一切經音義 87

English (machine translation) 87

Language: English

87.1

Compiled by the scripture-translating śramaṇa Huilin

Sounds for:
Po xie lun (Treatise Refuting Heterodoxy), two fascicles
Chongzheng lu (Record of Exalting Orthodoxy), fifteen fascicles
Zhenzheng lun (Treatise Discriminating the True), three fascicles
Shimen bianhuo lun (Treatise on Dispelling Delusion in Ten Gates), two fascicles

87.3

The above four treatises, in twenty-two fascicles, have their sounds treated in this fascicle.

87.4

Preface to the Po xie lun

87.5

Sounds by Huilin

87.6

Dark and deep (窅冥; the first character is pronounced with the fanqie 𦝫晈. The Shuowen says: "窅 means deep-set eyes; it takes the radical 穴 with 目 inside." Contemporary literati always use this character in their writings, taking only the meaning of depth, totally unaware that it is deeply contrary to proper principles and goes far astray. Sometimes it is written with 幼 as 窈; the commentary to the Mao Classic of Poetry says: "Quiet and secluded." The Shuowen says: "Deep and far-reaching." Regarding the meaning, this is still not quite correct. It properly should take [自/七] as [穴/自/匕]; this is the correct character for deep [in deep and dark]. People nowadays seldom use it, probably because they have never seen the original character. The Shuowen says: "[穴/自/匕] means dark and obscure; it takes 穴 with [自/匕] as phonetic"; [自/匕] has the same sound as above. It is also written as 杳).

87.7

Exposing and picking out (發擿; the second character is pronounced with the fanqie 汀歷. The Kaosheng says: "擿 means to scrape; it also means to poke out." The Gujin zhengzi note says: "With 才 and 適 as phonetic").

87.8

Retire and flee (𦘺遁; the second character is pronounced with the fanqie 屯頓. Wang Yi's commentary to the Chuci says: "遁 means to hide." The Guangya says: "To escape from the world." The Shuowen says: "To ascend as an immortal; another authority says it means to patrol; it takes the radical 辵 with 盾 as phonetic." In the Lun it is written as 盾 and 遯, which are vulgar characters).

87.9

Treatise on Refuting Errors (Poxie lun), Fascicle One

87.10

褫運 Stripping away luck: the first character is pronounced with the fanqie 池 + 尒. The Cang Jie says: '褫 (chǐ) means to take away completely.' The Shuowen says: 'To strip of / deprive.' It takes the cloth radical (衣) and 虒 for phonetic; 虒 is pronounced 断 (duàn).

87.11

洊雷 Repeated thunder: the first character is pronounced with the fanqie 前 + 薦. The Book of Changes (Zhouyi) says: 'Repeated thunder shakes.' Wang Bi says: '洊 (jiàn) means repeated.' The Shuowen writes it as 瀳, taking the water radical and 薦 for phonetic; it is also written as 荐.

87.12

憤懣 Indignant and resentful: the first character is pronounced with the fanqie 汾 + 吻; the second is pronounced with the fanqie 門 + 本. Wang Yi's commentary on the Chuci says: '懣 (mèn) also means indignant (憤).' The Cangjie pian says: 'Depressed / stifled (悶).' The Shuowen says: 'Vexed.' It takes the heart radical (心) and 滿 for phonetic. In ancient script it is written as [惹-右+兩], with the same meaning.

87.13

惄焉 Sorrows: the first character is pronounced with the fanqie 寧 + 歷; it is the standard character. The Mao Commentary to the Classic of Poetry says: '惄 (nì) means sorrow; it means longing.' The Shuowen says: 'Grief.' It takes the heart radical (心) and 叔 for phonetic.

87.14

磣黷 Gritty and stained: the first character is pronounced with the fanqie 初 + 錦; the second is pronounced 獨 (dú). Lu Ji's Eulogy of the Meritorious Officials of Han Gaozu has: 'Vast and boundless was the universe, gritty above and stained below; waves jolted the four seas, dust flew over the Five Peaks; the nine provinces hesitated, and the three luminaries altered their divinations.' The Gujin zhengzi states it takes the stone radical (石) and 參 for phonetic, or takes the earth radical (土) as 墋.

87.15

刁斗 Soldier's kettle: the first character is pronounced with the fanqie 鳥 + 聊; the second is pronounced with the fanqie 兜 + 偶. Meng Kang's commentary on the Book of Han says: 'It is made of bronze and holds one dou; by day it is used to cook food, and by night it is struck to alert the troops. It is carried along with the army, and kept in the armory at Xingyang; nowadays it has been changed to a bronze gong (zheng).' The Gujin zhengzi states: 'Both characters are pictographs, resembling a dipper with a handle.' The treatise's writing of it as 升 is an error.

87.16

哇歌 Lewd songs: the first character is pronounced with the fanqie 亞 + 佳. The Cangjie pian says: '哇 (wā) means to sing.' The Shenglei says: 'Flattering / seductive.' The Shuowen says: 'The sound of flattery.' It takes the mouth radical (口) and 圭 for phonetic; it is also written as 㰪.

87.17

白紈 Plain white silk: pronounced with the fanqie 換 + 巒. Xu Shuzhong says: '紈 (wán) means plain white silk (素).' The Shuowen says it takes the silk radical (糸) and 丸 for phonetic.

87.18

蔡愔 Cai Yin: pronounced with the fanqie 揖 + 淫; a person's name.

87.19

蠲嗜欲 Eliminating cravings and desires: the first character is pronounced with the fanqie 决 + 玄. The Kaosheng says: '蠲 (juān) means to cleanse; it means to remove.'

87.20

崆峒 Kongtong: the first character is pronounced 空 (kōng); the second is pronounced 同 (tóng). A mountain name; already explained under Fascicle Two of the Treatise on Discerning the Correct (Bianzheng lun) as a mountain in the sea.

87.21

婕妤 Lady of handsome fairness: the first character is pronounced with the fanqie 尖 + 葉; the second is pronounced with the fanqie 與 + 諸. The Shenglei says: '接[((嘹-口)-小)-日+(工/十)]; an official title for women.' The Shuowen says: 'Both characters take the woman radical (女); 疌 and 予 are both phonetic.'

87.22

闞澤 Kan Ze: the first character is pronounced with the fanqie 坎 + 濫, a departing tone character.

