一切經音義 73

English (machine translation) 73

Language: English

Phonetic glosses for:
Abhidharmāmṛtarasa-śāstra, 2 fascicles (Xuanying)
Suixiang lun [Treatise on Accompanying Characteristics], 1 fascicle (Xuanying)
Treatise Collected by the Venerable Vasumitra, 10 fascicles (Xuanying)
Tridharmakāya-śāstra, 2 fascicles (Xuanying)
Abhidharmāvatāra-śāstra, 2 fascicles (Huilin)
Satyasiddhi-śāstra, 20 fascicles (Xuanying)
Lokasthiti-abhidharma-śāstra, 10 fascicles (Xuanying)
Vimuktimārga, 12 fascicles (Xuanying)
Śāriputrābhidharma-śāstra, 22 fascicles (Xuanying)
Pañcavastuka-vibhāṣā-śāstra, 2 fascicles (Huilin)
Vibhāṣā-śāstra, 14 fascicles (Xuanying)
Saṃmitīya-nikāya-śāstra, 3 fascicles (Huilin)
Treatise on Distinguishing Merits, 4 fascicles (Xuanying)
Treatise on the Four Truths, 4 fascicles (Xuanying)
Treatise on the Causes and Conditions of Pratyekabuddhas, 2 fascicles (Xuanying)
Treatise on the Eighteen Schools, 1 fascicle (Huilin)
Treatise on the Doctrinal Differences of the Schools, 1 fascicle (Huilin)
Samayabhedoparacanacakra, 1 fascicle (Huilin)
The above eighteen treatises in one hundred and thirteen fascicles are glossed in this fascicle.

73.3

Abhidharmāmṛtarasa-śāstra, Upper Fascicle

73.4

Compiled by Xuanying

73.5

"Lu'ou (魯[月*烏])" (this is the ancient character huān, pronounced hu and guan in fanqie [huān]; here it should be written as là, luo and he in fanqie).

73.6

"Heart of a bandit (心𡨥)" (jie and hou in fanqie [kòu]; the Shangshu mentions: "Robbers, bandits, villains, and traitors." Fan Ning's Collected Explanations says: "Referring to those who band together to attack and plunder [piāo]." Here its meaning is adopted. The Shuowen says: "Kòu means violent." The Guangya says: "Kòu means to plunder." The character is composed of wán [wholeness] and zhī [branch/beat]. Piāo is pi and miao in fanqie).

73.7

"Aggressive gathering (忮收)" (yu and chi [yǐ] or ji and zhi [zhì] in two fanqie readings; according to the character, zhì means harmful).

73.8

Lower Fascicle (not previously glossed)

73.9

Suixiang lun [Treatise on Accompanying Characteristics]

73.10

"Fresh Chinese quince (生樝)" (ce and jia in fanqie [zhā]; the mingzha [Chaenomeles speciosa], resembling the wubo; in shape as large as a bowl, with an astringent and sour taste, not to be eaten in quantity. The text of the treatise writes 査, which is not the standard character).

73.11

"Gargling parched grain (漱糗)" (sou and zhou [sòu] and qiu and jiu [qiǔ] in fanqie; today in Jiangnan, when crabapples or apples are ripe and crushed to powder, it is called qiǔ).

73.12

"Three pungencies (三辢)" (the Ziyuan writes 萩, identical; lu and ge in fanqie [là]; the Tongsu wen says: "Extremely acrid is called là." In Jiangnan they say là; in the Central Plains they say xīn [pungent]. The text of the treatise writes 刺 [thorn/piercing], meaning discordant and perverse; 刺 is not the correct character form).

73.13

Treatise Collected by the Venerable Vasumitra, Fascicle One

73.14

Compiled by Xuanying

73.15

"Mayu (摩渝)" (yi and zhu in fanqie [yú]; a personal name; according to the character, yú means to change).

73.16

"Staring blankly (瞠爾)" (chi and xing in fanqie [chēng]; the Cang Jie pian states: "Chēng means to gaze straight ahead").

73.17

"How fine! (懿乎)" (yu and ji in fanqie [yì]; the Erya states: "Yì means fine." The character is composed of yī with the phonetic zì. The text of the treatise writes 𰶟, an error of long standing).

73.18

"Bādèng (跋橙)" (wen and meng in fanqie).

73.19

"Arrow-nock (箭筈)" (gu and huo in fanqie [kuò]; the Shiming says: "Arrows advance; their base is called the foot, their body is called the shaft, and their tip is called the nock [kuò]. Kuò means meeting, where it meets with the bowstring. Beside the nock are the notches, shaped like a fork").

73.20

"Puddle sand (洿沙)" (yi and hu in fanqie [wū]; a large one is called huáng, a small one is called wū; the Shuowen says: "Wū is stagnant, muddy water").

73.21

"Door threshold (門梱)" (also written as 閫, identical; ku and ben [kǔn] or jiu and li [jǐ] in fanqie; the Liji states: "Words from outside do not enter past the threshold"; the commentary states: "Kǔn is the door threshold").

73.22

"Tooth pimple (牙皰)" (peng and xiao in fanqie [pào]; the Shuowen says: "Heat erupting on the face." Here its meaning is adopted. The text of the treatise writes 雹, which is incorrect).

73.23

"Viper (蛇𮓸)" (in ancient script written as 虫 or 螝, both identical; hu and gui in fanqie [huǐ]; a poisonous reptile. Han Feizi says: "Among insects there is the hui, which has one body and two mouths; competing for food, they bite each other, and in pursuing each other they kill one another").

73.24

"Dakṣiṇā (檀嚫)" (some say daxin, cha and jin in fanqie [chèn]; translated here as giving of wealth; the method of giving in return is named dakṣiṇā. Furthermore, according to the Xiyu ji, it is properly dakṣiṇā or dākiṇī; because one receives another's offering with the right hand [dakṣiṇa] to generate merit for them, it is named accordingly).

