翻譯名義集 4.97

4.97

【地底迦】此云有愧。《涅槃經》云：「諸佛世尊常說是言：『有二白法能救眾生：一慚；二愧。』慚者自不作罪，愧者不教他作。慚者內自羞恥，愧者發露向人。」《雜阿含經》云：「世間若無有慚愧二法者，違越清淨道，向生老病死。」《百法疏》云：「慚者，依自法力，崇重賢善為性，對治無慚，止息惡行為業；愧者，依世間力，輕拒暴惡為性，對治無愧，止息惡行為業。」《阿毘達磨論》云：「慚者，謂於諸過惡自羞為體；愧者，於惡羞他為體。」《涅槃經》云：「智者有二：一者不造諸惡，二者作已懺悔；愚者亦二：一作罪，二覆藏。」

[Titikkhā / Trapā] is translated here as "having dread of blame" (apatrapā). The Nirvāṇa Sūtra says: "The Buddhas, the Bhagavats, constantly speak this word: 'There are two white phenomena that can rescue sentient beings: first, shame (hrī); second, dread of blame (apatrapā).' Shame is not committing offenses oneself; dread of blame is not teaching others to commit them. Shame is inwardly feeling disgraced; dread of blame is disclosing it to others." The Saṃyuktāgama says: "If there were no two phenomena of shame and dread of blame in the world, one would transgress the pure path and head toward birth, old age, sickness, and death." The Commentary on the Hundred Dharmas says: "Shame has the nature of revering and honoring the virtuous and wholesome based on the power of oneself and the Dharma; its function is to counteract shamelessness and cease unwholesome conduct. Dread of blame has the nature of scorning and rejecting violent evil based on the power of the secular world; its function is to counteract lack of dread and cease unwholesome conduct." The Abhidharma treatises say: "Shame has as its essence feeling self-disgraced regarding faults and unwholesomeness; dread of blame has as its essence feeling disgraced before others regarding evil." The Nirvāṇa Sūtra says: "Wise persons are of two kinds: first, those who do not commit various evils; second, those who repent after having committed them. Foolish persons are also of two kinds: first, those who commit offenses; second, those who conceal them."