87.23

飾繪 Adorned paintings: the first character is pronounced with the fanqie 舒 + 力; the second is pronounced with the fanqie 回 + 外. Kong's commentary on the Book of Documents says: '繪 (huì) refers to the five colors.' Zheng's commentary on the Analects says: 'Paintings.' The Shuowen says it takes the silk radical (糸) and 貴 for phonetic; it is also written as 繪.

87.24

涿鹿 Zhuolu: the first character is pronounced 卓 (zhuó). Ying Shao's commentary on the Book of Han says: 'Zhuolu is the name of a county belonging to Shanggu, within the borders of present-day Yizhou.'

87.25

九癭 Nine goiters: pronounced with the fanqie 嬰 + 郢; a lump on the neck.

87.26

昏墊 Submerged in darkness: pronounced with the fanqie 佔 + 念; already explained in Fascicle Two of the Bianzheng lun. 佔 is pronounced with the fanqie 丁 + 焰.

87.27

妲已 Da Ji: the first character is pronounced with the fanqie 丹 + 捺; the second is pronounced with the fanqie 飢 + 擬. The favorite concubine of King Zhou [of the Shang]. The treatise's writing of it with the woman radical as 妃, pronounced with the fanqie 芳 + 微, is erroneous.

87.28

玁狁 Xianyun: the first character is pronounced with the fanqie 扻 + 斂; the second is pronounced 允 (yǔn). The Mao Commentary to the Classic of Poetry says: 'An ancient name for the northern Di barbarians.' Zheng's Commentary says: 'The Xiongnu.' The Wenzidian shuo's gloss is the same as above. Both take the dog radical (犬); 嚴 and 允 are both phonetic. The treatise writes it as 獫, pronounced with the fanqie 力 + 贍, which is erroneous.

87.29

汧渭 The Qian and Wei rivers: the first character is pronounced with the fanqie 遣 + 堅; the second is pronounced 謂 (wèi). Names of two rivers. The Book of Han commentary says: 'The Qian River originates north of Qianyang County and flows into the inlet of the Wei River.' The Shuowen says both characters take the water radical (水); 幵 and 胃 are both phonetic; 幵 is pronounced 堅 (jiān).

87.30

楊玠 Yang Jie: pronounced with the fanqie 皆 + 薤; a person's name.

87.31

𢏗篡 The usurpation by Hou Yi: the first character is pronounced with the fanqie 霓 + 計; the correct form is written with the bow radical (弓) as 𢏗. The second is pronounced with the fanqie 蒭 + 患. The Analects says: 'Yi was skilled in archery.' The Shuowen says: 'An archery officer under Emperor Ku; Shao Kang of the Xia extinguished him.' It takes the bow radical (弓) and 幵 for phonetic. The treatise writes it with the feather radical (羽) as 羿, which refers to a bird taking flight; though common usage has long adopted this, please examine it carefully: it is not the original character.

87.32

浞篡 The usurpation by Han Zhuo: the first character is pronounced with the fanqie 仕 + 角. The Zuo Commentary says: 'Among the slandering sons of the Boming clan was Han Zhuo, who was the one who killed Yi.'

87.33

綈衣 Heavy silk garments: the first character is pronounced with the fanqie 弟 + 奚. The Shuowen says: '綈 (tí) means thick silk.' It takes the silk radical (糸) and 弟 for phonetic.

87.34

Treatise on Refuting Errors (Poxie lun), Fascicle Two

87.35

溝洫 Drainage ditches: the second character is pronounced with the fanqie 兄 + 域; its meaning has already been explained in full in Fascicle Seven of the Bianzheng lun.

87.36

淴滑 Rushing and surging: the first character is pronounced 忽 (hū); the second is pronounced 骨 (gǔ). The Kaosheng says: '淴滑 describes the appearance of vast waters mingling and rushing. 滑 means chaotic; it refers to the swirling, turning, and surging torrent of waters being immense.'

87.37

磅礴 Vast and boundless: the first character is pronounced with the fanqie 薄 + 郎, appearing in Fascicle One of the Bianzheng lun; the second character is pronounced with the fanqie 蒲 + 莫. The Kaosheng says: 'Vast and great.'

87.38

依耐國 The country of Yinai: the middle character is pronounced 奈 (nài); it is Sanskrit.

87.39

嵐毘園 Lumbinī Park: the first character is pronounced with the fanqie 覽 + 含; it is Sanskrit.

87.40

爇除 Burned away and eliminated: the first character is pronounced with the fanqie 壖 + 拙. Du's commentary on the Zuo Commentary says: '𤑔 (ruò) means to burn.' The Shuowen writes it as 𤑔, taking the fire radical (火) and 執 for phonetic.

87.41

驊驑 The fine steed Hualiu: the first character is pronounced with the fanqie 畫 + 瓜; the second is pronounced 留 (liú). Guo Pu says: 'Hua refers to a color like a brilliant blossom and reddish.' The Mao Commentary to the Classic of Poetry says: 'A horse with a red body and black mane is called liu (騮).' It is also written as 𩤃.

87.42

八駿 Eight fine steeds: pronounced with the fanqie 遵 + 峻.

87.43

豺心 Jackal-like heart: the first character is pronounced with the fanqie 仕 + 皆; commonly written as 犲.

87.44

不悛 Refusing to reform: pronounced 銓 (quán). Kong's commentary on the Book of Documents says: '悛 (quān) means to reform.' The Shuowen says it takes the heart radical (心) and 夋 for phonetic.

87.45

尺鴳 Tiny quail: pronounced with the fanqie 鵶 + 諫; its meaning has already been explained in full in Fascicle Six of the Bianzheng lun.

87.46

井蛙 Frog in a well: pronounced with the fanqie 烏 + 佳; the correct form is written as 鼃. The Shenglei says: 'Toad (xiama).'

87.47

朝菌 Morning mushroom: the first character is pronounced with the fanqie 張 + 遙; the second is pronounced with the fanqie 群 + 隕. Guo's commentary on the Erya says: '菌 (jùn) is a ground mushroom, resembling a parasol.' The Zhuangzi says: 'The morning mushroom knows not the end and beginning of a month.' Sima Biao says: 'A short-lived mushroom.'

87.48

蟪蛄 Cicada (huigu): the first character is pronounced 惠 (huì); the second is pronounced 蛄 (gū). The Zhuangzi says: 'The huigu knows not spring or autumn.' The Shuowen says both characters take the insect radical (虫); 惠 and 古 are both phonetic.

