佛祖統紀 32.18

32.18

city. From here, one enters the Snow Mountains to the southwest, reaching Rui-mo-tuo [Ruimatuo]. To the southwest, one reaches […]. From Bākhī [Balkh], heading south, one reaches Ghaznī. Entering the Great Snow Mountains to the southeast, one reaches Bāmiyān (where there is a thousand-foot reclining Buddha, and the nine-strip caul-born robe of Śāṇavāsa still exists). Crossing the Black Range to the east, one reaches Kapiśā (facing the Snow Mountains to the north, with one hundred saṅghārāmas). Entering the territory of Northern India to the east, one reaches Lampāka. Eastward, one reaches Gandhāra (there is a great stūpa five hundred feet high; Empress Dowager Hu of the Northern Wei sent envoys carrying a five-hundred-foot banner to hang upon it, yet its hem barely reached the ground). Southward, one reaches Nagarahāra (the territory of Northern India). Northward, one reaches Uḍḍiyāna (where the Śākya clan, having been banished, ruled; it is said to have been an ancient Cakravartin's garden, and monks always number ten thousand). Eastward, one reaches Bolor (amid the Great Snow Mountains). Crossing the Sindhu River to the south, one reaches Takṣaśilā. Southeastward, one reaches Siṃhapura. Southeastward, one reaches Uraśā. Southeastward, one reaches Kaśmīra (formerly called Jibin; it has one hundred saṅghārāmas). Southeastward, one reaches Punacha. Southward, one reaches Ṭakka. Eastward, one reaches Jālandhara. Northeastward, one reaches Cīnabhukti. Northeastward, one reaches Kulūta. Northward, one reaches Lahul. Further north, one reaches Ladak. From Kulūta, heading south, one reaches Śatadru (all the above belong to Northern India). Southwestward, one reaches Pāryātra (from here begins the territory of Central India). Eastward, one reaches Mathurā (the place where Upagupta delivered people, filling the stone chamber with tallies). Northeastward, one reaches Sthāneśvara. Northeastward, one reaches Śrughna (bordering the Gaṅgā River to the east). Crossing the river to the east, one reaches Matipura. Northward, one reaches Brahmapura (this belongs to Northern India). In the northern Snow Mountains is the country of Suvarṇagotra (where a woman is king; her husband is also titled king, but does not manage affairs of state; this country borders Tibet to the east, Khotan to the north, and Malva to the west). From Matipura, heading east, one reaches Govisanna. Southeastward, one reaches Ahicchatra (where the Buddha preached the Dharma for seven days for the Nāga King Mucilinda). Crossing the Gaṅgā River to the south, one reaches Viraśāna. Southeastward, one reaches Kapiṭha (where the Buddha preached the Dharma to his mother in the Trāyastriṃśa Heaven, and Śakra Devānām Indra offered a three-flight jeweled staircase). Northwestward, one reaches Kānyakubja. Crossing the Gaṅgā River to the southeast, one reaches Ayodhyā. Eastward, one reaches Ayamukha. Southeastward, one reaches Prayāga. Southwestward, one reaches Kauśāmbī. Northward, one reaches Viśākhā. Northeastward, one reaches the country of Śrāvastī (five li south of the city is Anāthapiṇḍada's park). Southeastward, one reaches Kapilavastu (the place of the Buddha's birth; the palace of King Śuddhodana, the palace of Queen Māyā, and the place of the Bodhisattva's descent into the womb all have vihāras established; when the Buddha returned to his native country, he stayed at the Nyagrodha Monastery, received his aunt's gold-threaded kāṣāya, and delivered the eight princes and five hundred Śākya clansmen). Northeastward, one reaches Kuśinagara (the Śāla Grove, the place of the Buddha's parinirvāṇa). Southwestward, one reaches Vārāṇasī (the Deer Park, the place of turning the wheel of the Dharma; near the Deer Park is the Cīna Monastery, built by the king for the monks of the Great Tang; Cīna here means the Great Tang). Following the Gaṅgā River northeastward, one reaches Vaiśālī (formerly called Bisheli; there is the square-room cell of Vimalakīrti). Northeastward, one reaches Vṛji (the territory of Northern India). Northwestward, one reaches Nepāla (the northern border of this country is the Eastern Women's Country, adjoining Tibet; people and state emissaries traveling back and