翻譯名義集 3.5

3.5

【因陀羅】此云帝。正翻天主，以帝代之。諡法曰：「德象天地稱帝，仁義所生稱王。漢制，天子稱皇帝，其嫡嗣稱皇太子，諸侯王之嫡嗣稱世子。」《白虎通》曰：「皇者天之總，美大之稱也。煌煌，人莫違也。不煩一夫，不擾一士，故為皇。太昊伏羲氏、炎帝神農氏、黃帝有熊氏，此號三皇。少昊金天氏、顓頊高陽氏、帝嚳高辛氏、帝堯陶唐氏、帝舜有虞氏，此名五帝。」桓子曰：「三皇以道治，五帝為德化；三王由仁義，五霸用權智。」王肅云：「王者雖號稱帝，而不得稱天帝，而曰天子，乃天之子。子之與父，尊卑相去遠矣！」《金光明經》云：「以天護故，復稱天子。」《莊子》云：「夫帝王之德，以天地為宗，以道德為主，以無為為常。」《逸士傳》曰：「帝堯之時，有老人擊壤於路曰：『吾日出而作，日入而息，鑿井而飲，耕田而食，帝何力於我哉？』」

【Indra】Here translated as "emperor" (di). The correct translation is "Lord of Devas" (Lord of Heaven), for which "emperor" was substituted. The Rules of Posthumous Titles state: "One whose virtue matches heaven and earth is called Di (Emperor); one born of benevolence and righteousness is called Wang (King). According to Han regulations, the Son of Heaven is called Huangdi (August Emperor), his primary heir is called Huangtaizi (Crown Prince), and the primary heirs of feudal kings are called Shizi (Hereditary Sons)." The Baihu tong states: "Huang is the total of Heaven, an appellation of magnificent greatness. Resplendent (huanghuang), none can contravene it. Not troubling a single man, not disturbing a single officer, he is thus a huang. Taihao Fuxi, Yandi Shennong, and Huangdi Youxiong are called the Three Sovereigns. Shaohao Jintian, Zhuanxu Gaoyang, Diku Gaoxin, Diyao Taotang, and Dishun Youyu are called the Five Emperors." Master Huan said: "The Three Sovereigns governed with the Way; the Five Emperors transformed through virtue; the Three Kings acted through benevolence and righteousness; the Five Hegemons used expedience and cunning." Wang Su said: "Though a ruler is titled Di, he cannot be called Tiandi (Heavenly Emperor), but is called Tianzi (Son of Heaven), namely the son of Heaven. Between son and father, the distance between high and low is vast indeed!" The Suvarṇaprabhāsa-sūtra states: "Because they are protected by the devas, they are also called Sons of Heaven." Zhuangzi states: "The virtue of emperors and kings takes heaven and earth as its source, the Way and virtue as its master, and non-action as its constant." The Yishi zhuan states: "In the time of Emperor Yao, an old man was beating the earth clod along the road, singing: 'When the sun rises I work, when the sun sets I rest; I dig a well to drink, I till the field to eat—what does the Emperor's power have to do with me?'"