢林名舍羅業，縱廣五十由旬。復有叢林名木瓜，縱廣五十由旬。復有叢林名大木瓜，縱廣五十由旬。復有叢林名解脫華，縱廣五十由旬。復有叢林名瞻婆，縱廣五十由旬。復有叢林名婆羅羅，縱廣五十由旬。復有叢林名修摩那，縱廣五十由旬。復有叢林名婆師，縱廣五十由旬。復有叢林名多羅梨，縱廣五十由旬。復有叢林名伽耶，縱廣五十由旬。復有叢林名葡萄，縱廣五十由旬。

“Not far from the Great Cakravāla Mountains there is a great ocean. On the northern shore of the ocean's waters there is a great king of trees named Jambu, seven yojanas in girth and one hundred yojanas in height, its branches and leaves spreading fifty yojanas in all directions. In the open ground beside it there is also a grove named Āmra, fifty yojanas in length and breadth. There is also a grove named *Jambha, fifty yojanas in length and breadth. There is also a grove named Sāla, fifty yojanas in length and breadth. There is also a grove named Tāla, fifty yojanas in length and breadth. There is also a grove named *Natāla, fifty yojanas in length and breadth. There is also a grove named Male, fifty yojanas in length and breadth. There is also a grove named Female, fifty yojanas in length and breadth. There is also a grove named Male-and-Female, fifty yojanas in length and breadth. There is also a grove named Śaṇa, fifty yojanas in length and breadth. There is also a grove named Candana, fifty yojanas in length and breadth. There is also a grove named Kharjūra, fifty yojanas in length and breadth. There is also a grove named Panasa, fifty yojanas in length and breadth. There is also a grove named Billa, fifty yojanas in length and breadth. There is also a grove named Fragrant Apple, fifty yojanas in length and breadth. There is also a grove named Pear, fifty yojanas in length and breadth. There is also a grove named Pomegranate, fifty yojanas in length and breadth. There is also a grove named Orange, fifty yojanas in length and breadth. There is also a grove named Harītakī, fifty yojanas in length and breadth. There is also a grove named Vibhītaka, fifty yojanas in length and breadth. There is also a grove named Āmalaka, fifty yojanas in length and breadth. There is also a grove named *Āmalī, fifty yojanas in length and breadth. There is also a grove named Apple, fifty yojanas in length and breadth. There is also a grove named Sugarcane, fifty yojanas in length and breadth. There is also a grove named Reed, fifty yojanas in length and breadth. There is also a grove named Bamboo, fifty yojanas in length and breadth. There is also a grove named Śara, fifty yojanas in length and breadth. There is also a grove named Śarakāṇḍa, fifty yojanas in length and breadth. There is also a grove named Papaya, fifty yojanas in length and breadth. There is also a grove named Great Papaya, fifty yojanas in length and breadth. There is also a grove named Muktaka Flower, fifty yojanas in length and breadth. There is also a grove named Campaka, fifty yojanas in length and breadth. There is also a grove named Sarala, fifty yojanas in length and breadth. There is also a grove named Sumanā, fifty yojanas in length and breadth. There is also a grove named Vārṣikī, fifty yojanas in length and breadth. There is also a grove named *Taralī, fifty yojanas in length and breadth. There is also a grove named *Gayā, fifty yojanas in length and breadth. There is also a grove named Grape, fifty yojanas in length and breadth.

“Not far beyond Mount Cakravāḍa is a great ocean. On the north shore of that ocean is the great tree king named Jambu that’s seven yojanas around and a hundred yojanas tall. It’s limbs and leaves spread out for fifty yojanas in each direction. It’s bordered by an open area.

“There’s also a forest named Āmra that’s fifty yojanas across.

There’s another forest named Campā that’s fifty yojanas across.

There’s another forest named Śāla that’s fifty yojanas across.

There’s another forest named Tāla that’s fifty yojanas across.

There’s another forest named *Natala that’s fifty yojanas across.

There’s another forest named Being Male that’s fifty yojanas across.

There’s another forest named Being Female that’s fifty yojanas across.

There’s another forest named Male and Female that’s fifty yojanas across.

There’s another forest named Santāna that’s fifty yojanas across.

There’s another forest named Candana that’s fifty yojanas across.

There’s another forest named *Kadula that’s fifty yojanas across.

