古今譯經圖紀 1

English (machine translation) 1

Language: English

1.1

Compiled by the scripture-translating śramaṇa Shi Jingmai of the Great Tang

1.2

The Liu family of the Later Han ruled from their capital at Luoyang.

Now, in the third year of the Yongping reign era, the year being gengshen, Emperor Xiaoming dreamed of a golden man with the light of the sun and moon at the nape of his neck, who came flying into the courtyard of the palace hall. His Majesty asked his ministers about this, and the Grand Astrologer Fu Yi replied, saying: "Your servant has heard that in the Western Regions there is a spirit named Buddha; could what Your Majesty dreamed indeed be he?" In the seventh year, the year being jiazi, the Emperor decreed that Gentleman of the Palace Cai Yin, Leader of the Court Gentlemen Qin Jing, Erudite Wang Zun, and others, eighteen men in all, should go west to seek the Dharma of the Buddha. Yin and his party arrived in the country of India. They invited Kāśyapa Mātanga and Dharmaratna to return together with them, using white horses to pack the scriptures and bringing along painted images of Śākyamuni Buddha. In the tenth year of the Yongping reign era, the year being dingmao, they reached Luoyang. The Emperor was delighted and built the Baima Monastery. In the fourteenth year, the year being xinwei, on the first day of the first month, Daoist masters of the Five Marchmounts, including Chu Shanxin and others, were displeased and harboured resentment. Taking advantage of the New Year imperial audience, they submitted a memorial requesting a trial of contest. By imperial decree, Prefect of the Masters of Writing Song Xiang was sent to escort them into the Changle Palace. The Emperor said: "On the fifteenth day of this month, there shall be a great assembly at the southern gate of Baima Monastery." On that day, Shanxin and the others placed their various Lingbao scriptures on an altar on the eastern side of the road. The Emperor placed the scriptures, images, and śarīra on an ambulatory pavilion of the seven treasures on the western side of the road. Shanxin and the others circumambulated the altar, weeping, prostrating, and supplicating the Celestial Worthy, their words and sentiments earnest and heartfelt. Furthermore, they set fire to the scriptures with sandalwood firewood and the like, hoping the scriptures would be undamaged and thus prove their divine wonder. However, the scriptures they burned were all reduced to ashes. What they had formerly been capable of—ascending to heaven, entering fire, treading on water, and rendering themselves invisible—they could no longer do at all. Those skilled in prohibitions and incantations called upon and commanded spirits, but there was no response. At that time, Grand Tutor Zhang Yan said to Shanxin: "That which was tested has no verification; it is utterly empty and false. You should turn to the true Dharma of the Western Regions." At that moment, Daoist master Fei Shucai of the Southern Marchmount and others died of shame and grief. At that time, the Buddha's śarīra emitted light of five colours, shooting straight up into the air and whirling like a canopy, everywhere covering the great assembly and outshining the solar disk. Master of the Dharma Mātanga was already an arhat; immediately, by means of his supernormal bases, he traversed the sky, flying, sitting, and reclining, manifesting supernatural transformations at will. Then flowers of jewels rained from the sky and various kinds of music were played, stirring human hearts so that the great assembly rejoiced. Mātanga returned to his seat, and Dharmaratna expounded the Dharma. The assembly at that time all rejoiced, having obtained what they had never had before. Thereupon, from the inner palace, Lady Yin, Lady of Handsome Fairness Wang, and others, one hundred and ninety persons, entered the monastic life. Minister of Works Liu Shanxun the Marquis of Yangcheng, General Who Calms Faraway Regions Jiang Gou'er, and others, two hundred and sixty-eight persons, entered the monastic life. Daoist masters of the Four Marchmounts, Lü Huitong and others, six hundred and twenty persons, entered the monastic life. Men and women of the capital, Zhang Zishang, A Pan, and others, three hundred and ninety-one persons, entered the monastic life. The Emperor in person, together with the ministers, shaved the hair of those entering the monastic life, and provided offerings to them for thirty days. He built ten monasteries: seven monasteries outside the city and three monasteries within the city. The seven monasteries accommodated monks, and the three monasteries accommodated nuns. All is as recorded in the Inner Tradition of the Dharma Origin under Emperor Ming of the Han.

