佛祖統紀 32.11

32.11

The Eastern Barbarians. At first, King Wu of Zhou enfiefed Jizi in Chaoxian. The Han destroyed it and established the Xuantu Commandery. ○ The state of Buyeo (Fuyu) is one thousand li north of Xuantu; it was originally the land of the Ye. ○ Goguryeo (Gaogouli): its founding king was Jumong (Zhumeng), who came from Buyeo and resided in Shenggu City. It was named Goguryeo, and he accordingly took Gao as his lineage surname. It lies one thousand li from Liaodong; to the south it borders Chaoxian and the Yemaek, to the east it borders Okjeo (Woju), and to the north it borders Buyeo. The people all settle according to the mountains. ○ As for the Three Han: the first is Mahan, comprising fifty-four states in the west, bordering Lelang to the north and the Wa state to the south. The second is Jinhan (Chenhan), comprising twelve states in the east, bordering the Yemaek to the north; it is also called Qinhan, as it is said that people of Qin fled corvée labor and came to the Han realm. The third is Byeonhan (Bianhan), comprising twelve states south of Jinhan, bordering Wa to the south. Mahan was the largest and ruled over the entire territory of the Three Han. ○ Silla (Xinluo) is of the Jinhan stock; it lies southeast of Goguryeo, occupying the former Han Lelang commandery. The land is largely mountainous and rugged; its writing system, armor, and weapons are identical to those of China. ○ Baekje (Baiji) was a vassal state of Mahan on the old territory of Daifang. It was originally named because a hundred families crossed over together. To the east it borders Silla and Goguryeo; to the southwest it is bounded by the great ocean. It has monks, nuns, monasteries, and stūpas; the people cherish historical records and are quite skilled in composing literary texts. ○ Yilou was the ancient state of Sushen, more than one thousand li northeast of Buyeo; where its northern boundary ends is unknown. Its people have great strength and courage; their arrows use hazel wood and blue stone for arrowheads. The climate is extremely cold, and they always live in subterranean caves. ○ Liaodong Commandery: the Great Liao River emerges beyond the border and flows south into the sea, covering twelve hundred li. In Lingzhi County of Liaoxi there is Guzhu City, the ancient state of Boyi. ○ The state of Wa lies southeast of Baekje and Silla, three thousand li across land and water, inhabiting mountainous islands. During the Han and Wei dynasties, more than thirty states communicated through interpreters with China, all claiming the title of king. The Great King of Wa resides in Yamatai (Yamadui); the land lies east of Kuaiji. It is their custom to tattoo their bodies, and they claim to be descendants of Taibo. One thousand li east of Wa is the state called Gounu (Kunu); four thousand li to the south is the Pygmy state (Zhuru), where the people are three to four chi tall. Sailing southeast from the Pygmy state for one year brings one to the Naked state and the Black-Teeth state. The Wa state first sought and obtained Buddhist scriptures from Baekje. In the thirteenth year of the Daye era of the Sui, they dispatched an envoy to present tribute, accompanied by several dozen monks who came to study the Buddha-Dharma. ○ The state of Liuqiu resides on oceanic islands, directly east of Jian'an Commandery, reached by five days' travel by water. Emperor Yang dispatched Chen Leng to their country, who captured men and women and loaded military provisions before returning. ○ The Emishi (Xia'yi): during the reign of Emperor Taizong of the Tang, the Wa state sent an envoy who came to court accompanied by Emishi people. When Emperor Gaozong pacified Goguryeo, the Wa state sent an envoy to congratulate him, and for the first time changed its name to Nihon (Riben), stating that their state is in the east, near the place where the sun rises. ○ The state of Fusang lies in the Eastern Sea. In the beginning of the Yongyuan era of the Qi, the monk Huishen came to Jiankang and stated that his country is thirty thousand li east of the Great Han. In the fifth year of the Daming era of the Song, a monk from the country of Jibin went to that state to transmit the Buddha-Dharma.