87.49

婉娩 Gentle and compliant: the first character is pronounced with the fanqie 紆 + 阮; the second is pronounced 晚 (wǎn). The Mao Commentary to the Classic of Poetry says: '婉 (wǎn) means compliant.' Zheng Xuan says: '婉 refers to speech being compliant; 娩 (miǎn) speaks of charm, referring to one's countenance.' The Gujin zhengzi states both characters take the woman radical (女); 宛 and 免 are both phonetic.

87.50

盤古 Pan Gu: the first character is pronounced with the fanqie 伴 + 瞞; anciently also written as 估; it is the title of an ancient sovereign. The treatise's writing of it with the wood radical and half (半) as 柈 is erroneous.

87.51

蟬聯 Continuous link: the second character is pronounced 連 (lián). Gu Yewang says: '蟬聯 (chánlián) is an expression for continuing in succession.'

87.52

衮飾 Dragon-embroidered adornment: the first character is pronounced with the fanqie 公 + 本. Zheng Zhong's commentary on the Rites of Zhou says: '衮 (gǔn) is dragon robes.' Zheng Xuan says: 'Black robes painted with dragons.' The Erya says: '衮 means robes.' The Shuowen says: 'The robes with coiled dragons worn by the Son of Heaven when sacrificing to ancient kings, embroidered on the lower skirts, with a single coiled dragon per panel; it was the garment of high ministers.' The Shuowen says it takes the clothing radical (衣) and 公 for phonetic.

87.53

跬步 Half step: the first character is pronounced with the fanqie 窺 + 癸. The Book of Rites says: 'The gentleman does not dare to forget even for a single step.' The Fangyan says: 'Half a pace is a kui (跬).' The Shuowen says it takes the foot radical (足) and 圭 for phonetic.

87.54

憫殤 Grieving for premature death: the first character is pronounced with the fanqie 旻 + 隕. Du's commentary on the Zuo Commentary says: '憫 (mǐn) describes the appearance of sorrow.' The Lisao says: 'Grieved by the pity of deep sighs.' The Shuowen says it takes the heart radical (心) and 閔 for phonetic. The second character is pronounced with the fanqie 賞 + 章.

87.55

㧖腕 Wringing the wrists: the first character is pronounced with the fanqie 鸎 + 革. Dictionaries state: '㧖 (è) means to hold; it means to clasp.' The Shuowen writes it as 搹, taking the hand radical (手) and 鬲 for phonetic; 鬲 is pronounced 革 (gé). The treatise's writing of it as 扼 is a vulgar character. The second character is pronounced with the fanqie 烏 + 灌, which is the standard character. The Shuowen says: '[耳*(叉/手)] is the joint behind the palm of the hand; it takes the hand radical (手) and 𥄗 for phonetic.' 𥄗 is pronounced with the fanqie 冤 + 板. The treatise's writing of it as 腕 is a vulgar character.

87.56

抵掌 Clapping the hands: the first character is pronounced with the fanqie 之 + 尒. The Kaosheng says: '抵 (dǐ) means striking sideways; striking the edge of the hand into the palm.'

87.57

盱衡 Glaring and staring: the first character is pronounced with the fanqie 况 + 于. Guo Pu says: '盱 (xū) refers to raising the eyes.' The Cangjie pian says: 'Opening the eyes wide.' The Book of Han has: 'Glaring and looking fierce (xūhéng lìsè).' The Gujin zhengzi states it takes the eye radical (目) and 于 for phonetic.

87.58

煬帝 Emperor Yang: the first character is pronounced with the fanqie 羊 + 亮. The Posthumous Title Rules of the Sui Emperors state: 'Going against Heaven and tyrannizing the people is called yang; fondness for the inner court and neglecting governance is called yang.'

87.59

杓之 Pointing with the dipper's handle: the first character is pronounced with the fanqie 正 + 遙; it is the first star at the end of the Northern Dipper's handle.

87.60

補鼇 Mending the giant turtle: pronounced with the fanqie 𢾕 + 高. The Kaosheng says: 'A great turtle.' The treatise's writing of it as 螯 is a vulgar character and should not be used.

87.61

刊出 Carved out / excised: the first character is pronounced with the fanqie 偘 + 干. Du's commentary on the Zuo Commentary says: '刊 (kān) means to remove.' The Shuowen says it takes the knife radical (刀) and 干 for phonetic.

87.62

剗海 Levelling the seas: the first character is pronounced with the fanqie 察 + 簡. The Guangya says: '剗 (chǎn) means to plane away.' The Gujin zhengzi states it takes the knife radical (刀) and 戔 for phonetic.

87.63

縵瞼 Sluggish eyelids: the first character is pronounced with the fanqie 蠻 + 攀. The Kaosheng says: '縵 (màn) means slow / relaxed.' It is also written as 嫚. The treatise's writing of it with the eye radical (目) and 慢 is erroneous. The second character is pronounced with the fanqie 劒 + 奄.

87.64

咆勃 Roaring and bustling: the first character is pronounced with the fanqie 鮑 + 茅. The Guangya says: '咆 (páo) means to roar.' The Shuowen says: 'To howl.' It takes the mouth radical (口) and 包 for phonetic. The second character is pronounced with the fanqie 盆 + 沒. Gu Yewang says: '勃 (bó) means burgeoning and vigorous.' The Cangjie pian says: 'Sudden eruption.' The Gujin zhengzi states it takes the strength radical (力) and 孛 for phonetic.

87.65

耽湎 Indulging in drunkenness: the first character is pronounced with the fanqie 膽 + 甘; the second is pronounced with the fanqie 綿 + 褊.

87.66

蝍蛆 Centipede: the first character is pronounced with the fanqie 子 + 力; the second is pronounced with the fanqie 子 + 餘. The Fangyan says: 'The millipede.' The Gujin zhengzi states both characters take the insect radical (虫); 即 and 且 are phonetic.

87.67

Record in Upholding Orthodoxy (Chongzheng lu), Fascicle One

87.68

韋㡚 Leather short-sleeved jacket: pronounced with the fanqie 狗 + 侯. The Shiming says: 'A 㡚 (gòu) is an unlined garment without extra underarm cloth.' Dictionaries state: 'An upper garment.' Considering this, a leather gou is the leather garment worn by the Rong and Lu barbarians. The Gujin zhengzi states it takes the cloth radical (巾) and 冓 for phonetic; it is also written with the clothing radical (衣) as 褠, where 冓 has the same pronunciation as above.