1.4

The śramaṇa Kāśyapa Mātanga was a native of Central India and of brāhmaṇa caste. From youth he was sharp and quick to understand, and had an imposing presence. Widely learned and having heard much, he was especially clear about the sūtras and vinaya; his powers of reflection were precise and extensive, exploring mysteries and fathoming depths, presenting the texts and analyzing principles. Whenever he had a new insight, it exceeded ordinary bounds. He once travelled in Western India to a small kingdom, which invited Mātanga to lecture on the Suvarṇaprabhāsa Sūtra. Soon after, a neighbouring state raised troops and came to attack. Yet as they were about to cross the border, there was always an obstacle and the troops could not advance. The army of that kingdom suspected there were unusual arts at work and secretly sent messengers to spy. They only saw the ruler and ministers sitting peacefully together listening to the Mahāyāna sūtra he was expounding, which explained the methods by which the Earth Spirit King protects the state. Thereupon, having witnessed this divine verification, that kingdom sued for peace and sought the Dharma. At that time, Cai Yin and the others earnestly made their request to Mātanga. Mātanga then came together with Yin and the others. He had an audience with the Emperor in Luoyang. In the tenth year of the Yongping reign era, the year being dingmao, he translated at the Baima Monastery: the Sūtra of Forty-two Chapters (in one fascicle). This sūtra was originally an extract from foreign scriptures. Because the great transformation had only begun to spread and people had not yet developed deep faith, Mātanga held back his subtle explanations and did not immediately translate extensively; he merely summarized the sūtra's essentials to guide the customs of the time. Mātanga later passed away in Luoyang.

1.5

The śramaṇa Dharmaratna was a native of Central India. In his youth he was quick-witted, elegant, and universally loving. He was well-versed in meditative contemplation, and in the vinaya there was nothing whose subtlety he had not plumbed. He had recited by heart over a million words of scriptures, and his disciples numbered over a thousand. In his dwelling he did not seek comfort, but was constantly mindful of broadly benefiting [others]. His disciplinary rules were strict and exacting, so that the assembly could not find fault. When he encountered Yin's invitation, he immediately had the resolve to set out light-heartedly, but the king of his country would not permit it. He secretly came together with Mātanga, travelling by back roads, and arrived later. During the reign of Emperor Ming of the Han, he initially translated the Sūtra of Forty-two Chapters together with Mātanga; after Mātanga passed away, from the eleventh year of the Yongping reign era, the year being wuchen, to the thirteenth year, gengwu, Ratna translated by himself: the Sūtra of the Buddha's Past Acts (in five fascicles), the Sūtra of Severing Fetters on the Ten Stages (in four fascicles), the Sūtra of the Ocean Treasury of the Dharma (in three fascicles), the Jātaka Sūtra of the Buddha (in two fascicles), and the Concordance of the Two Hundred and Sixty Precepts (in two fascicles)—in total, five works in sixteen fascicles. Earlier, when Emperor Wu dug the Kunming Pool, he found black ash. He asked Dongfang Shuo about it, and Shuo said: "You may ask the barbarians of the Western Regions." Once Dharmaratna arrived, he was subsequently questioned about it, and Ratna said: "This is the ash from the kalpa fire." Furthermore, he brought to Luoyang a model of King Udayana's sandalwood statue, and the Emperor immediately ordered that it be painted and copied for worship.