There’s another forest named *Panasa that’s fifty yojanas across.

There’s another forest named Bilva that’s fifty yojanas across.

There’s another forest named Fragrant Mango that’s fifty yojanas across.

There’s another forest named Pear that’s fifty yojanas across.

There’s another forest named Pomegranate that’s fifty yojanas across.

There’s another forest named Being Sweet that’s fifty yojanas across.

There’s another forest named Harītaka that’s fifty yojanas across.

There’s another forest named Vibhītaka that’s fifty yojanas across.

There’s another forest named Āmalaka that’s fifty yojanas across.

There’s another forest named Amalī that’s fifty yojanas across.

There’s another forest named Mango that’s fifty yojanas across.

There’s another forest named Ikṣu that’s fifty yojanas across.

There’s another forest named Śāla that’s fifty yojanas across.

There’s another forest named *Śālana that’s fifty yojanas across.

There’s another forest named Uruvilvā (?) that’s fifty yojanas across.

There’s another forest named Great Uruvilvā (?) that’s fifty yojanas across.

There’s another forest named Atimuktaka that’s fifty yojanas across.

There’s another forest named Campaka that’s fifty yojanas across.

There’s another forest named Pāṭala that’s fifty yojanas across.

There’s another forest named Sumana that’s fifty yojanas across.

There’s another forest named Vārṣika that’s fifty yojanas across.

There’s another forest named *Talari (?) that’s fifty yojanas across.

There’s another forest named *Kaśa that’s fifty yojanas across.

There’s another forest named Grape that’s fifty yojanas across.

30.25

「過是地空，其空地中復有花池，縱廣五十由旬，復有鉢頭摩池、俱物頭池、分陀利池，毒蛇滿中，各縱廣五十由旬。過是地空，其空地中有大海水，名欝禪那，此水下有轉輪聖王道，廣十二由旬。挾道兩邊有七重牆、七重欄楯、七重羅網、七重行樹，周匝校飾，以七寶成，閻浮提地轉輪聖王出于世時，水自然去，其道平現。去海不遠有山，名欝禪，其山端嚴，樹木繁茂，花果熾盛，眾香芬馥，異類禽獸靡所不有。去欝禪山不遠有山，名金壁，中有八萬巖窟，八萬象王止此窟中，其身純白，頭有雜色，口有六牙，齒間金填。過金壁山已，有山名雪山，縱廣五百由旬，深五百由旬，東西入海，雪山中間有寶山，高二十由旬。

“Passing beyond these open grounds, within that open ground there is also a flower pond, fifty yojanas in length and breadth. There are also a padma pond, a kumuda pond, and a puṇḍarīka pond, filled with venomous serpents, each fifty yojanas in length and breadth. Passing beyond these open grounds, within that open ground there is a great ocean named Ujjayinī. Beneath this water there is a road for the wheel-turning sage king, twelve yojanas wide. Flanking both sides of the road are sevenfold walls, sevenfold balustrades, sevenfold nets, and sevenfold rows of trees, adorned all around and formed of the seven treasures. When a wheel-turning sage king of the land of Jambudvīpa appears in the world, the water recedes of itself, and this road appears level and clear. Not far from the sea is a mountain named *Ujjaya. That mountain is majestic, with dense trees, abundant flowers and fruits, richly laden with all fragrances, and there are none among the various kinds of beasts and birds that are not present. Not far from Mount *Ujjaya is a mountain named Suvarṇapārsva, within which are eighty thousand rock caverns, where eighty thousand elephant kings reside. Their bodies are pure white, their heads variegated, and their mouths have six tusks inlaid with gold. Having passed Mount Suvarṇapārsva, there is a mountain named the Snow Mountains (Himavat), five hundred yojanas in length and breadth and five hundred yojanas in depth, extending east and west into the sea. In the midst of the Snow Mountains there is a mountain of jewels, twenty yojanas high.

“Beyond that is an open region. In that open region, there’s an [utpala] flower lake that’s fifty yojanas across. There’s also a padma flower lake, a kumuda flower lake, and a puṇḍarīka flower lake. They’re filled with venomous snakes, and each is fifty yojanas across.

