翻譯名義集 2.247

2.247

The Records of the Western Regions says: "The shortest unit of time is called a kṣaṇa. One hundred and twenty kṣaṇas make one tatkṣaṇa; sixty tatkṣaṇas make one lava; thirty lavas make one muhūrta; fifty [sic, thirty] muhūrtas make one period (shí), and six periods combine to form one day and one night. There are three periods for night and three for day. In worldly practice, a day and night is divided into eight periods: four for day and four for night. From the waxing of the moon to its fullness is called the bright fortnight (śuklapakṣa); from the waning of the moon to its darkness is called the dark fortnight (kṛṣṇapakṣa). These have either fourteen days or fifteen days, because there are long and short months. With the dark fortnight preceding and the bright fortnight following, they combine to make one month. Six months combine to make one course (ayana): when the sun's motion is on the inner track, it moves northward; when the sun's motion is on the outer track, it moves southward. Combining these two courses makes one year. Furthermore, one year is divided into six seasons: from the sixteenth day of the first month to the fifteenth day of the third month, it gradually becomes hot; from the sixteenth day of the third month to the fifteenth day of the fifth month, it is intensely hot; from the sixteenth day of the fifth month to the fifteenth day of the seventh month, it is the rainy season; from the sixteenth day of the seventh month to the fifteenth day of the ninth month, it is the lush season; from the sixteenth day of the ninth month to the fifteenth day of the eleventh month, it gradually becomes cold; from the sixteenth day of the eleventh month to the fifteenth day of the first month, it is intensely cold. In the sacred teaching of the Tathāgata, the year has three seasons: from the sixteenth day of the first month to the fifteenth day of the fifth month is the hot season; from the sixteenth day of the fifth month to the fifteenth day of the ninth month is the rainy season; from the sixteenth day of the ninth month to the fifteenth day of the first month is the cold season. Or it is divided into four seasons: spring, summer, autumn, and winter. The three months of spring are the months of Caitra, Vaiśākha, and Jyaiṣṭha, corresponding here to the period from the fifteenth day of the first month to the fifteenth day of the fourth month. The three months of summer are the months of Āṣāḍha, Śrāvaṇa, and Bhādrapada, corresponding here to the period from the sixteenth day of the fourth month to the fifteenth day of the seventh month. The three months of autumn are the months of Āśvina, Kārttika, and Mārgaśīrṣa, corresponding here to the period from the sixteenth day of the seventh month to the fifteenth day of the tenth month. The three months of winter are the months of Pauṣa, Māgha, and Phālguna, corresponding here to the period from the sixteenth day of the tenth month to the fifteenth day of the first month." Furthermore, regarding how time is designated in the Eastern Land (China), the Erya says: "The Xia called it sui; the Shang called it si; the Zhou called it nian; the Tang and Yu called it zai." The commentary says: "Sui is taken from the Year Star (Jupiter) completing one lodge; si is taken from the sacrifices of the four seasons being fully completed; nian is taken from the yearly harvest of grains ripening; zai is taken from things ending and beginning anew." The Great Commentary to the Book of Documents states: "The Xia took the thirteenth month as the beginning of the year, favored the color black, and took dawn as the first day of the month. The Yin took the twelfth month as the beginning of the year, favored the color white, and took cockcrow as the first day of the month. The Zhou took the eleventh month as the beginning of the year, favored the color red, and took midnight as the first day of the month." The Baihutong states: "The reason there are three systems for the first month is that heaven inherently possesses three lineages, namely the three months of subtle emergence (sanwei). The three subtle emergences mean that the yang qi first begins to act in the Yellow Springs, and the ten thousand things stir subtly but are not yet manifest. In the eleventh month, the yang qi begins to nourish roots and stems; beneath the Yellow Springs all things are red, because red is the qi of flourishing yang. The Zhou took this as the heavenly first month, and favored the color red. In the twelfth month, all things begin to sprout and are white, white being the qi of yin and yang. The Yin took this as the earthly first month, and favored the color white. In the thirteenth month, all things begin to form husks and emerge, and they are all black; human effort can now be applied. Therefore, the Xia took this as the human first month, and favored the color black."