1.6

The śramaṇa Lokakṣema was a native of the country of the Yuezhi. His conduct was pure and deep, and his disposition broad-minded and sharp. He kept the Dharma precepts and chanted the various scriptures. His aspiration lay in propagation, travelling through regions to transform beings. From the first year of the Jianhe reign era of Emperor Huan, the year being dinghai, to the third year of the Zhongping reign era of Emperor Ling, the year being bingyin, he translated in Luoyang: the Akṣobhyatathāgatasyavyūha Sūtra (in two fascicles), the Mahāsaṃnipāta Sūtra (in twenty-seven fascicles), the Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra (in ten fascicles), the Śūraṅgamasamādhi Sūtra (in two fascicles), the Dunzhen tuoluoni jing (in two fascicles), the Ajātaśatrukaukṛtyavinodanā Sūtra (in two fascicles), the Wuliang qingjing jing (in two fascicles), the Bo ben jing (in two fascicles), the Pratyutpanna-samādhi Sūtra (in two fascicles), the Gu pin yiri shuo banre jing (in one fascicle), the Ratnakūṭa Sūtra (in one fascicle), the Wenshu jing (in one fascicle), the Fan banni Huan jing (in one fascicle), the Ajātaśatru's Question on the Five Inexpiable Sins Sūtra (in one fascicle), the Dousha jing (in one fascicle), the Neizang bai pin jing (in one fascicle), the Mahākāruṇika-upāyakauśalya-bhṛtanirdeśa Sūtra (in one fascicle), the Guangming sanmei jing (in one fascicle), the Chan jing (in one fascicle), the Za piyu jing (in one fascicle), and the Aśokāvadāna Sūtra on the Blinding of the Crown Prince (in one fascicle)—in total, twenty-one works comprising sixty-three fascicles. He accurately captured the original purport without adding embellishments; he can truly be called a gentleman who was skilled at propagating the essentials of the Dharma and broadening the Way. Scribes included the upāsakas Meng Fu and Zhang Lian of Henan.

