佛祖統紀 32.28

32.28

此八獄在鐵圍山底。仰向居止受寒凍苦（三法度經）頞浮陀壽。如憍薩羅國斛量。胡麻滿二十斛。有一丈夫滿百年取一胡麻。如是取盡。復以二十頞浮陀壽。為一泥賴陀壽。餘次第準此（起世因本經）泥犁耶此名非道。欲界最下劣故（阿毘曇論）𭡠落迦此云惡人（新婆沙論）人所作善惡。隨人如形影隨身。人死但亡其身不亡其行。譬如然火夜書火滅字存火至復成。今世作行後世成之（那先比丘所問經）。

These eight hells are located at the bottom of Mount Cakravāḍa. The denizens dwell facing upward, enduring the suffering of freezing cold (*Tridharmaka Śāstra*). The lifespan in Arbuda is illustrated by the bushel measure of Kosala: a capacity of twenty bushels of sesame seeds. If a man removes one sesame seed every hundred years until they are completely exhausted, then twenty such Arbuda lifespans equal one Nirarbuda lifespan. The remaining hells follow this analogy sequentially (*Lokotpattihetu Sūtra*). 'Niraya' translates as 'improper way' (apatha), being the lowest and basest realm in the kāmadhātu (*Abhidharma Śāstra*). 'Naraka' translates as 'evil person' (*New Vibhāṣā Śāstra*). The good and evil done by a person follows the person like a shadow follows the body. When a person dies, only their body perishes, but their actions do not perish. For example, if one lights a lamp to write at night, when the fire is extinguished the characters remain, and when the fire returns they are completed again. One performs actions in the present life, and they come to fruition in a future life (*Milindapañha*).