四分律行事鈔資持記 1.591

1.591

制教，敘意中，初科。初明從諫不治；改迹，迹謂罪狀。上品者，明智能遷善，不勞治法。下下，明愚不受教，生起立治；故知此法唯被下愚。然人分三品，但敘上下者；以中人之性，隨流不定；可上則亦能依道，隨下必加治罰；攝屬二根，故不明也。見影者，謂如良馬見鞭影，即喻從諫如流；遲驢，謂策之不進，喻縱治不悔。《雜含》云：佛告比丘，有四種馬：一者見鞭影即便驚悚，隨御者意（此喻上根）；二者觸毛便能如上（中人可上）；三者觸肉然後乃驚（中人可下）；四者徹骨然後方覺（即喻下流）。七種，如後所列；及下二種，足七成九。不與語即是默擯，助名令顯。

Under regulative teachings, in setting forth the intention, this is the first section. First, it explains that those who follow remonstrance are not punished; "reforming one's traces" refers to the charges of the offense. "The superior class" explains that those of wisdom can turn toward the good without needing punitive measures. Under "the inferior...", it explains that the foolish do not accept instruction, which gives rise to establishing punishment; thus one knows that this method is applied only to the lowest fools. However, people are divided into three classes, yet only the superior and inferior are described; this is because the nature of middling people shifts unsettledly with the current; if pulled upward, they can also follow the Way, but if descending downward, they must be punished; since they are subsumed under the two faculties, they are not separately explained. "Seeing the shadow" means like a fine horse seeing the shadow of a whip, a simile for following admonition like flowing water; "a slow donkey" means one that does not advance when spurred, a simile for being lax and unrepentant under punishment. The Saṃyuktāgama says: "The Buddha told the bhikṣus that there are four kinds of horses: the first takes fright upon seeing the shadow of the whip and complies with the driver's intention (this is a simile for superior faculties); the second does so when it touches the hair (a middling person who can go upward); the third takes fright only when it touches the flesh (a middling person who can go downward); the fourth perceives it only when it penetrates to the bone (a simile for the lowest class)." There are seven kinds, as listed below; and with the two kinds below, they add to the seven to make nine. "Not speaking with them" is precisely the silent expulsion (brahmadanda), using an auxiliary name to make it clear.