73.25

Fascicle Two

73.26

Fascicle Three

73.27

Threshold (門閾: in ancient script written 𨵨, the same; xu plus yu fanqie [xù]; also pronounced yù. The Erya says: "The zhi (柣) is called the threshold (閾)." Guo Pu says: "The door-sill. Zhi is qian plus jie fanqie [qié].")

73.28

Firmly / unequivocally (確然: also written 碻 and 塙, two forms the same; kou plus jiao fanqie [què]. The Zhouyi says: "Great indeed is the Qian! Firm and resolute, how easy it is!" Han Kangbo says: "'Firmly' means resolute and solid in appearance." In the treatise text it is written 搉, which is not the standard character).

73.29

Formerly / in the past (曩昔: nu plus lang fanqie [nǎng]. The Erya says: "Nang (曩) means for a long time," like saying long ago in antiquity).

73.30

Washing the hands (澡盥: gong plus huan fanqie [guàn]. The Shuowen says: "Guan means to wash the hands." In general, whenever water is sprinkled on things, it is called guan; it does not refer only to hands).

73.31

Enemies and foes (怨仇: in ancient script written 述, the same; qu plus niu fanqie [qiú]. An antagonistic counterpart is called an enemy [仇]. The Erya says: "Chou (仇) and chou (讎) mean an adversary or match.")

73.32

Fascicle Four

73.33

Fold up or not (戢不: zu plus li fanqie [jí]. The Sancang says: "Ji (戢) means to gather together." The Shuowen says: "Classified under the radical 戢; to conceal." Ji also means to restrain or collect).

73.34

Tili tree (緹麗: ta plus li fanqie [tǐ]. The name of a tree).

73.35

Fascicle Five

73.36

Swiftly galloping / high-soaring (驃騫: pi plus miao fanqie [piào]; the second character is qu plus yan fanqie [qiān]. The name of a samādhi).

73.37

Trickling gently (涓涓: gu plus xuan fanqie [juān]. The Zilin says: "Water flowing in a small trickle, flowing softly [涓涓然].")

73.38

Obstructed (所遏: in ancient script written 閼, the same; yu plus he fanqie [è]. The Erya says: "E (遏) means to stop." To counteract and stop something is called e; e also means to block).

73.39

Blazing and bright (暐暐: should properly be written 煒; yu plus fei fanqie [wěi]. The Shuowen says: "Wei (煒) means exceedingly bright and brilliant; also red.")

73.40

Fascicle Six

73.41

Foolish and obstinate (愚戇: zhu plus xiang fanqie [zhuàng]. Li Deng's Shenglei and the Jiyin give chou plus xiang fanqie [chùang]. Zhuang (戇) also means foolish).

73.42

Obstinate and dull (頑魯: wu plus guan fanqie [wán]; the second character is li plus gu fanqie [lǔ]. The Analects says: "Zengzi was slow [魯]." Kong Anguo says: "Lu (魯) means dull-witted." In the treatise text it is written 鹵, which is not the standard character).

73.43

Piṇḍada (邠坻: fu plus pin fanqie [bīn]; the second character in ancient script is [圪-乙+小], the same, zhi plus ji fanqie [chí]. This is a corrupt transcription; the correct transcription is Bin-tu-tuo-xie-ye [Piṇḍada], meaning here 'ball-giver' [alms-giver]. In older translations rendered as 'Giver to the Solitary' [Anāthapiṇḍada], which is an alternate name for Sudatta; 'Sudatta' here translates as 'good giver').

73.44

Covenant oath (盟誓: mi plus jing fanqie [méng]. The Liji says: "When the feudal lords attended to the sacrificial victim, whenever the states had matters of doubt and convened an assembly, their practice of making a covenant pact was called meng.")

73.45

Fawn (麑鹿: also written 麛, the same; mo plus xi fanqie [mí]. The Erya says: "A female deer is called ni (麑); its young is mi (麛)." 麚 is pronounced jia [jiā]).

73.46

Cause to suckle (使吮: si plus yan fanqie [shǔn]. The Yunji gives the pronunciation yi plus xuan fanqie [yǔn]. The Shuowen says: "Sucking and mouthing.")

73.47

Fascicle Seven

73.48

Hesitating step (躇步: zhi plus yu fanqie [chú]. Chouchu (躊躇) means pacing to and fro or lingering, and also hesitating. Chou is pronounced zhi plus liu fanqie [chóu]; zhu is pronounced chi plus lu fanqie [zhú]).

73.49

Fascicle Eight to Fascicle Ten (all previously not glossed for sounds)

73.50

Treatise on the Three Dharmas of Measuring (Tridharmaka-śāstra), Upper Fascicle (not glossed for sounds and meanings)

73.51

Lower Fascicle

73.52

Chop and hold (剉持: qie plus wo fanqie [cuò]. The Shuowen says: "Cuo (剉) means to cut and wound." Cuo here is like chopping).

73.53

Shout and call out (㖑喚: hu plus jie fanqie [xiè]. The Yunji writes 㖑; xie means to scold. The Cangjie xungu writes 唉, meaning the sound of anger. The Tongsuwen writes 譮, meaning speaking loudly. Xie is like xieduo [shouting indignantly], and huanxie [calling out loudly], both being this).

73.54

Exhale breath / sigh (噫氣: yi plus jie fanqie [yì]. The Shuowen says: "Yi (噫) means emitting breath.")

73.55

Abhidharmāvatāra-śāstra (Treatise Entering the Abhidharma), Upper Fascicle

73.56

Compiled by the śramaṇa Huilin

73.57

Perfect square (畟方: chu plus li fanqie [cè]. As for 'cefang', it is a common colloquialism both within and outside China; it means having four sides completely equal, a distinct square. The Gujin zhengzi says: classified under 田 [field], 人 [person], and 夂 [walking slowly]; pronounced suī, an associative compound character, picturing the squareness of a field).