87.69

毳幙 [felt tents]: The first character is read with the fanqie chang + rui. The second character has the sound of mu (幕). I note: Felt tents (cuimu) refer to felt tents and hair-woven tents of the barbarian border tribes.

87.70

𤡝牢 [prison]: The first character is read with the fanqie bing + xi. Wang Su's commentary on the Kongzi jiayu states: 'A 𤡝 is a prison.' The Jixun states: 'A 𤡝 is a prison; it is a caltrop barrier outside a gate.' The Kaosheng analyzes it as composed with the wood radical (木), not with the earth radical (土), written as 㯇, the name of a prison. In popular contemporary usage it is written with the bi radical (比) as 狴, which is erroneous. The Shuowen jiezi says: 'A prison; that which restrains.' It does not take phonetic sheng from an abbreviation of bi (陛). In the text of the treatise, written with the dog radical (犬) as 狴, it is mistaken.

87.71

酺醵 [drinking gatherings]: The first character is read with the fanqie bu + hu. The Shiji states: 'In the twenty-fifth year of the First Emperor, the empire had a great communal drinking party (pu) for five days.' Under Han law, if three or more persons gathered to drink without cause, they were fined four ounces of gold; on this occasion they were granted leave to gather and drink for five days. The second character is read with the fanqie qu + nüe. Zheng's commentary on the Liji states: 'Pooling money to drink wine.' The Shuowen jiezi says: 'Pu means the king's virtue spreading abroad, a great gathering for drinking wine, composed of the radical you (酉) and fu (甫) as phonetic. Ju means gathering to eat and drink; it is composed of the radical you (酉) and ju (豦) as phonetic.' It is also written as zuo (酢).

87.72

璿毫 [jade-fine]: The first character is read with the fanqie xuan + yuan. Guo Pu says: 'Xuan is the name of a gem.' The Mutianzi zhuan says: 'Among the treasures of Mount Chun are xuan pearls.' Gu Yewang says: 'It refers to the pearls contained within clam-shells.' The Shuowen jiezi says: 'A fine gem; composed of jade (玉) with rui (睿) as phonetic.' In the large seal script (Zhouwen) it is written as 壑, and in the ancient script (Guwen) as [瑛-央+間]. The second character is read with the fanqie hao + gao.

87.73

天授 [Tianshou era]: The second character is read with the fanqie chou + you. In the master copy of the treatise it is written with the unauthorized character [禾*(又/田)]. This was an unauthorized character invented during the court of Empress Wu (Zetian); it cannot be put into ordinary use, so it is not adopted here.

87.74

馭一境 [governing the entire region]: The first character is read with the fanqie yu + ju, identical in meaning with the character yu (御) here.

87.75

推揖 [bowing with clasped hands]: Read with the fanqie an + xi. Zhang Jian says: 'To bow (yi) is to clasp the hands and raise them to show mutual respect.' It is to show deference. The copy of the Lu writes it as yi (挹), which has the same pronunciation but a different meaning, namely, to scoop or deliberate.

87.76

不皦 [not bright]: Read with the fanqie xiao + liao, meaning bright.

87.77

Fascicle Two

87.78

智瀲 [overflowing wisdom]: Read with the fanqie lian + shan.

87.79

煩冗 [vexatiously redundant]: Read with the fanqie xi + long. The Shenglei says: 'Rong refers to miscellaneous persons without official rations; all are called rong.'

87.80

庸謏 [mediocre and trivial]: Read with the fanqie xiao + liao. Zheng's commentary on the Liji says: 'Xiao means small.' The Gujin zhengzi says: 'Composed of speech (言) with sou (叟) as phonetic.'

87.81

撟偽 [fraudulent forgery]: The first character is read with the fanqie jiao + xiao. Zheng's commentary on the Zhouli says: 'Jiao means to falsely claim and deceive in order to take action.' Gu Yewang says: 'To falsely claim is called jiao.' Jia Kui says: 'Whatever violates the laws of the ancient kings is called jiao.' The Chuci says: 'Lifting up (jiao) these charms to dwell in vastness.' The Shuowen jiezi says: 'To arrogate; composed of hand (手) with qiao (喬) as phonetic.' The master copy of the Lu writes it with the arrow radical (矢) as 矯; the sound is identical, but it goes against the meaning.

87.82

詭妄 [deceitful and absurd]: The first character is read with the fanqie gui + wei, meaning to deceive or act deceptively.

87.83

重[(芮-入+((傘-(企-止))-┬))*皮] [double skin-blister]: Read with the fanqie jian + xian. The Kaosheng says: 'Skin swelling hollowly like a water-bubble.' The Gujin zhengzi writes it as [束*幵], 枅, or䄯. In the present master copy of the Lu it is written as 躎, which is erroneous.

87.84

推鞠 [interrogating a criminal]: Read with the fanqie jiu + liu. Zhang Jian's Kaosheng says: 'Ju means to interrogate a criminal to the utmost.' Correctly written as 𮆾, composed of person (人), bamboo (竹), and speech (言); it is also written as 諊 or 𰪐.

87.85

愚獷 [stupid and fierce]: Read with the fanqie gong + meng. The Shuowen jiezi says: 'Guang means fierce and untamable; composed of dog (犬) with guang (廣) as phonetic.'

87.86

齊甿 [common people of Qi]: Read with the fanqie mai + peng.

87.87

昚莫 [do not (be careless)]: The first character is read with the fanqie chen + ren; it is an ancient script character, now written as shen (慎).

87.88

𨡴使 [emissary in a light carriage]: The first character is read with the fanqie you + zhou. The Mao Commentary on the Shijing says: 'The light carriages (youche) had bells on the reins and bits.' The commentary says: 'You means a light carriage; it refers to an emissary traveling in a single carriage.'

87.89

于闐國 [Kingdom of Khotan]: The middle character is read with the fanqie tian + lian.

87.90

辭訣 [taking leave]: Pronounced jue.

87.91

鬼𩲐 [demons and goblins]: Read with the fanqie mei + bi. Zheng's commentary on the Zhouli says: '[(魅-ㄙ)-未+勿] is that which follows whether it is human or an object. Offerings to the spirits of heaven and earth are called ming; spirits of the hundred things are called [(魅-ㄙ)-未+勿].' The Shanhaijing says: 'The creature called [(魅-ㄙ)-未+勿] has a human body and a black head.' The Shuowen jiezi states that it is correctly written as 鬽: 'The essence of an old thing; composed of ghost (鬼) growing hair, with shan (彡) as radical.' Nowadays it is also written as 魅 or 魅.