“Beyond that open region, there’s an ocean in an open area named *Ujanna (?). There’s a noble wheel-turning king’s road beneath this sea that’s twelve yojanas wide. On both sides, the road is bordered by seven walls, seven balustrades, seven nettings, and seven rows of trees that are decorated all around and made the seven treasures. When a noble wheel-turning king arises in the land of Jambudvīpa, that sea naturally recedes to expose the road just above its surface.

“Not far beyond that sea, there’s a mountain named *Uja (?). That mountain is majestic. Trees grow abundantly there, flowers and fruit are bountiful, and their many fragrances are sweet-smelling. There’s also a diversity of animals with no species that isn’t present.

“Not far beyond Mount *Uja (?) is a mountain named Golden Wall. There are 80,000 caves inside of it, and 80,000 elephant kings stay in those caves. Their bodies are all white, their heads are mottled, and they have six tusks in their mouths and gold between their teeth.

“Beyond that Mount Golden Wall, there’s a mountain named Himavat. It’s five hundred yojanas across and five hundred yojanas high. The ocean is to its east and west, and there are treasure mountains twelve yojanas tall between it and Mount Himavat.

30.26

「雪山埵出高百由旬，其山頂上有阿耨達池，縱廣五十由旬，其水清冷，澄淨無穢，七寶砌壘、七重欄楯、七重羅網、七重行樹，種種異色，七寶合成。其欄楯者，金欄銀桄，銀欄金桄，琉璃欄水精桄，水精欄琉璃桄，赤珠欄馬瑙桄，馬瑙欄赤珠桄，車𤦲欄眾寶所成。金網銀鈴，銀網金鈴，琉璃網水精鈴，水精網琉璃鈴，車𤦲網七寶所成。金多羅樹金根金枝銀葉銀果，銀多羅樹銀根銀枝金葉金果，水精樹水精根枝琉璃花果，赤珠樹赤珠根枝馬瑙葉馬瑙花果，車𤦲樹車𤦲根枝眾寶花果。

“A cliff of the Snow Mountains juts out one hundred yojanas high. Upon the peak of that mountain is Lake Anavatapta, fifty yojanas in length and breadth. Its water is pure and cool, clear and without defilement. It is enclosed by the seven treasures, with sevenfold balustrades, sevenfold nets, and sevenfold rows of trees, in diverse and distinct colors, formed from the union of the seven treasures. As for its balustrades: there are gold posts with silver crossbars, silver posts with gold crossbars, lapis lazuli posts with crystal crossbars, crystal posts with lapis lazuli crossbars, red pearl posts with agate crossbars, agate posts with red pearl crossbars, and tridacna posts formed of all gems. There are gold nets with silver bells, silver nets with gold bells, lapis lazuli nets with crystal bells, crystal nets with lapis lazuli bells, and tridacna nets formed of the seven treasures. There are gold tāla trees with gold roots, gold branches, silver leaves, and silver fruits; silver tāla trees with silver roots, silver branches, gold leaves, and gold fruits; crystal trees with crystal roots and branches, and lapis lazuli flowers and fruits; red pearl trees with red pearl roots and branches, and agate leaves, flowers, and fruits; and tridacna trees with tridacna roots and branches, and flowers and fruits of all gems.”

“Crags rises up a hundred yojanas from Mount Himavat. Lake Anavatapta is at the summit of that mountain. It’s fifty yojanas across with refreshing, clear, and unpolluted water. It has a stone wall made of seven treasures, seven balustrades, seven nettings, and seven rows of trees with all sorts of colors that are made of the seven treasures.

“Those balustrades have gold balusters with silver rails, silver balusters with gold rails, beryl balusters with crystal rails, crystal balusters with beryl rails, ruby balusters with emerald rails, emerald balusters with ruby rails, and coral balusters with rails made of many treasures.

“The gold netting has silver bells, the silver netting has gold bells, the beryl netting has crystal bells, the crystal netting has beryl bells, [the ruby netting has emerald bells, the emerald netting has ruby bells,] and the coral netting has bells made of many treasures.

“The gold tāla trees have gold roots and limbs and silver leaves, [flowers,] and fruit. The silver tāla trees have silver roots and limbs and gold leaves, [flowers,] and fruit. [The beryl trees have beryl roots and limbs and crystal leaves, flowers, and fruit.] The crystal trees have crystal roots and limbs and beryl [leaves,] flowers, and fruit. The ruby trees have ruby roots and limbs and emerald leaves, flowers, and fruit. [The emerald trees have emerald roots and limbs, and ruby leaves, flowers, and fruit.] The coral trees have coral roots and limbs, and [leaves,] flowers, and fruit made of many treasures.