73.58

Hare-net and snare (罝弶: the upper character is jing plus ye fanqie [jiē], sound identical to jie (嗟). The hare-net [tuoju] is a net used to catch hares. The Mao Classic of Poetry says: 'Carefully placed are the hare-nets, hammered in with rhythmic thuds [ding-ding],' which is this. The Commentary says: 'A hare-net is a net for hares.' Guo's commentary on the Erya says: 'Ju (罝) is like blocking [遮].' The Shuowen says: classified under 网 [net], with 且 phonetic. The lower character is qiang plus liang fanqie [jiàng]. The jiang (弶) is an implement for capturing birds and beasts, where a large wooden bow has a noose attached to it along a beast's trail, with a trigger mechanism to snare and catch it. The Shuowen says: classified under 弓 [bow] and abbreviated phonetic 掠).

73.59

Shame and remorse (慙媿: the upper character is zang plus han fanqie [cán]; the lower character is gui plus wei fanqie [kuì]. These have already been repeatedly explained in the preceding Sounds and Meanings. In the treatise text it is written 慚愧, which is also acceptable).

73.60

Courageous and fierce (勇悍: han plus an fanqie [hàn]. The Shuowen says: "Han (悍) means fierce; classified under 心 [mind], with 旱 phonetic." Sometimes written with the hand radical as 捍, or with the hand/dog radicals as [旱*支] or 猂, all of which are acceptable).

73.61

Glue and lacquer (膠漆: the upper character is jiao plus you fanqie [jiāo]. The Kaogongji says: 'Deer glue is bluish-white; horse glue is reddish-white; ox glue is also red; rat glue is black; fish glue is sticky bait; rhinoceros glue is yellow.' Zheng says: 'All refer to boiling and extracting from their skins to make it, or boiling down their horns into a paste.' Gu Yewang says: 'Glue is that which connects and binds things together so that they adhere to each other.' The commentary to the Mao Classic of Poetry says: 'Glue means firm.' The Shuowen says: classified under 肉 [meat], with 翏 phonetic; liu is jing plus you fanqie [liù]).

73.62

Hesitating / pacing back and forth (躊蹰: the upper character is chang plus liu fanqie [chóu], also pronounced chi [chí], both acceptable. The Han Poetry says: 'Loving as if out of sight, clasping hands and hesitating [chouchu].' Chichu (踟蹰) is like pacing back and forth [躑䠱]. Sometimes written 踟蹰, meaning wandering to and fro. The Gujin zhengzi says both are classified under 足 [foot], phono-semantic characters).

73.63

Treatise, Lower Fascicle

73.64

A, I, U (𧙃贀隖: the upper character 𧙃 is a plus ke fanqie [a]; the middle character 贀 is yi plus yi fanqie [i]; the lower character 隖 is wu plus gu fanqie [u]. These three characters are Sanskrit sounds. In the treatise text, the two characters ai (哀) and yi (壹) are written, which are scribal errors in copying; moreover, one character, wu (隖), has dropped out. The intent of the treatise is to explain the three bodies [kāya] of words, phrases, and syllables [nāmakāya, padakāya, vyañjanakāya], etc. These three are distinct from one another, just like the three characters A, I, and U, analogous to the three eyes on the face of the heavenly king Maheśvara. The Nirvāṇa Sūtra also fully clarifies this principle: their essence is one but their functions differ, and if one is missing, none is possible; together they form a single meaning, termed the three collections of bodies).

73.65

Tattvasiddhi-śāstra, Fascicle One

73.66

Xuanying

73.67

Chop with an axe (斲斧: in ancient script written [訊-言+畫], the same; zhu plus jiao fanqie [zhuó]. The Shuowen says: "Zhuo (斲) means to chop [斫]. Zhuo means an axe [斤].")

73.68

Zhenfu (鈂扶: zhang plus xin fanqie [zhèn]. The name of a non-Buddhist who followed the Buddha for twelve years before his faculties finally matured).

73.69

Fascicles Two and Three (previously not glossed for sounds)

73.70

Fascicle Four

73.71

Squeeze and press (𮊞搦: also written 泲, the same; zi plus li fanqie [jǐ]. The Guangya says: "Ji (齊) means to strain," referring to squeezing out its juice. In the treatise text it is written 擠, zi plus yi fanqie [jǐ], meaning to push aside, which is not the meaning here. The lower character has the two fanqie readings of nu plus ge [nè] and nu plus zhuo [zhuò]; nuo (搦) means to hold or grasp. The pronunciation of lu [漉, to strain] is lu [lù]).

73.72

Pain and numbness (疼痺: also written 痋 and 𦙭, two forms the same; tu plus dong fanqie [téng]. The Shenglei writes 癑. The Shuowen says: "Teng (疼) means moving pain." The lower character is fang plus er fanqie [bì]. The Cangjie pian says: "Lack of feeling in the hands and feet." In the treatise text, bi (痺) is a dampness disease; what is now called cold numbness [lengbi] and wind numbness [fengbi] are both this).

73.73

Stupefied (𢛡: borrowed sound of mao [mào]; mao means suffocated or dazed, meaning one's appearance is as if dead, and hence it is named from this).

73.74

Medicine and acupuncture stones (藥石: attacking illness is called yao [medicine]. In high antiquity people used stones as needles; modern people use iron; both refer to that which cures illness).

73.75

Drum and drumstick (鼓桴: according to the imperial examination of the ancient script in official texts, the two characters 枹 and 桴 are of the same form; sound fu plus jiu fanqie [fú]. It means a drumstick. The Shuowen says: "Fu (枹) is the handle for striking a drum.")

73.76

Gourd ladle and spoon (瓢杓: also written [(栗-木+夸)*爪], the same; pi plus yao fanqie [piáo]. The Sancang says: "A piao (瓢) is a gourd ladle." South of the hills it is called a piao-xi (瓢𢹍); the people of Shu call it a xi-li (𢹍蟸). The lower character is also written 勺, the same; shi plus ruo fanqie [sháo], that which can be used to scoop food. 𢹍 is pronounced xi [xī]; 蠡 is pronounced lang plus di fanqie [lǐ]).

73.77

Eye-probe / comb (眼篦: bu plus xi fanqie [bì]. The Xiaoxue zhang says: "A bi (篦) is a comb-brush." Nowadays eyebrow combs and combs inserted into hair are all of this kind).