87.92

魚豢 [Yu Huan]: Read with the fanqie huan + man.

87.93

噂𠴲 [whispering together]: The first character is read with the fanqie zun + sun; the second character is read with the fanqie tan + he. The Mao Commentary on the Shijing says: 'Zunzha zunzha means speaking face to face.' The Shuowen jiezi says: 'Gathering to speak; both are composed of mouth (口) with zun (尊) and ta (沓) respectively as phonetic.' It is also written as 僔. The present copy of the Lu writes it with the foot radical (足) as 蹲踏, which is erroneous.

87.94

Fascicle Three (lacking a text; no glosses)

87.95

Fascicle Four

87.96

煒燁 [brilliant and blazing]: The first character is read with the fanqie wei + gui; the second character is read with the fanqie yan + zhe; these are the orthodox forms in ancient characters. The Mao Commentary on the Shijing says: 'Wei means the appearance of redness.' The Shuowen jiezi says: 'The appearance of abundant brightness; composed of fire (火) with wei (韋) as phonetic.' The Guangya says: 'Ye means brightly shining.' The Gujin zhengzi analyzes it as composed of fire (火) with [日/((傘-(企-止))-┬+ㄎ)] as phonetic. The character [日/((傘-(企-止))-┬+ㄎ)] has the same pronunciation as above. In orthodox script it is written thus; the copy of the Lu writes it as 熚, which is erroneous.

87.97

刳命 [slaughtering lives]: The first character is read with the fanqie ku + gu. Gu Yewang says: 'Ku means to empty out its belly.' The Shuowen jiezi says: 'To cleave apart; composed of knife (刀) with kua (夸) as phonetic.'

87.98

蟒蛇 [python]: The first character is read with the fanqie mang + huang.

87.99

驢𩥇 [a donkey rolling on the ground]: The first character is read with the fanqie lü + ju; the second character is read with the fanqie zhan + nian. The Picang says: '𩥇 means a horse rolling on the ground.' Zhang Jian says: 'A horse turning over and over.' The Gujin zhengzi analyzes it as composed of horse (馬) with zhan (展) as phonetic.

87.100

二襜 [two aprons]: Read with the fanqie chang + zhan. The Mao Commentary on the Shijing says: 'A garment covering the front is called a chan.' The Fangyan says: 'A chan is called an ye.' Guo Pu says: 'It refers to the armpit of a garment.' The Shuowen jiezi says: 'A garment covering the front; composed of garment (衣) with zhan (詹) as phonetic.' The commentary writes it with the altar radical (示) as 祲, which is the character in fenjin (ominous vapor) read with the fanqie zi + zhen, having no relevant meaning.

87.101

兩褾 [two cuffs]: Read with the fanqie bei + liao. The Guangya says: 'Biao means sleeve.' The Picang says: 'The sleeve of a garment.' The Gujin zhengzi analyzes it as composed of garment (衣) with piao (票) as phonetic.

87.102

Fascicle Five (This fascicle incorporates texts from Fascicles Two and Five of the Bianzheng lun, which have already been glossed in that treatise and are not explained again here.)

87.103

Fascicle Six (This fascicle incorporates the Bianzheng lun from the beginning of Fascicle Six through the first half of Fascicle Six, which has already been glossed in that treatise.)

87.104

Fascicle Seven (This fascicle incorporates the Bianzheng lun from the second half of Fascicle Six through the end of Fascicle Six, which has already been glossed in that treatise.)

87.105

Fascicle Eight (This fascicle incorporates Fascicle Eight of the Bianzheng lun, lacking slightly more than four sheets at the very end, which has already been glossed in that treatise.)

87.106

Fascicle Nine (lacking a text; no glosses)

87.107

Fascicle Ten (This fascicle incorporates the Zhenzheng lun, which has already been glossed in that treatise.)

87.108

Fascicle Eleven (This fascicle completes the incorporation of the Zhenzheng lun, which has already been glossed in that treatise.)

87.109

Fascicle Twelve

87.110

投匭 [submitting a petition to the bronze box]: Read with the fanqie gui + wei. Kong's commentary on the Shangshu says: 'A gui is a chest.' They exist at present, with different names in the four quarters.

87.111

拉天 [breaking heaven]: Read with the fanqie lan + he. He Xiu's commentary on the Gongyang zhuan says: 'La means to break.' The Shuowen jiezi says: 'La means to snap; composed of hand (手) with li (立) as phonetic.' It is also written as zhe (摺).

87.112

廊廡 [corridors and verandas]: The first character is read with the sound of lang (郎); the second character is read with the fanqie wu + fu. The Shiming says: 'A large building is called a wu.' The Shuowen jiezi says: 'The perimeter rooms below the main hall; composed of shelter (广) with wu (無) as phonetic.'

87.113

𢈫扆 [royal screen]: The first character is read with the fanqie shen + zhen; the second character is read with the fanqie yi + ji.

87.114

悃款 [sincere and earnest]: The first character is read with the fanqie kun + wen; the second character is read with the fanqie kuan + guan. Wang Yi's commentary on the Chuci says: 'The will being singular and sincere.' The Guangya says: 'Will.' The Shuowen jiezi says: 'Composed of heart (心) with kun (困) as phonetic.'

87.115

品彙 [categories and classes]: Read with the fanqie wei + gui. The Guangya says: 'Hui means kind or class; because their kinds and classes draw one another along.' The Wenzi dianshuo analyzes it as composed of 𱝠 with an abbreviated wei (胃) as phonetic; 𱝠 is pronounced with the fanqie da + xi.

87.116

丹慊 [sincere contentment]: Read with the fanqie qian + dian. The Kaosheng says: 'Qian means earnest feeling, or sufficiency.'

87.117

眭希寂 [Sui Xiji]: The first character is read with the fanqie sui + yi; it is a surname.

