翻譯名義集 1.249

1.249

【比丘】《大論》云：「比丘名乞士，清淨活命故。復次，比名破，丘名煩惱，能破煩惱故。復次，比名怖，丘名能，能怖魔王及魔人民。」《淨名疏》云：「或言有翻，或言無翻。言有翻者，翻云除饉。眾生薄福，在因無法自資，得報多所饉乏。出家戒行，是良福田，能生物善，除因果之饉乏也。言無翻者，名含三義。《智論》云：『一破惡、二怖魔、三乞士。一、破惡者，如初得戒，即言比丘。以三羯磨，發善律儀，破惡律儀，故言破惡。若通就行解，戒防形非，定除心亂，慧悟想虛，能破見思之惡，故名破惡。二、怖魔者，既能破惡，魔羅念言：「此人非但出我界域，或有傳燈，化我眷屬，空我宮殿。」故生驚怖。通而言之，三魔亦怖。三名乞士者，乞是乞求之名，士是清雅之稱。出家之人，內修清雅之德，必須遠離四邪，淨命自居，福利眾生，破憍慢心，謙下自卑，告求資身，以成清雅之德，故名乞士。』又云：『此具三義：一殺賊，從破惡以得名；二不生，從怖魔而受稱；三應供，因乞士以成德。』《涅槃》說四種比丘：一者畢竟道（無學）；二者示道（初二三果）；三者受道（通內外凡）；四者污道，犯四重者。」《善見論》云：「善來得戒，三衣及瓦鉢，貫著左肩上。鉢色如青欝鉢羅華，袈裟鮮明如赤蓮華，針線斧子漉囊備具。」

[Bhikṣu] The Da zhidu lun says: 'A bhikṣu is called a "mendicant scholar" (qishi) because he leads a pure livelihood. Furthermore, bhi means to break, and kṣu means affliction; because he is able to break afflictions. Furthermore, bhi means fear, and kṣu means capable; because he is capable of terrifying the demon king and the demon's people.' The Commentary on the Vimalakīrtinirdeśa says: 'Some say there is a translation, and some say there is no translation. Those who say there is a translation say it translates as "dispelling famine" (chujin). Sentient beings have slight merit; in the cause they lack the Dharma to sustain themselves, and as a result they obtain much famine and lack. The moral conduct of renouncing the household is an excellent field of merit, able to generate good in beings and dispel the famine of causes and effects. Those who say there is no translation say the name contains three meanings. The Da zhidu lun says: "First, breaking evil; second, terrifying Māra; third, mendicant scholar. First, breaking evil: as when first receiving the precepts, one is immediately called a bhikṣu. Through the three karmavācanās, generating the good vinaya and breaking the evil vinaya, it is therefore said to break evil. If broadly applied to practice and understanding, the precepts guard against physical errors, concentration removes mental distraction, and wisdom awakens to the unreality of ideation, being able to break the evil of views and thoughts; hence it is named breaking evil. Second, terrifying Māra: having broken evil, Māra thinks: 'This person not only exits my realm, but may also transmit the lamp, convert my retinue, and empty my palace.' Therefore he gives rise to alarm and terror. Generally speaking, the three other Māras are also terrified. Third, being called a mendicant scholar: 'mendicant' (qi) is a term for begging, and 'scholar' (shi) is an appellation of purity and elegance. A person who has renounced the household inwardly cultivates pure and elegant virtue, must stay far away from the four wrong livelihoods, dwell in right livelihood, benefit sentient beings, break arrogance, humble himself, and ask for what sustains the body to accomplish pure and elegant virtue; hence he is named a mendicant scholar." It also says: "This embodies three meanings: first, slayer of thieves, deriving its name from breaking evil; second, non-arising, receiving its appellation from terrifying Māra; third, worthy of offerings, becoming virtuous by being a mendicant scholar." The Nirvāṇa Sūtra speaks of four kinds of bhikṣus: first, those of the ultimate path (aśaikṣas); second, those who show the path (the first, second, and third fruits); third, those who receive the path (including both inner and outer ordinary persons); fourth, those who defile the path, who have committed the four parājikas.' The Samantapāsādikā says: 'Receiving the precepts through ehi-bhikṣu, the three robes and earthen bowl hang over the left shoulder. The bowl is the colour of a blue utpala flower; the kāṣāya is vivid like a red lotus flower; needle and thread, a small axe, and a water filter are fully provided.'