73.78

Fascicle Five

73.79

Mutual contact / prodding (相棖: also written 樘, 𰕋, and 𢾊, three forms the same; wen plus yu fanqie [wǔ]. Cheng (棖) means to touch or bump; it also means teasing and prodding).

73.80

Fascicle Six

73.81

Fetters and handcuffs (桎梏: zhi plus yi fanqie [zhì]; the lower character is gu plus lu fanqie [gù]. Being on the hands is called zhi [handcuffs]; being on the feet is called gu [fetters]; referring to shackles and manacles).

73.82

Like eyelashes (如睫: the Shuowen writes 䀹; the Shiming writes 𣮌, the same; zi plus ye fanqie [jié], hairs beside the eyes. In the countryside of Shandong it is pronounced zi plus ji fanqie [jí]. In the treatise text it is written in the two incorrect forms 𣰍 and 𣯮).

73.83

Fascicle Seven

73.84

Sandgrouse (鵽鳥: zhu plus gua fanqie [zhuò]. The Erya commentary says: 'The present-day duo (鵽) is as large as a pigeon, or some say like a quail, resembling a female pheasant, with feet like a rat lacking a hind toe, and a forked tail. As a bird it is stupid and hasty, flying in flocks, coming from the northern desert regions. Its meat is delicious. Commonly called the Turk sparrow [Tujue que]. It lives among wormwood.' Han [憨] is hu plus lan fanqie [hān]).

73.85

Fascicle Eight (not glossed previously).

73.86

Fascicle Nine

73.87

Hut (舍廬, *lu*, fanqie: 力居): a detached dwelling, also meaning temporary lodging. The Yellow Emperor built huts (*lu*) in order to avoid cold and heat; leaving them in spring and autumn, and dwelling in them during winter and summer.

73.88

Tripod-supported vessel (入支, *zhi*, fanqie: 只移): this is a water pitcher of the heterodox non-Buddhists. It is round like a calabash, lacking feet, and three sticks are crossed together to support the jar. In various sūtras, it is sometimes referred to as 'holding a three-branched upright stand' or 'a three-pronged upright stand', all of which are this. In the treatise text, it is written as 鈘, which is incorrect.

73.89

Golden spear (金槍, *qiāng*, fanqie: 千羊): The *Explanations of the Cangjie Pian* says: 'A piece of wood sharp at both ends is called a *qiāng*.' The *Shuowen jiezi* states: 'A *qiāng* is a barrier.' In the treatise text, it is written as 鏘, which is not the proper character.

73.90

Fascicle Ten

73.91

Lance and spear (𥎞矛: the first character has the fanqie 麤鸞, *cuān*, meaning to thrust or hurl; the second character is also written in the two forms 𨥨 and 𢦵, both with the fanqie 莫侯, *móu*): The *Shuowen jiezi* says: 'A spear is two *zhang* in length.'

73.92

Dog bite (狗齩: also written as 䶧, both with the fanqie 五狡, *jiǎo*, a Guanzhong pronunciation): The *Shuowen jiezi* says: '䶧 means to gnaw bones.' The *Guangya* says: '䶧 means to gnaw.' The commentary notes: 'In the south it is called 齩 (*yǎo*).'

73.93

Whirlpool (㳬澓: the first character has the fanqie 似緣, *xuán*, and the *Shuowen jiezi* says it means a whirling abyss; the second character is also written in the forms 復 and 垘, all with the fanqie 扶福, *fú*, meaning deep, or whirling water).

73.94

Shoots and sprouts (栽[檎-离+辛]: the first character has the fanqie 則才, *zāi*; the second is anciently written in the three forms 𣡌, 㮆, and 木, now written as 櫱, all with the fanqie 五割, *è*): The *Erya* states: '㮆 means remainder, or to bear; it refers to a tree's leftover growth that sprouts renewed shoots (*zāi*).'

73.95

Fascicle Eleven

73.96

Pungent roots (葷辛, *hūn*, fanqie: 許雲): The *Cangjie pian* says: '*Hūnxīn* are pungent vegetables. Any foodstuff that is pungent and foul-smelling is called *hūn*.'

73.97

Fascicle Twelve

73.98

Orphaned and solitary (孤煢: anciently written in the two forms 惸 and 濚, both with the fanqie 渠營, *qióng*): Being without a father is called *gū* (orphan); being without sons is called *dú* (solitary); being without brothers is called *qióng* (destitute/alone). *Qióng* means single; *qióngqióng* means having nowhere to rely upon. The character is composed of 卂 and the abbreviated phonetic 營; 卂 has the fanqie 雖閏 (*xùn*).

73.99

Dying of heatstroke (暍死: also written in the two forms [病-丙+(曷-人+乂)] and 暍, both with the fanqie 於歇, *yē*): The *Zilin* says: 'Harm from heat; it means being distressed and stifled by heat injury to the point of near death.' Furthermore, when red and purple [garments] are damaged by the wind and lose their color, this character 暍 is also used.

73.100

Fascicle Thirteen and Fascicle Fourteen (not glossed previously).

73.101

Fascicle Fifteen

73.102

Not only (不啻, *chì*, fanqie: 施豉): The *Cangjie pian* says: '*Bùchì* means many.'

73.103

A crossbeam (一桄: anciently written in the two forms 橫 and 𤗶, now written as 桄, both with the fanqie 古黃, *guāng*; the *Shenglei* writes it as 輄): the horizontal timber beneath a cart. Today the crossbeams beneath carts, beds, ladders, and palanquins are all called *guāng*.

73.104

Fascicle Sixteen

73.105

Ape (猨猴: also written as 蝯, both with the fanqie 禹煩, *yuán*): It resembles a macaque but is larger, with long arms; its color is black or yellow, and its cry is very mournful. The *Gujin zhu* says: 'At five hundred years of age, an ape transforms into a *jué*; a *jué* lives for a thousand years.' *Jué* has the fanqie 居縛.