87.118

Fascicle Thirteen, Fascicle Fourteen, Fascicle Fifteen (The above are all lacking texts; no glosses)

87.119

Zhenzheng lun, Fascicle One

87.120

Glosses by Huilin

87.121

蹎躓 [stumbling and falling]: The first character is read with the fanqie dian + nian. The Shenglei says: 'Dian means tumbling and falling.' The Guangya says: 'To fall prostrate.' Kong's commentary on the Shangshu says: 'To fall upside down.' The Shuowen jiezi says: 'To trip; composed of foot (足) with zhen (真) as phonetic.' It is also written as 顛 or 𧽍. In the present text of the treatise it is written as 顛, which has the same sound but loses the precise meaning. The second character is read with the fanqie zhi + li. Gu Yewang says: 'Zhi is like stumbling.' The Guangya says: 'To trample.' The Shuowen jiezi says: 'To stumble (ling); composed of foot (足) with zhi (質) as phonetic.' The character ling (跉) is read with the fanqie qian + ye.

87.122

坐袪 [dispelling while seated]: Read with the fanqie qu + yu. The Kaosheng says: 'Qu means to open, to push back, to remove, or to cut away.'

87.123

隱机 [leaning on an armrest]: The first character is read with the fanqie yin + jin; the second character has the sound of ji (几).

87.124

簡𠕋 [bamboo tablets and patent rolls]: The first character is read with the fanqie jian + yan. Guo Pu's commentary on the Erya says: 'A jian is a writing tablet.' Gu Yewang says: 'That which is used for writing books and recording affairs.' The Shuowen jiezi says: 'A tablet; composed of bamboo (竹) with jian (間) as phonetic.' The treatise writes it with the grass radical as 蕳, which is erroneous. The second character is read with the fanqie qiang + ze. The Zhouli says: 'When conferring the nine patents upon feudal lords, one commissions them with bamboo patents (ce).' Zheng Xuan says: 'This means writing the royal commands upon bamboo tablets.' Cai Yong's Duduan states: 'A ce is a tablet. If there are fewer than one hundred characters, it is not written upon a ce. Its standard length is two feet, with shorter ones being half that length. The next kind alternates long and short tablets bound with two cords, written with seal script from top to bottom, recording the year and month. All appointments of feudal lords, deaths of the Three Excellencies, and dismissals for crime are written upon ce.' The Shuowen jiezi says: 'A tally of appointment; presented to feudal lords when received from the king, resembling slips alternating long and short with two cords binding them.' In ancient script it is written with the bamboo radical as 𥬰.

87.125

紕謬 [erroneous and misleading]: The first character is read with the fanqie pi + yi. The Kaosheng says: 'Pi refers to silk fabrics being coarse and thin.' The second character is read with the fanqie mi + you, meaning absurd, deceitful, or mistaken.

87.126

籧廬 [temporary lodging]: The first character is read with the fanqie ju + yu. Zhang Jian says: 'A quchu refers to someone who flatters with soft words, fearing to differ with others, unable to bow.' The second character is read with the fanqie lü + zhu. The Kaosheng says: 'A kind of hut; a temporary lodge.'

87.127

言誼 [proper words]: Read with the fanqie yi + ji. Zheng Xuan's commentary on the Liji says: 'Yi means the propriety of ordering affairs.' Wang Bi's commentary on the Zhouyi says: 'Yi is like principle.' The Mao Commentary on the Shijing says: 'Good; fitting.' The Shuowen jiezi says: 'What is fitting for people; composed of speech (言) with yi (冝) as phonetic.'

87.128

道該 [embracing the Way]: Read with the fanqie gai + ai. Jia Kui says: 'Gai means complete.' The Shuowen jiezi says: 'Composed of speech (言) with hai (亥) as phonetic.'

87.129

Inspect (斯鑑: first character fanqie 監懺; the Kaosheng says: "Bright; to illuminate." Also written as 鑒).

87.130

Daring to trace back (敢遡: first character fanqie 蘇故; Zheng's commentary on the Liji says: "Sù (遡) is like facing towards." The Gujin zhengzi has the same meaning. It is formed from 辵 [movement] with 朔 phonetic. It is also written with 人 [person] as 傃).

87.131

Wooden tablets (簡牘: second character fanqie 同鹿).

87.132

Startled and vigilant (瞿然: first character fanqie 具遇; Gu Yewang says: "The appearance of being startled and fearful." The commentary to the Mao Classic of Poetry says: "The appearance of having no steadiness." The Shuowen says it is formed from 隹 with 䀠 phonetic; correctly written with two eyes as 䀠, meaning looking left and right. The current transmission erroneously writes it as 懼 [fear]).

87.133

Greatly bewildered (多懵: second character fanqie 墨崩; the Kaosheng says: "Ashamed; suffocated." The Shuowen writes it as 懜, stating: "Unclear." Formed from 心 [mind] with 夢 phonetic).

87.134

Fence wood (寨木: first character fanqie 捷偃; none of the various character dictionaries, classics, or histories contain this character; when Daoists were consulted, their tradition passed down the pronunciation as jiǎn, but its meaning remains unclear).

87.135

Expound in rough outline (楊𣙜: second character fanqie 江岳; Xu Shuzhong's commentary on the Huainanzi says: "Yángquè (楊榷) means rough outline." The Shuowen states it is formed from 木 [wood] with 寉 phonetic, pronunciation same as above).

87.136

Fine and pale silks (縑緗: first character fanqie 頰嫌; second character fanqie 想羊).

87.137

Emperor Ku (帝嚳: second character fanqie 空汱; father of Yao).

87.138

Huangfu Mi (皇甫謐: third character fanqie 民必; an eminent scholar of the Jin dynasty).

87.139

Pure and adulterated ([醇-子+(日/辛)]澆: first character fanqie 垂淪; Kong's commentary on the Shangshu says: "[醇-子+(日/辛)] means unadulterated." The Guangya says: "Substantial; thick." The Shuowen states: "Not thin [unadulterated]." Formed from 酉 with [古/日/羊] phonetic; [古/日/羊] has the same sound as above. In the treatise it is written as 純, which has the same sound but an incorrect meaning. Second character fanqie 晈堯; the Kaosheng says: "Thin; superficial").

87.140

Xiàn and rhinoceros (贙兕: first character fanqie 玄犬; Guo's commentary on the Erya says: "It comes from the Western Sea in the Daqin state; there are those who rear it; it resembles a dog and has great strength." The Shuowen says: "To distinguish; formed from two tigers disputing over a cowrie shell [虤 and 貝]." 虤 has the fanqie 五閑. In the treatise it is written as 𧷠, which is an error. Second character fanqie 辭姉; the Shanhai jing says: "The sì (兕) is south of the Ming River east of Shun's burial mound; it is shaped like an ox and is blackish-blue." Guo Pu says: "It has one horn, is blue-green, and weighs a thousand jin." The Shuowen says: "Like a wild ox and blue-green; a pictographic character whose head is the same as that of beasts and animals [禽 and 离]." In the original text of the treatise, it was written with the character 先).

