因明入正理論疏 1.113

1.113

明廢立者，一問：「何故一因喻分二種？」答：「因正建宗，總苞稱一。喻有違順，別離分兩。至下喻中，當廣分別。」二問：「何故一因體分生、了？」答：「智境疎寬，照顯名了。言果親狹，令起名生。果既有差，因分生、了。同能得果，但總名因。」三問：「何故二因各分三種？」答：「生果、照果義用不同，隨類有能，故分三種。立智隔於言義，不得相從名了。敵智不生立解，無由可得名生。故但分三，不增不減。」四問：「何故六因體唯有四？」答：「順果義別，分成六因。立者義言，望果二用。除此無體，故唯有四。」五問：「何故因中獨開三相，宗、喻不開？」答：「別名宗、喻，通即稱因，遍是宗、喻二之法故。又因必寬，宗、喻性狹，如貫花縷貫二門故，由此開因，不開宗、喻。」

Regarding clarifying exclusions and inclusions, first, the question: "Why is one reason given two kinds of examples?" Answer: "The reason primarily establishes the thesis, comprehensively encompassing it as one. The examples have concordant and discordant aspects, being divided separately into two. This will be extensively distinguished below under the examples." Second, the question: "Why is the essence of the one reason divided into productive and cognitive?" Answer: "The object of cognition is indirect and broad, illuminating and revealing, so it is called cognitive. The result of speech is direct and narrow, bringing about arising, so it is called productive. Since the results differ, the reason is divided into productive and cognitive. Because both equally obtain the result, they are collectively termed simply 'reason'." Third, the question: "Why are the two reasons each divided into three kinds?" Answer: "The functions of producing a result and illuminating a result are different; according to their classes they possess capacities, and thus are divided into three kinds. The proponent's cognition is separated by speech and object, and cannot follow along to be called cognitive. The opponent's cognition does not produce the proponent's understanding, and has no basis to be called productive. Therefore they are divided only into three, neither increasing nor decreasing." Fourth, the question: "Why are the essences of the six reasons only four?" Answer: "According to differences in assisting results, they are divided into six reasons. The proponent's object and speech have two functions in relation to results. Apart from these, there are no essences, so there are only four." Fifth, the question: "Why are three characteristics uniquely opened within the reason, while the thesis and example are not opened?" Answer: "Specifically they are named thesis and example, but generally they are termed reason, because it is universally a property of both the thesis and the example. Moreover, the reason is necessarily broad, while the nature of the thesis and example is narrow; just as a string threading flowers threads two portals, therefore the reason is opened up, while the thesis and example are not opened up."