73.106

Hibernating creatures (蟄蟲, *zhí*, fanqie: 遲立): The *Shuowen jiezi* says: '*Zhí* means to hide away.' Short-haired beasts, such as bears and brown bears, also hibernate.

73.107

Fascicle Seventeen

73.108

Investigate and examine (考檢, *kǎo*, fanqie: 苦老): meaning to verify and cross-examine; to interrogate.

73.109

Earthen mound / boundary marker (土封, *fēng*, fanqie: 甫龍): raising earth to mark a boundary is called *fēng*; a heap of earth.

73.110

Then it dries (則晞: also written as 烯, both with the fanqie 虛衣, *xī*): The *Zilin* says: '*Xī* means dry.' The *Fangyan* says: '*Xī* means to expose to the sun; between northern Yan and the Haidai region, exposing to the sun is called *xī*.'

73.111

Using a spade (用剗: also written as 鏟, both with the fanqie 初眼, *chǎn*): The *Shuowen jiezi* says: 'A flat iron tool.' The *Tongsu wen* says: 'Working wooden boards is called *chǎn*; it is a tool with a square blade fitted with a handle.'

73.112

Brooding on eggs (抱卵: the standard character form is written 菢, also written 包, both with the fanqie 蒲[曰/月], *bào*): The *Tongsu wen* says: 'A hen brooding on eggs is called *bào* in northern Yan; east of the Jiang it is called *xū* (*xū* has the fanqie 央富, *yù*; *fú* has the fanqie 輔又, *fù*).'

73.113

Hatching out of the shell ([穀-(一/禾)+(夕*(ㄗ@、))]出: also written as 殼, both with the fanqie 口角, *qiào*, pronounced *kù* in the Wu-Kuai region): the hard exterior of an egg. While still inside the egg, it is called the shell (*qiào*).

73.114

Fascicle Eighteen, Fascicle Nineteen, and Fascicle Twenty (not glossed previously).

73.115

Treatise on the Establishment of the World Abhidharma (*Lokasthiti-abhidharma-śāstra*), Fascicle One

73.116

Compiled by Xuanying

73.117

Viśākhā (毘舍佉: or written 鼻奢佉, translated here as 'Divergent Branch', which is the constellation Di [Root / Libra]; named after the lunar mansion under which she was born. Note that in the Western Regions, many are named after this).

73.118

Mṛgāramātṛ (鹿子母: in Sanskrit *Mṛgāra*, also meaning 'deer', and *mātā*, meaning 'mother'; *prāsāda* here means a hall, or a palace. The old transcription *Mójiāluómǔ-táng* [hall of Mother Mṛgāra] is a corrupt abbreviation).

73.119

Whimpering and roaring (嚘吼: the first character has the fanqie 於牛, *yōu*; the second has the fanqie 呼狗, *hǒu*; both are sounds).

73.120

Jambū (剡浮: with the fanqie 以𮉼, *yán*; or called Jambudvīpa, or written 譫浮, or called 贍部, all of which are corrupt phonetic shifts from Sanskrit. *Jambū* takes its name from the tree; *dvīpa* is abbreviated, properly to be stated as *dvīpa* [提鞞波], which translates here as 'continent').

73.121

Lump and knot (瘤節, *liú*, fanqie: 力周): The *Tongsu wen* says: 'Protruding flesh is called a *liú*'; this refers to flesh rising up like the knots on a tree.

73.122

Reaching the shoulder blade (至胛: also written as 胛, both with the fanqie 古狹, *jiǎ*): The *Shuowen jiezi* says: 'Having shoulder blades; *jiǎ* means the shoulder blade.' Just below, it should properly be written as 甲.

73.123

Rearing up the body (聳身: anciently written in the three forms 竦, 𢥠, and 慫, now written as 聳, both with the fanqie 須奉 and 所誦, *sǒng*): The *Guangya* says: '*Sǒng* means to rise high; to leap.'

73.124

Śītavana charnel ground (尸陀林: properly spoken as *Śītavana*, translated here as 'Cool Grove'. The forest is secluded, remote, and cold, taking its name from that. It is located beside Rājagṛha, where many corpses of the dead are sent. Nowadays, places where corpses are abandoned are called *śītavana* by adopting this name).

73.125

Provide and sustain (供贍: in the *Shenglei*, the character is written as 𩟋, both with the fanqie 時焰, *shàn*, meaning to assist; the character dictionary says that *shàn* means sufficient, referring to providing adequately).

73.126

Feed and nourish (養𩚅: the *Shuowen jiezi* gives the fanqie 囚志, *sì*; 𩚅 means provisions; the *Guangya* says: '𩚅 means to feed'; the *Explanations of the Cangjie Pian* states: '𩚅 means to satisfy with food'; giving food to others is called 𩚅. In the treatise text, it is written as 飴, with the fanqie 弋之, which is an ancient phonetic loan and not the proper character).

73.127

Fascicle Two

73.128

Trickling down (溜墮, *liù*, fanqie: 力救): The *Explanations of the Cangjie Pian* says: '*Liù* refers to water hanging and dripping down.'

73.129

Roadside islet (路渚, *zhǔ*, fanqie: 之與): The *Erya* says: 'A small islet is called a *zhǔ*.' Li Xun says: 'Surrounded by water on four sides, uniquely elevated and inhabitable, hence it is called a *zhǔ*.'

73.130

Ploughshare (犁鏵: anciently written in the two forms 㭉 and 鏵, now as 釫, and in ancient bizarre characters as 鋘, all with the fanqie 下𢆰𤓰, *huá*; the blade of a plough): The *Shuowen jiezi* says: 'A double-edged spade.'

73.131

River bank (江浦, *pǔ*, fanqie: 匹戶): The *Mao Commentary on the Shijing* says: 'Inspecting this bank of the Huai.' The commentary states: 'A *pǔ* is a water's edge.'