87.141

Demons and spirits (鬼魍: second character fanqie 勅知; the Kaosheng says: "Namely, chīmèi mountain and water spirits").

87.142

Diverging into streams (派其: first character fanqie 葩瓦; the Shuowen says: "Pài (派) means diverging waters." Formed from 水 [water] and 𠂢; 𠂢 is also phonetic. 𠂢 has the fanqie 普賣. In the treatise it is written as 沠, a vulgar and erroneous character).

87.143

Youchao (有巢: second character fanqie 仕交; an ancient emperor's title; also referring to dwelling in nests).

87.144

Suiren (燧人: first character pronounced like 遂; also an ancient emperor's title, who first produced fire and transformed raw food into cooked).

87.145

Concealing one's voice (韜聲: first character fanqie 討刀; the Kaosheng says: "Tāo (韜) means to conceal." The Shuowen says it is formed from 韋 with 舀 phonetic).

87.146

Disrespecting repeatedly (再黷: second character fanqie 同鹿; Jia Kui says: "Dú (黷) means to be overly familiar." Zheng's commentary on the Liji says: "It means frequent and lacking propriety." The Shuowen says: "Holding grime." Formed from 黑 with 賣 phonetic; sometimes written as 嬻).

87.147

Selecting facts (摭實: first character fanqie 正石; the Fangyan says: "Zhí (摭) means to gather." The Shuowen writes it as 拓, saying: "To take up." Formed from 手 with 石 phonetic).

87.148

Analysing and dissecting (剖析: first character fanqie 普厚; second character fanqie 星亦; the Shuowen says: "Xī (析) means to split wood; to divide." Formed from 木 with 斤 phonetic. In the treatise it is written as 㭊, which is incorrect).

87.149

Originally creating (剏作: first character fanqie 初向; Jia Kui says: "Chuàng (剏) means to initiate." The Shuowen says: "Establishing regulations and creating undertakings." Formed from 井 with 刃 phonetic. In the treatise it is written as 創, the vulgar character used. 刃 has the fanqie 楚良).

87.150

Writing memorial offerings (章醮: second character fanqie 焦肖; the meaning was already explained in the Bianzheng lun; also written as 醮, burnt offering).

87.151

Examining and verifying (考覈: second character fanqie 𢖍戹; the Shuowen says: "To examine actual facts; in the western borderlands, squeezing out speech to obtain the truth is hé (覈)").

87.152

Wooden slip (之槧: second character fanqie 慙敢; the Shuowen says: "A slip or tablet for writing." Formed from 木 with 斬 phonetic).

87.153

Writing tablet (之觚: second character fanqie 古胡; Ma Rong's commentary on the Lunyu says: "A gū is a ritual vessel holding two sheng." Examining the meaning in the treatise, it refers to writing tablets and slips, as in the phrase 'wielding the tablet and moistening the brush'. Also written as 㧓).

87.154

Inscribing title labels (籤題: first character fanqie 妾閻; Zhang Jian says: "A small slip. In ancient times, inscribing a slip to report a matter was called a qiān; today, there is the official post of dianshang, in charge of reporting matters." The Shuowen says: "To verify a person." Formed from 竹 with 韱 phonetic. 韱 is pronounced jiān).

87.155

Investigating the principle (𥷴理: first character fanqie 官六; the Kaosheng says: "To exhaust." In the treatise it is written as 鞫, a vulgar character).

87.156

Melting metal (鑠金: first character fanqie 商若; written in the treatise as 爍, which loses the proper sense).

87.157

Horns of a snail (蝸角: first character fanqie 寡花; the Zhuangzi says: "There was a kingdom on the snail's left horn called the Chu clan, and a kingdom on the snail's right horn called the Man clan; from time to time they fought over territory, leaving tens of thousands of corpses, pursuing the defeated for fifteen days before returning." Gu Yewang says: "Namely, the slug." The Shuowen says: "A snail." Formed from 虫 with 咼 phonetic).

87.158

Mist-shrouded (濛翳: first character fanqie 木蓬; second character fanqie 繄討; a Daoist heaven name).

87.159

Indeed also (諒亦: first character fanqie 良尚; the commentary to the Mao Classic of Poetry says: "Liàng (諒) means trust; what the masses believe is called liàng." The Wenzidian shuo says it is formed from 言 with 京 phonetic).

87.160

Garden of debate (辯囿: second character fanqie 尤救).

87.161

Flowers of rhetoric (詞葩: second character fanqie 普巴; the Shuowen says: "Pā (葩) means flower." Formed from 草 with 皅 phonetic).

87.162

Warmth of (之煦: second character fanqie 吁句; the Guangya says: "Xù (煦) means to nurture; warm." The Shuowen says: "To steam; one says the appearance of red colour; another says warm and moist." Formed from 火 with 昫 phonetic).

87.163

Autumn gale (秋飆: second character fanqie 必遙).

87.164

Great laughter (大噱: second character fanqie 強虐; the Shuowen says: "Jué (噱) means laughing loudly." Formed from 口 with 豦 phonetic).

87.165

Monkey trainer (狙公: first character fanqie 七余; a type of macaque. Looking at the Zhuangzi, it says: "The monkey trainer said to the monkeys: 'If I give you three in the morning and four in the evening, how is that?' The monkeys were all angry. 'If I give you four in the morning and three in the evening, how is that?' The monkeys were all pleased." The Shuowen says it is formed from 犬 with 且 phonetic. In the treatise it is written with the character 狙).

87.166

Contradictory and uneven ([卄/(土*〡*巳)][舛-夕+?]: first character fanqie 古懷; the Guangya says: "Kuài ([卄/(土*〡*巳)]) means to turn one's back on; perverse." The Shuowen says: "Perverse; to face each other and turn back." Bǐ (比) in the ancient script is bié (別). 𦫳 is pronounced guàn. Second character fanqie 川兖; Gu Yewang says: "Chuǎn ([舛-夕+?]) means uneven and irregular." Meng Kang says: "Crossing." The Shuowen says: "Lying opposite each other." Formed from 夕 and 㐄 turning their backs to each other. 夕 is pronounced suī; 㐄 is pronounced kuà. Yang Xiong wrote it as 蹖).

