因明入正理論疏 3.12

3.12

Commentary: This establishes the meaning of contradiction. In the first thesis of permanence, space and the like are the similar instances (sapakṣa), and pots and the like are the dissimilar instances (vipakṣa). The reason 'because of being produced' is universally absent from the similar instances and universally present in the dissimilar instances, which is the fourth clause among the nine clauses of the reason. The counter-inference should be made: 'Sound is impermanent, because of being produced, like a pot, etc.' In the second thesis, space is the similar instance, while lightning, pots, and the like are the dissimilar instances. The reason 'because of arising from effort' is universally absent from the similar instances, and in the dissimilar instances is absent from lightning and present on pots and the like, which is the sixth clause among the nine clauses of the reason. These two reasons turn out to establish impermanence, contradicting the own-nature of the property stated in the thesis; hence they are named contradictory reasons (viruddha-hetu). Therefore the Nyāyamukha states: 'Being present in the similar [instances] and in both, and absent in the dissimilar, is the reason; the reverse of this is called contradictory, and all the rest are inconclusive (anaikāntika).' This reason 'because of being produced' reverses the second valid reason among the nine clauses: that one is present in similar instances and absent in dissimilar instances, whereas this one is absent in similar instances and present in dissimilar instances. This reason 'because of arising from effort' reverses the eighth valid reason among the nine clauses: that one is present and absent in similar instances, and absent in dissimilar instances, whereas this one is absent in similar instances, and present and absent in dissimilar instances. Having already been discussed several times above, it is briefly passed over without verbosity.