73.132

Grind and sharpen (磨礪: in character glossaries, it is now written as 厲, both with the fanqie 力制, *lì*): The *Shanhai jing* states: 'Mount Yanzici has many whetstones.' Guo Pu says: 'That is, grinding stones.' The *Shangshu* states: 'If you are metal, I will use you as a whetstone.' Kong Anguo says: 'A fine whetstone (*dǐ*) is finer than a coarse whetstone (*lì*); both can be used to sharpen blades.' *Dǐ* has the sound *zhī*.

73.133

Pitfall trap (坑穽: anciently written in the two forms 阱 and 汬, both with the fanqie 慈性, *jìng*): The *Guangya* says: 'Digging a pit.' The *Shuowen jiezi* says: 'A *jìng* is a large pitfall.' The *Rites of Zhou* states: 'The Pitfall Official takes charge of spring orders to dig pitfalls.' Zheng Xuan says: 'It refers to digging trenches in the ground in order to ward off beasts or make them fall in when they attempt to leap over.'

73.134

Leaning and crooked (敧仄: also written in the three forms [翅-羽+奇], 𢻪, and 崎, all with the fanqie 丘知, *qī*, meaning not upright): The *Shuowen jiezi* says: 'Tilted and unsteady, unable to stand long.'

73.135

Wasps and scorpions (蜂蠆, *chài*, fanqie: 丑芥): poisonous insects. East of the mountains they are called scorpions (*xiē*); west of Shan[xian] they are called 𧓵𱿴 (*bǐhé* and *lìhé*).

73.136

Battlements (俾倪: also written in the two forms 㪏堄, and in the *Sancang* in the two forms 䫌倪, both with the fanqie 普米 and 五禮, *bìnì*): The *Guangya* says: '*Bìnì* are parapets, low rampart walls.' The *Picang* says: 'Small walls on top of a city wall.' The *Shiming* says: '*Bìnì* are the walls on top of a rampart; through their apertures one peeps (*bìnì*) for emergencies. They are also called *pí*, meaning supporting (*bì*) the height of the wall. Some call them parapet walls (literally: 'women's walls'), indicating they are low and small, comparable to women compared to men. Some name them *dié*, taking the sense of layered overlapping.'

73.137

Jewelled palisade (寶柵, *shān*, fanqie: 叉百): The *Shuowen jiezi* says: 'A palisade (*shān*) is woven vertical posts.' The *Tongsu wen* says: 'A wooden fence is called a *shān*.'

73.138

Drifting and bobbing (泛漾: the first character has the fanqie 𢾭劒, *fàn*; the second character has the fanqie 翼尚, *yàng*; note that *fànyàng* means rocking and tossing about).

73.139

Precious casket (寶凾, *hán*, fanqie: 胡緘): meaning a case for storing sūtra scriptures and various articles. In the treatise text, it is written as 涵, with the fanqie 胡甘, *hán*, which means moist and soaked; 涵 is not appropriate for this usage.

73.140

Little grebe (鸊鷈: the first character has the fanqie 薜覓, *bì*; the second has the fanqie 他奚, *tí*): The *Fangyan* says: 'Small wild ducks that like to submerge into water are called *bìtí* beyond Southern Chu. The larger ones are called *gūtí*; their fat can be used to polish blades.'

73.141

Splashing water (水湔: also written as 㵶, both with the fanqie 子見, *jiān*): The *Tongsu wen* says: 'Water moistening sideways is called *jiān*.' South of the Jiang, it is pronounced with the fanqie 子旦 (*zàn*).

73.142

Lowering oneself by rope (自縋: also written as 硾, both with the fanqie 直偽, *zhuì*): The *Shuowen jiezi* says: 'Using a rope to hang and lower something.' The *Guangya* says: '*Zhuì* means using a rope to let something down narrow spaces.'

73.143

Singing songs (謳歌: the first character is also written as 慪, both with the fanqie 於侯, *ōu*): The *Shuowen jiezi* says: 'Singing in unison is called *ōu*.' The *Guangya* says: '*Ōu* means rejoicing.' The *Erya* says: 'Singing without instruments is called a ballad (*yáo*).'

73.144

Pillar base (柱礎, *chǔ*, fanqie: 初舉): The *Huainanzi* states: 'When mountain clouds steam, pillar bases grow moist.' Xu Shuzhong [Xu Shen] says: 'The people of Chu call the plinth beneath a pillar a *chǔ*.' Plinth (市𥖽) is pronounced with the fanqie 思亦 (*sì*).

73.145

Market stalls (市廛: [廛 has the fanqie] 直連 [zhílián]. The Liji says: 'Provide market stalls without levying tax on them.' Zheng Xuan says: 'A chán is a storehouse for market goods; chán also means to reside.' The Fangyan says: 'Between Eastern Qi and the Hai-Dai region, to dwell is called chán.')

73.146

Sound of the reed-pipe (笳聲: [笳 is] also written as 葭; both are [fanqie] 古遐 [gǔxiá]. Among modern musical instruments, the jiā is made by rolling reed leaves and blowing into them; hence its name.)

73.147

Rafters (椽桷: [椽 is fanqie] 馳宜 [chíyí]; the second character [桷 is fanqie] 古學 [gǔxué]. Note that chuán, jué, cuī, and liǎo refer to one and the same object; they are broadly different names. 桷 is pronounced 角 [jiǎo]; 榱 is pronounced 衰 [cuī]; 橑 is pronounced 老 [lǎo].)

73.148

Pond (池沼: [沼 is fanqie] 之遶 [zhīrào]. The Cangjie jiegu says: 'A zhǎo is a pond.')

73.149

Fascicle Three

73.150

Flower bud (花莟: [莟 is] also written as 萏; both are [fanqie] 胡感 [húgǎn]. It refers to a flower that has not yet opened.)

73.151

Fascicle Four

73.152

Dhṛtarāṣṭra (提頭賴吒: also said as Tidaluozha [提多羅吒] or Diliduohalazha [弟黎多曷囉吒]; translated here as 'Guardian of the Realm' [持國者]. He commands the gandharvas and piśācas [or pishizhe 臂奢柘], which are the superior ones among hungry ghosts.)