30.27

「阿耨達池側皆有園觀浴池，眾花積聚，種種樹葉，花果繁茂，種種香風，芬馥四布，種種異類，諸鳥哀鳴相和。阿耨達池底，金沙充滿。其池四邊皆有梯陛，金桄銀陛，銀桄金陛，琉璃桄水精陛，水精桄琉璃陛，赤珠桄馬瑙陛，馬瑙桄赤珠陛，車𤦲桄眾寶陛。遶池周匝皆有欄楯，生四種花，青、黃、赤、白，雜色參間，華如車輪，根如車轂，花根出汁，色白如乳，味甘如蜜。阿耨達池東有恒伽河，從牛口出，從五百河入于東海。阿耨達池南有新頭河，從師子口出，從五百河入于南海。阿耨達池西有婆叉河，從馬口出，從五百河入于西海。阿耨達池北有斯陀河，從象口中出，從五百河入于北海。阿耨達宮中有五柱堂，阿耨達龍王恒於中止。」

"Beside Lake Anavatapta there are gardens, pavilions, and bathing ponds where diverse flowers gather, with various trees and leaves, flourishing blossoms and fruits, various fragrant breezes wafting everywhere, and diverse kinds of birds calling plaintively in harmony. The bottom of Lake Anavatapta is filled with golden sand. On all four sides of the lake there are staircases: silver steps with gold crossbeams, gold steps with silver crossbeams, crystal steps with lapis lazuli crossbeams, lapis lazuli steps with crystal crossbeams, agate steps with red pearl crossbeams, red pearl steps with agate crossbeams, and various jewel steps with musāragalva crossbeams. Surrounding the lake on every side are railings. Four kinds of flowers grow there—blue, yellow, red, and white, mingling in varied colors—with blooms like carriage wheels and stems like carriage hubs. The sap flowing from their roots is white as milk and sweet as honey. East of Lake Anavatapta is the Gaṅgā River, which flows out from the mouth of an ox and enters the eastern sea along with five hundred rivers. South of Lake Anavatapta is the Sindhu River, which flows out from the mouth of a lion and enters the southern sea along with five hundred rivers. West of Lake Anavatapta is the Vakṣu River, which flows out from the mouth of a horse and enters the western sea along with five hundred rivers. North of Lake Anavatapta is the Sītā River, which flows out from the mouth of an elephant and enters the northern sea along with five hundred rivers. In the palace of Lake Anavatapta there is a hall with five pillars, where the nāga king Anavatapta constantly dwells."

“On Lake Anavatapta’s shores, there are scenic parks and pools with heaps of myriad flowers and all sorts of trees with abundant leaves, flowers, and fruit. The sweet smell of their fragrances blow in all directions. All kinds of birds peacefully sing to each other. The bottom of Lake Anavatapta is full of gold sand, and it has stairs with handrails on four sides. There are gold handrails with silver steps, silver handrails with gold steps, beryl handrails with crystal steps, crystal handrails with beryl steps, ruby handrails with emerald steps, emerald handrails with ruby steps, and coral handrails with steps made of many treasures. A balustrade surrounds the lake, and the four kinds of flowers grow there in a mixture of blues, yellows, reds, and whites. The flowers are like cartwheels, and their roots are like wheel hubs. The roots of those flowers produce sap that’s white as milk and tastes sweet as honey.

“The Gaṅgā River flows from a cow’s mouth, going east from Lake Anavatapta. Five hundred rivers join it as it flows to the eastern ocean. The Sindhu River flows from a lion’s mouth, going south from Lake Anavatapta. Five hundred rivers join it as it flows to the southern ocean. The Vakṣu River flows from a horse’s mouth, going west from Lake Anavatapta. Five hundred rivers join it as it flows to the western ocean. The Sita River flows from an elephant’s mouth, going north from Lake Anavatapta. Five hundred rivers join it as it flows to the northern ocean.

“In the palace of Anavatapta, there is a hall with five pillars where the Nāga King Anavatapta always lives.”