翻譯名義集 1.249

1.249

[Bhikṣu] The Da zhidu lun says: 'A bhikṣu is called a "mendicant scholar" (qishi) because he leads a pure livelihood. Furthermore, bhi means to break, and kṣu means affliction; because he is able to break afflictions. Furthermore, bhi means fear, and kṣu means capable; because he is capable of terrifying the demon king and the demon's people.' The Commentary on the Vimalakīrtinirdeśa says: 'Some say there is a translation, and some say there is no translation. Those who say there is a translation say it translates as "dispelling famine" (chujin). Sentient beings have slight merit; in the cause they lack the Dharma to sustain themselves, and as a result they obtain much famine and lack. The moral conduct of renouncing the household is an excellent field of merit, able to generate good in beings and dispel the famine of causes and effects. Those who say there is no translation say the name contains three meanings. The Da zhidu lun says: "First, breaking evil; second, terrifying Māra; third, mendicant scholar. First, breaking evil: as when first receiving the precepts, one is immediately called a bhikṣu. Through the three karmavācanās, generating the good vinaya and breaking the evil vinaya, it is therefore said to break evil. If broadly applied to practice and understanding, the precepts guard against physical errors, concentration removes mental distraction, and wisdom awakens to the unreality of ideation, being able to break the evil of views and thoughts; hence it is named breaking evil. Second, terrifying Māra: having broken evil, Māra thinks: 'This person not only exits my realm, but may also transmit the lamp, convert my retinue, and empty my palace.' Therefore he gives rise to alarm and terror. Generally speaking, the three other Māras are also terrified. Third, being called a mendicant scholar: 'mendicant' (qi) is a term for begging, and 'scholar' (shi) is an appellation of purity and elegance. A person who has renounced the household inwardly cultivates pure and elegant virtue, must stay far away from the four wrong livelihoods, dwell in right livelihood, benefit sentient beings, break arrogance, humble himself, and ask for what sustains the body to accomplish pure and elegant virtue; hence he is named a mendicant scholar." It also says: "This embodies three meanings: first, slayer of thieves, deriving its name from breaking evil; second, non-arising, receiving its appellation from terrifying Māra; third, worthy of offerings, becoming virtuous by being a mendicant scholar." The Nirvāṇa Sūtra speaks of four kinds of bhikṣus: first, those of the ultimate path (aśaikṣas); second, those who show the path (the first, second, and third fruits); third, those who receive the path (including both inner and outer ordinary persons); fourth, those who defile the path, who have committed the four parājikas.' The Samantapāsādikā says: 'Receiving the precepts through ehi-bhikṣu, the three robes and earthen bowl hang over the left shoulder. The bowl is the colour of a blue utpala flower; the kāṣāya is vivid like a red lotus flower; needle and thread, a small axe, and a water filter are fully provided.'