73.153

Up to / even (迺至: [迺 is fanqie] 奴改 [nǔgǎi]. The Erya says: 'Nǎi [迺] means nǎi [乃].' Guo Pu says: '迺 is also the character 乃.' The Cangjie pian says: '迺 means to go; it means far.')

73.154

Virūḍhaka (毘留勒叉: also named Pili [毗離], or said as Pilouluochajia [毘樓勒叉迦], or said as Biliuchajia [鼻溜茶迦]; translated here as 'Increase and Growth' [增長]. He commands the kumbhāṇḍas and pretas. Kumbhāṇḍas are also called jiupancha [鳩盤茶]; their bodies are pot-shaped and their heads resemble wax gourds. Pretas are also named boliduo [薜茘多]; they are the inferior ones among hungry ghosts.)

73.155

Virūpākṣa (毗留博叉: also named Pilouboxia [毘僂愽叉] or Biliupo'aren [鼻溜波阿人]; translated here as 'Diverse Words' [雜語] or 'Ugly-eyed' [醜眼]. He commands dragons and pūtanas. Pūtanas are the superior ones among foul-smelling hungry ghosts.)

73.156

Vaiśravaṇa (毘沙門: also said as Pisheluobona [鞞舍囉婆拏]; translated here as 'Apart from Hearing' [離聞], also called 'Universal Gate' [普門], or 'Much Hearing' [多聞]. This king is the wealthiest; precious goods appear naturally to him. He commands yakṣas and rākṣasas. Yakṣa is translated here as 'harming' [傷], meaning they are able to harm people. Rākṣasa is also said as luochasuo [羅叉娑].)

73.157

Fascicle Five

73.158

Pennants and banners (幡幟: the ancient graph is [巾*(土/心)]; both are [fanqie] 昌志 [chāngzhì]. The Tongsu wen says: 'A personal insignia is called a zhì; a zhì is a standard.' The Guangya says: 'A zhì is a pennant.' Mozi says: 'A banner is one zhang and five chi long, and half a bolt wide.')

73.159

Cūḍā (周羅: translated here as 'small', referring to a small topknot.)

73.160

Cauldrons and kettles (釜鍑: the two characters have the fanqie 方目 [fāngmù] and 甫救 [fǔjiù]. The Fangyan says: 'A fù is sometimes called a lì.' The Shuowen says: 'A fù is like a cauldron but with a wide rim.' The Sancang says: 'A fù is a small cauldron.' 鬲 is pronounced 歷 [lì].)

73.161

Ladle-dipper (𢹍者: also written in the two forms 𢬾 and [虛*瓜]; all are [fanqie] 許宜 [xǔyí]. The Fangyan says: 'A luó is sometimes called a xǐ. Today in Jiangnan, a ladle is called a xǐ.' The Sancang says: 'A chān is a ladle.' The Guangya says: '[虛*瓜] is a gourd ladle.' The treatise text writes [打-丁+(羲-ㄎ+乃)], which is not standard orthography.)

73.162

Qin ox (𤚩牛: pronounced 秦 [qín]. The Zilü says it is the name of an ox.)

73.163

Narrow-minded and stingy (褊吝: [褊 is fanqie] 卑湎 [bēimiǎn]. The Shuowen says: 'Biǎn means small.' The Erya says: 'Jí-biǎn means hasty and hurried; it means narrow.')

73.164

Fascicle Six (no glosses previously provided)

73.165

Fascicle Seven

73.166

Camp follower (兵廝: also written as 㒋; both are [fanqie] 思移 [sīyí]. The Guangya says: 'Sī refers to being ordered on an errand.' The character books say: 'Sī means menial labor, referring to base servants.' The Hanshu says: 'Servants and camp followers.' Zhang Yan says: 'Sī means petty.' Wei Zhao says: 'Splitting firewood; tending fires and cooking food is called yǎng.')

73.167

Fascicle Eight

73.168

Mountain clatter (山磕: [磕 is fanqie] 苦盍 [kǔhé]. The Shuowen says: 'The sound of stones; also a loud crash.' Today in Jiangnan, whenever an object is struck and shattered, it is called kēpò.)

73.169

Spade-axe (鐇斧: [鐇 is fanqie] 府袁 [fǔyuán]. The Picang says: 'A fán is a spade.')

73.170

Like reaping (如芟: [芟 is fanqie] 所巖 [suǒyán], meaning to cut grass. The Shijing commentaries say: 'Shān means to clear grass away.')

73.171

Sharp and stinging pain (痛辣: [辣 is fanqie] 力達 [lìdá]. The Tongsu wen says: 'Extremely pungent is called là.' The treatise text writes 剌, which is nonstandard.)

73.172

Boiled to death (烹殺: [烹 is fanqie] 普羹 [pǔgēng]. Pēng means to boil. The Fangyan says: 'Pēng means to cook through. South of Mount Song, between the Chen and Ying rivers, it is called pēng.' The Yili says: 'Whenever boiling in a cauldron, it is called pēng.')

73.173

Like dog-bitten (如㺗: [㺗 is fanqie] 察閑 [cháxián]. The Picang says: 'A dog biting.' Note that shì means to bite; the character has the dog radical.)

73.174

Four corners (四棱: [棱 is fanqie] 力增 [lìzēng]. The Shuowen says: 'Léng means gū.' 柧 is pronounced 孤 [gū]. The Tongsu wen also says: 'Having four corners is a léng; having eight corners is a gū.')

73.175

Ke cane (萪藤: [萪 is fanqie] 苦和 [kǔhé]. The Nanhai zhi says: 'Ke is the name of a cane.')

73.176

Pangolin (陵鯉: [陵 is fanqie] 閭蒸 [lǘzhēng]. The línglǐ is the name of a fish [scaled creature]; it has feet, is produced in the south, and dwells on land.)

73.177

Or an otter (或獺: the two fanqie readings are 他曷 [tāhé] and 他鎋 [tāxiá]. It resembles a small dog, lives in water, and eats fish. The treatise text writes 狙, which is [fanqie] 都達 [dūdá], the name of a beast; 狙 is not the appropriate character here.)