forth usually pass through this land; Tang and India are ten thousand li apart, and from antiquity routes were circuitous, resulting in great remoteness and hindrance). From Vaiśālī, crossing the Gaṅgā River to the south, one reaches Magadha (also called Magadha; the territory of Central India; Rājagṛha is within this country, and Pāṭaliputra is on the south bank of the river; crossing the Nairañjanā River to the southwest is Gayā City; six li west of the city is Mount Gayā, commonly called Ling Shan; to the southwest is the Bodhi Tree, the place of the Buddha's attainment of the way; the tree is fifty feet high, enclosed by a wall of five hundred paces, with the diamond seat inside, upon which a thousand Buddhas sit and enter the diamond samādhi; the Kukkuṭārāma Monastery, established by King Aśoka, constantly provides for a thousand monks; Nālandā Monastery, jointly built by five kings, houses several thousand monks, all of outstanding talent and profound scholarship). Eastward, one reaches Campā. Eastward, one reaches Kājñṅgala. Crossing the Gaṅgā River to the east, one reaches Puṇḍravardhana (all the above belong to Central India). Eastward, one reaches Kāmarūpa (this country has passed through a thousand generations, yet to this day does not believe in the Buddha's Dharma; the eastern border of the country is contiguous with hills and mounds, and in about two months of travel one enters the southwestern border of Shu). Southward, one reaches Samataṭa (Eastern India). Northeastward, on the shore of the great sea, one reaches Śrīkṣetra. Southeastward, in a corner of the great sea, one reaches Kamalāṅkā. Eastward, one reaches Dvāravatī. Further east, one reaches Īśānapura. Further east, one reaches Mahācampā (namely Linyi of this land). Further southwest, one reaches Yamunadvīpa (these six countries have blocked routes and cannot be reached). From Samataṭa, heading west, one reaches Tāmralipti (the eastern border borders the sea; the climate is warm). Northwestward, one reaches Karṇasuvarṇa. Southwestward, one reaches Oḍra (bordering the great sea to the southeast, there is a city which is a stopping place for maritime merchants; southward, it is twenty thousand li to Siṃhala; on a clear night, looking towards that country, the gem light of the Buddha-tooth stūpa shines like a great torch). Southwestward, one reaches Koṅgoda (the above belong to Eastern India; bordering the sea; they do not believe in the Buddha's Dharma). Southwestward, one reaches Kaliṅga (Southern India). Northwestward, one reaches Kosala (in Central India; the king was named Sadvaha, who built a monastery for Nāgārjuna and gathered a thousand monks, spending nine hundred million gold coins on the salt provisions alone consumed by the laborers). Southward, one reaches Andhra (from here down is Southern India). Southward, one reaches Dhānyakaṭaka. Southwestward, one reaches Cola. Southward, one reaches Drāviḍa. Southward, one reaches Malakūṭa (its southern border meets the sea, and there is Mount Malaya; to the east of this mountain is Mount Potalaka, on whose summit is a lake, and beside the lake is a stone heavenly palace where Avalokiteśvara Bodhisattva wanders and resides; those wishing to see him wade through water and climb the mountain). Southeastward, one reaches Siṃhala (this is not within India; there is a Buddha Tooth Vihāra, atop which a pillar is erected holding a large gem like the morning star; beside the royal palace a large kitchen is built, daily preparing food for eighteen thousand monks; at mealtime they bring their bowls to receive food, each returning to his dwelling; ever since Buddhism was introduced, they have maintained this offering). From Drāviḍa, heading north, one reaches Koṅkaṇapura (the territory of Southern India; there are talipot palm groves, whose leaves are broad and long, and are used by all countries for copying scriptures). Northwestward, one reaches Mahārāṣṭra. Westward, one reaches Bharukaccha (where they work the sea to boil salt). Northwestward, one reaches Mālava (in the five Indias, two countries esteem learning: Mālava in the southwest and Magadha in the northeast; eminent monks flourish greatly; this country reaches the sea to