佛祖統紀 32.28

32.28

These eight hells are located at the bottom of Mount Cakravāḍa. The denizens dwell facing upward, enduring the suffering of freezing cold (*Tridharmaka Śāstra*). The lifespan in Arbuda is illustrated by the bushel measure of Kosala: a capacity of twenty bushels of sesame seeds. If a man removes one sesame seed every hundred years until they are completely exhausted, then twenty such Arbuda lifespans equal one Nirarbuda lifespan. The remaining hells follow this analogy sequentially (*Lokotpattihetu Sūtra*). 'Niraya' translates as 'improper way' (apatha), being the lowest and basest realm in the kāmadhātu (*Abhidharma Śāstra*). 'Naraka' translates as 'evil person' (*New Vibhāṣā Śāstra*). The good and evil done by a person follows the person like a shadow follows the body. When a person dies, only their body perishes, but their actions do not perish. For example, if one lights a lamp to write at night, when the fire is extinguished the characters remain, and when the fire returns they are completed again. One performs actions in the present life, and they come to fruition in a future life (*Milindapañha*).