大乘法苑義林章 2.20

2.20

Third, regarding the explanation of the general and specific designations: first the general designation is explained, and thereafter the specific designations are explained. In explaining the general designation, earlier virtuous masters translated it as the 'twelve divisions of scriptures' (shier bu jing). However, the word 'division' (bu) contains two meanings: first, book cases or fascicles; second, classes or categories. People of the world think there are twelve book cases, and the title of 'sūtra' is also confounded, making general and specific hard to distinguish. Now it is translated as the 'twelvefold division of teaching' (shier fen jiao). 'Division' (fen) means class, branch, section, and teaching. As the preceding teaching has twelve [kinds], differing by categories of meaning, branches, and sections, this is a compound containing a numeral (digu-samāsa). In explaining the specific designations: 'verses that should repeat an account' (geyā), 'chants that can be recited' (gāthā), 'discourses spoken of oneself' (udāna), 'arising in dependence on circumstances' (nidāna), 'marvelous phenomena' (adbhutadharma), and 'vastness of universal principle' (vaipulya)—these six titles are all genitive compounds (tatpuruṣa). 'The substance of treatises being discussion' (upadeśa)—this single title is solely an appositional compound (karmadhāraya). If one speaks of 'the scripture that accords with principle,' it is a genitive compound (tatpuruṣa); if 'that which accords is itself the scripture,' it is an appositional compound (karmadhāraya). 'Predicting differences in causes and fruits' or 'a prediction of distinctions' (vyākaraṇa) is a genitive compound (tatpuruṣa); if one says 'clearly recording and distinguishing is called vyākaraṇa' where recording is itself distinguishing, it is an appositional compound (karmadhāraya). If one says that 'dṛṣṭa' means comparison and 'anta' means clarifying, an 'illustration that clarifies' (dṛṣṭānta / avadāna) is a genitive compound (tatpuruṣa); if one says that 'dṛṣṭa' means classification and 'anta' means comparison, where the substance of illustration is itself the simile, it is an appositional compound (karmadhāraya). If one speaks of 'events of former lives' or 'births in former lives' as itivṛttaka and jātaka, they are genitive compounds (tatpuruṣa); if the past substance is itself the event or the past substance is itself the birth, they are appositional compounds (karmadhāraya). These five titles admit both compound analyses. However, when the word 'teaching' is added to all twelve, as in 'the sūtra teaching' and so forth up to 'the upadeśa teaching,' they are all appositional compounds (karmadhāraya).