87.167

Zhenzheng lun, Fascicle Two

87.168

Armillary sphere (璿璣: first character fanqie 夕緣; second character fanqie 紀希; the Book of Yu says: "Examining the pearl mechanism and jade balance to align the Seven Governors").

87.169

Halting the sun (駐景: first character fanqie 誅具; the Cangjie pian says: "Zhù (駐) means to stop." The Shuowen says: "To halt a horse." Formed from 馬 with 主 phonetic).

87.170

Gathering mists (斂靄: second character fanqie 哀蓋).

87.171

Firm and solid (確實: first character fanqie 腔角; Han Kangbo's commentary on the Zhouyi says: "Què (確) means solid." The Gujin zhengzi states it is formed from 石 with 寉 phonetic. In the treatise it is written as 確, an error).

87.172

Rotating and revolving (斡運: first character fanqie 剜活; Wang Yi's commentary on the Chuci says: "Wò (斡) means to rotate." The Shuowen says it is formed from 斗 with 斡 phonetic).

87.173

Mute person (喑者: first character fanqie 於衿; the Fangyan says: "Between Qi and Song, when crying reaches an extreme without sound, it is called yīn (喑); vulgarly called dumb." The Shuowen says it is formed from 口 with 音 phonetic).

87.174

Venting and leaking (發洩: second character fanqie 仙拽; the Guangya says: "Xiè (洩) means to leak." The commentary to the Mao Classic of Poetry says: "To emit." The Shuowen says it is formed from 水 with 曳 phonetic; also written as 泄).

87.175

Frivolous customs (醨俗: first character fanqie 里之; the Guangya says: "Lí (醨) means thin wine." The Shuowen says: "Sour." Formed from 酉 with 离 phonetic).

87.176

Crafty deceit (狙詐: first character fanqie 七余; the Guangya says: "Jū (狙) means a macaque." The Hanshu says: "Deploying crafty and deceptive troops." Gu Yewang says: "Jū (狙) means facing; watching for an opportunity." The Hanshu forms it from 犬 with 且 phonetic).

87.177

Burial vault of the moon (月竁: second character fanqie 川汭; Du Zichun's commentary on the Zhouli says: "Cuì (竁) refers to digging a pit for burial; nowadays in Nanyang digging the ground is called cuì." The Gujin zhengzi states it is formed from 穴 with 毳 phonetic).

87.178

Stem of the lotus (蔕芙蕖: first character fanqie 低計; the Shuowen says: "Dì (蔕) means the base of a melon." Formed from 草 with 帶 phonetic. Middle character pronounced fú; third character fanqie 巨魚; namely the lotus).

87.179

Not yet expressed (未攄: second character fanqie 褚於; the Guangya says: "Shū (攄) means to unfold; to expand." The Gujin zhengzi states it is formed from 手 with 慮 phonetic).

87.180

Helü (闔閭: first character fanqie 含獵; second character fanqie 呂居).

87.181

Carrying the five tallies (賷五符: first character fanqie 濟齊; to hold; correctly written as 齎).

87.182

Thunder and thunderclaps (雷霆: first character fanqie 盧堆; correctly written as 靁. Second character fanqie 定丁; the Erya says: "A sudden thunder is called a tíng (霆)." Guo Pu says: "Rapid and violent thunder." The Cangjie pian says: "Thunderbolt." The Shuowen says: "The lingering sound of thunder; the ringing sound that brings forth the myriad things." Formed from 雨 with 廷 phonetic).

87.183

Blemish of (之玷: pronounced diàn).

87.184

Black dragon's pearl (驪珠: first character fanqie 里知; namely the pearl of the black dragon).

87.185

Mixed and blended (參糅: second character fanqie 挐救; Zheng's commentary on the Yili says: "Ròu (糅) means mixed." Correctly written as [米*(刃/一)]. The Shuowen says it is formed from 米 with 丑 phonetic).

87.186

Lifting the robe (摳衣: first character fanqie 口溝; the Liji says: "Lift the robe with both hands, one chi above the hem." Gu Yewang says: "Lifting the front of the garment with the hands." The Guangya says: "To raise." The Gujin zhengzi states it is formed from 手 with 區 phonetic. In the treatise it is written with 木 as 樞, which is incorrect).

87.187

Removing the wheel-chock (撤軔: first character fanqie 緾列; the Boya says: "Chè (撤) means to set forth." Second character fanqie 尼震; Wang Yi's commentary on the Chuci says: "Rèn (軔) means to turn; wheel; the wheel turning on the ground." The Shuowen says: "An impediment to a carriage." Formed from 車 with 刃 phonetic).

87.188

Twisted foot (踠足: first character fanqie 冤阮; Zhang Jian says: "The foot unable to run forward; bent").

87.189

Yu-huang (艅艎 / 沈艎) (the first character is pronounced huang-guang fan; the Picang says: "It is a yu-huang [warship], a name for a ship of Wu. When the prince of Wu formerly battled with Chu, he stopped his flagship; this refers to that." Yu is pronounced like 餘).

87.190

Myriad kinds (萬彙) (pronounced wei-gui fan; the meaning has already been explained in detail in the Chongzheng lu).

87.191

Treat others with arrogance (傲物) (the first character is pronounced wu-dao fan; Kong [Anguo]'s commentary on the Shangshu says: "It means insolent." The treatise writes it with the 'heart' radical as 慠, which has the same meaning).

87.192

Fuxi (伏羲) (pronounced xu-ji fan; also named Baoxi [庖羲]; the treatise writes it as [打-丁+(羲-ㄎ+乃)], which is also the same).

87.193

Faltering and turning back (邅迴) (the first character is pronounced zhan-lian fan; Wang Yi's commentary on the Chuci says: "Zhan means to turn." The Gujin zhengzi gives it as following the movement radical [辵] with dan [亶] phonetic).

87.194

Ji Shuye (稽叔夜) (the first character is pronounced xi-ji fan; a man of the Jin, one of the Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove).

87.195

Barring spirits (㡿神) (the first character is pronounced like chi [尺]; it is the standard form of the character; the treatise writes it as [厂@千], which is a vulgar character).

87.196

Averting disasters (攘災) (the first character is pronounced rang-zhang fan; the Kaosheng says: "It means to stop, to remove." The second character is pronounced zai-cai fan; it is the standard form of the character; the treatise writes it as 灾, which is a vulgar character).

Linked texts (1)

一切經音義 — 慧琳, Classical Chinese