73.178

Or a hedgehog (或蝟: also written as 彙; both are [fanqie] 于貴 [yúguì]. There are rabbit-hedgehogs, rat-hedgehogs, and the like.)

73.179

Stripping skin (褫皮: the two fanqie readings are 勅爾 [chì'ěr] and 直紙 [zhízhǐ]. The Guangya says: 'Chǐ means to strip.' The Shuowen says: 'To strip clothes.' Here it means stripping off its skin.)

73.180

Bamboo mat (竹笪: [笪 is fanqie] 都達 [dūdá]. The Shuowen says: 'A dá is a ruò.' Ruò is pronounced 若 [ruò], the name for bamboo skin. Guo Pu's commentary to the Fangyan says: 'In Jiangdong, a coarse reed mat with straight weave is called dá, while one with diagonal weave is called fěi; another name is hángtáng.' 𥳊 is pronounced 廢 [fèi]; 筕 is [fanqie] 胡郎 [húláng]; 篖 is pronounced 唐 [táng].)

73.181

Pinching and biting (掐齧: [掐 is fanqie] 口狹 [kǒuxiá]. Hurting with fingernails is called qiā. The Yunji writes 㓣, which is [fanqie] 口洽 [kǒuqià], meaning to enter.)

73.182

Iron trough (鐵艚: also written as 槽; both are [fanqie] 在勞 [zàiláo]. The Shenglei says: 'A cáo is a vessel for feeding pigs.')

73.183

Pounding and hulling (舂䑗: [舂 is fanqie] 尺容 [chǐróng]; the second character [䑗 is fanqie] 徒朗 [túlǎng]. The Shiben says: 'Yongwen invented the mortar and pestle'; he was a minister of the Yellow Emperor. The Guangya says: 'Tǎng means to pound.' The Yunji says: 'Fá and tǎng mean to hull rice.' Currently in the Central Plains it is called fá, while in Jiangnan it is called tǎng. The treatise text writes 蕩, which is nonstandard orthography. 䑔 is pronounced 伐 [fá], meaning light pounding.)

73.184

Curd vat (酪㼚: also written as 堈; both are [fanqie] 古郎 [gǔláng]. The Fangyan says: 'A gāng is an earthen jar.' Today in Jiangdong, large earthenware jars are universally called gāng.)

73.185

Brain splatters (腦濺: also written as 潛; both are [fanqie] 子旦 [zǐdàn]. The Sancang says: 'To stain and splatter.' In Jiangnan they say qián; in Shandong they say jiān, with the fanqie 子見 [zǐjiàn].)

73.186

Frying and stir-frying (煎炒: the ancient script has four forms: 𩱦, 𭴥, 焣, and 𤌉; also written as 𱆏. Cui Shi's Simin yueling writes 炒; the Gujin zhengzi writes 𤍕; the character is uniformly [fanqie] 初絞 [chūjiǎo]. The Fangyan says: 'To parching, simmering, frying, and thoroughly drying by fire.' The Shuowen says: 'To parch.')

73.187

Sharp skewer (利丳: the Ziyuan gives the fanqie 初眼 [chūyǎn], referring to a skewer used to pierce meat for roasting. 籤 is [fanqie] 且廉 [qiělián].)

73.188

Alligator and water-lizard (鼉𩻙: [鼉 is fanqie] 大何 [dàhé]; the second character [𩻙 is fanqie] 五各 [wǔgè]. The Guangya says: 'The è is the name of a water animal, more than two zhang long, with four legs, resembling an alligator, with extremely sharp teeth; when birds or deer enter the water, it snaps their waists in two.')

73.189

White-necked crow (頸鴉: [鴉 is fanqie] 於牙 [yūyá]. A white-necked bird; in Guanzhong it is named āyǎ. The Erya says: 'The xuésī is a white-necked daw.' Guo Pu says: 'A yǎ is a crow, small, flying in flocks, with a white belly; in Jiangdong it is called a pīwū.' 鵯 is pronounced 疋 [pǐ].)

73.190

Hawk and osprey (應鶚: [鶚 is fanqie] 五各 [wǔgè]. A fierce bird of prey. The Shanhaijing says: 'Shaped like an eagle, but black with a white head, red feet and beak.')

73.191

Dagger (匕首: [匕 is fanqie] 補履 [bǔlǚ]. The name of a blade. The 'Kaogongji' in the Zhouli says: 'A dagger-sword has a blade three chi long and weighs two jin and one liang; it is light and handy to use.' Because its tip resembles a ladle, it is called a bǐshǒu. The Shiji says: 'Jing Ke grasped the dagger in his left hand', which is this.)

73.192

Wood shavings (木柿: [柿 is fanqie] 麩癈 [fūfèi]. The Cangjie pian says: 'A shì is a wood shaving.' The Shuowen says: 'Chips from whittling wood.' In Jiangnan they are called shì; in the Central Plains, zhá; in Shandong, pǔdòuzhá. 朴 is pronounced 𡥞 [pǔ]; 豆 means [small like a] bean.)

73.193

Iron stake (鐵杙: [杙 is fanqie] 余職 [yúzhí]. The Erya says: 'A small post is called a yì.' Guo Pu says: 'A yì is a stake.' The treatise text writes 弋, which is not the correct orthography.)

73.194

Killed with poison (鴆殺: [鴆 is fanqie] 除禁 [chújìn]. The Shanhaijing says: 'Mount Nüji has many zhèn birds.' Guo Pu says: 'It is as large as an eagle, purple-green in colour, with a red neck and beak, and eats snakes. Stirring wine with its feathers kills immediately upon drinking.')

73.195

Proclaiming orders (徇令: [徇 is fanqie] 辭俊 [cíjùn]. Xùn is like xún [to inspect/tour]. The Erya says: 'Xùn means all around.' The Shuowen says: 'Xùn means to go around showing.' Xùn also means to follow [循]; the character has the radical 彳 and is pronounced [with the fanqie] 恥亦 [chǐyì].)

Linked texts (1)

一切經音義 — 慧琳, Classical Chinese