the south). Northwestward, one reaches Aṭali. From Mālava, heading northwest, one reaches Kheda. Northward, one reaches Valabhī (the above belong to Southern India). Northwestward, one reaches Anandapura (from here begins Western India). From Valabhī, heading north, one reaches Gurjara (Western India). Southeastward, one reaches Ujjayanī (Southern India). Northeastward, one reaches Jajhoti (Southern India). Northward, one reaches Maheśvarapura (Central India). From Gurjara, crossing the Sindhu River to the north, one reaches the country of Sindhu (Western India). Crossing to the east bank of the river to the east, one reaches Mūlasthānapura (Western India). Northeastward, one reaches Parvata (Northern India). From the country of Sindhu, heading southwest, one reaches Armābila (Western India, adjacent to the great sea). Westward, one reaches Lāṅgala (Western India, on the shore of the great sea). Northwestward, one reaches Persia (Northern India territory). Northwestward, one reaches Fulin (Fulin of the Sui History). Southwestward, on an island in the sea, is the Western Women's Country (entirely of women; Fulin annually sends men, and if a male is born, he is not raised). From Armābila, heading north, one reaches Pi-to-shi-lo [Pitasila] (Western India). Northeastward, one reaches A-tu [Avanda] (Western India). Northeastward, one reaches Varana (Western India, subordinate to Kapiśā). Westward, one reaches Jaguda. Northwestward, leaving the territory of India, one reaches Jāguḍa. Northward, one reaches Vṛjisthāna. Northeastward, one reaches the great ridge of Xina in the Great Snow Mountains; among the mountains of Jambudvīpa, this ridge is extraordinarily lofty. Descending the ridge, one reaches Andarāb (subordinate to the Turks). Northwestward, one reaches Khulm (subordinate to the Turks). Northwestward, one reaches Qunduz (subordinate to the Turks, overseeing the various small countries south of the Iron Gate). From here, entering the Pamir Mountains (Congling) to the east: this range stands in the center of Jambudvīpa, adjoining the Great Snow Mountains to the south, reaching the Warm Sea and the Thousand Springs to the north, Qunduz to the west, and Wusha to the east; in each of the four directions it spans several thousand li, with hundreds of tiers of cliffs and ridges, perpetual snow and freezing winds, yet the hills and mounds are lush green (cong), hence its name. Eastward, one reaches Mungān (subordinate to the Turks). Northward, one reaches Ragh. Eastward, one reaches Badakhshān. From Mungān, heading east, one reaches Kṛṣṇa. Northeastward, one reaches Pārhār. From Kṛṣṇa, heading east, one reaches Himatala. Westward, one reaches Baghlān. Southeastward, one reaches Inbogan. Southeastward, one reaches Kurān. Northeastward, one reaches Teti. Northward, one reaches Śikhnān. Crossing the Great Mountain of Teti, southward one reaches Shambhī. Northeastward, one reaches the Pamir Valley (a thousand li from east to west). Southward, one reaches Bolor. From the valley, ascending the mountains, one reaches Tashkurghan. Descending the eastern slopes of the Pamir Mountains, one reaches Wusha. Northwestward, one reaches Kashgar (formerly named Shule). Southeastward, one reaches Yarkand (where scriptures and teachings flourish greatly). Eastward, one reaches Khotan. Eastward, entering the sand and gravel, one reaches Niya City, which is the pass of the eastern border. Further east, one enters the Great Drifting Sands; the sands gather and scatter with the wind, and many people lose their way, so travelers gather discarded skeletons to mark the route. Eastward, one reaches Qiemo. Northeastward, one reaches the ancient land of Loulan (namely the kingdom of Shanshan). India (Yindu) is the correct name for Tianzhu (here meaning 'moon'). Backed by the Snow Mountains to the north, it is bordered by the great sea on three sides. The terrain is narrow in the south like a crescent moon, and its plains and lands are expansive, with a circumference of ninety thousand li. Over seven thousand cities reside therein, extending to the borders of the three seas under a single sovereign rule (Great Tang Records on the Western Regions by the Tripiṭaka Master Xuanzang).