1.7

The śramaṇa An Qing, courtesy name Shigao, was the crown prince of the Kingdom of Parthia. When the king died, he yielded the throne to his uncle, received pravrajyā, and traveled abroad. In the second year of the Jianhe reign era of Emperor Huan of the Han dynasty, he arrived [in China]. Before long, he became exceptionally proficient in the Han language. At first, he stated of his own accord that in a previous life he had received pravrajyā and had a fellow student whose temperament was prone to anger. Gao had told him, "Because of this, you are destined to receive an evil physical form; I shall certainly deliver you." Gao then bade him farewell, saying, "I am going to Guangzhou to repay an old retribution." When he reached Panyu, on the road he met a youth who drew a blade against Gao. Gao smiled and said, "I have come expressly to repay you!" He then stretched out his neck and received the blade. Thereupon he returned to Gao's body again and translated scriptures as before. After a long while, he said, "I must deliver my former classmate." He then traveled to the temple at Lake Gongting. The temple deity was stern and fierce, and boatmen prayed at the temple. The deity uttered an incantation, calling to Gao: "Formerly I was a fellow student with you, and now my lifespan is coming to an end from dawn to dusk. I fear that this ugly form will defile the rivers and lakes, and I must die in the marsh west of the mountain. I also fear falling into hell. I now have a thousand bolts of silk as well as miscellaneous treasures and the like, which I wish to dedicate to building a stūpa. I wish to manifest my ugly form, but I fear the crowd will be frightened." Gao said, "Just manifest it; there is no harm." The deity then brought forth its head, which was a great python. Gao addressed it in a barbarian language and chanted praises for it. The python wept and withdrew. Gao arrived in Yuzhang at that time and immediately founded a monastery for it. At the initial laying of the foundations, there was a youth who stood before Gao; after receiving an incantation and blessing, he suddenly disappeared. Gao said, "He has obtained liberation from the evil form." Later people saw a dead python in the marsh west of the mountain, its head and tail spanning several li. The Snake Village in present-day Xunyang commandery is it. Gao again traveled to Guangzhou to seek out the youth who had harmed him in his previous life; he was still alive. Gao spoke with him of their past affinities, saying, "There is still a residual karmic retribution, and I must go to Kuaiji to complete it." The youth followed Gao to that place; in the marketplace there was a disturbance with people fighting, and Gao was struck on the head by mistake and died. Examining the records of Gao's affairs across various catalogues, there are omissions and additions among them; this is simply because miraculous traces are difficult to comprehend, and what was seen and heard varied. From the second year of the Jianchu reign era of Emperor Huan, year cyclical wuzi, to the third year of the Jianning reign era of Emperor Ling, year cyclical gengxu, he translated: the Yogācārabhūmi Sūtra (seven or six fascicles); the Dharmapada Sūtra (four fascicles); the Mahābhikṣu Dignified Demeanor Sūtra (four fascicles); the Fifty Items Sūtra (two fascicles); the Miscellaneous Forty-four Chapters Sūtra (two fascicles); the Seven Bases and Three Contemplations Sūtra (two fascicles); the Ten Retributions Sūtra (two fascicles); the Great Stages of the Way Sūtra (two fascicles); the Resolution to Realize the Way Sūtra (two fascicles); the Dhyāna Sūtra (two fascicles); the Ānāpānasmṛti Sūtra (two fascicles); the Amitāyus Sūtra (two fascicles); the Skandhadhātvāyatana Sūtra (one fascicle); the One Hundred and Sixty Chapters Sūtra (one fascicle); the Greater Twelve Gates Sūtra (one fascicle); the Lesser Twelve Gates Sūtra (one fascicle); the Sūtra on the Inherent Desires of Man for Birth (one fascicle); the Abhidharma Five Dharmas Sūtra (one fascicle); the Seven Dharmas Sūtra (one fascicle); the Universal Dharma Meaning Sūtra (one fascicle); the Distribution of Āsravas Sūtra (one fascicle); the Four Noble Truths Sūtra (one fascicle); the Nine Untimely Deaths Sūtra (one fascicle); the Eightfold Noble Path Sūtra (one fascicle); the Great Ānāpāna Sūtra (one fascicle); the Essentials of Meditation Sūtra (one fascicle); the Twelve Causes and Conditions Sūtra (one fascicle); the Parable of the Five Aggregates Sūtra (one fascicle); the Turning of the Wheel of the Dharma Sūtra (one fascicle); the Flowing and Gathering Sūtra (one fascicle); the Sūtra on What is Dharma and Not Dharma (one fascicle); the Dharma Receiving Impurity Sūtra (one fascicle); the Fourteen Intentions Sūtra (one fascicle); the Original Characteristics Dependence Sūtra (one fascicle); the Abhidharma Ninety-eight Fetters Sūtra (one fascicle); the Dhyāna Practice Dharma Conception Sūtra (one fascicle); the Dhyāna Practice Thirty-seven Aids Sūtra (one fascicle); the Nandi the Householder Sūtra (one fascicle); the Solely Wealthy Elder Sūtra (one fascicle); the Elder's Remorse in Three Places Sūtra (one fascicle); the Elder Youqi's Repentance Sūtra (one fascicle); the Sūtra on the Buddha Explaining the Ripening of Faculties for Naku (one fascicle); the Elder Brothers Visiting the Buddha Sūtra (one fascicle); the Sūtra on the Buddha's Supernatural Power Rescuing the Elder's Son (one fascicle); the Sūtra on Anāthapiṇḍada Converting His Seven Sons (one fascicle); the Sūtra on the Householder of Ten Branches and Eight Cities (one fascicle); the Sūtra on the Fearless Licchavi Speaking to Ānanda (one fascicle); the Receiving Incantations and Blessings Sūtra (one fascicle); the Restraining the Elder's Son Sūtra (one fascicle); the Householder Ugga Seeing the Buddha, Hearing the Dharma, and Awakening Sūtra (one fascicle); the Attaining the Contemplation of Impermanence Sūtra (one fascicle); the Śārdūlakakarṇa Sūtra (one fascicle); the Causes and Conditions of Leaving the Household Life Sūtra (one fascicle); the Sūtra on the Buddha Delivering the Caṇḍāla Boy to Pravrajyā (one fascicle); the Śrāmaṇera Cunda Sūtra (one fascicle); the Tīrthika Leaving the Household Life Sūtra (one fascicle); the Diligent Four Smṛtyupasthānas Sūtra (one fascicle); the Sūtra on the Difficulty of Repaying Parents' Kindness (one fascicle); the Dhyāna Contemplation Fulfillment Sūtra (one fascicle); the Counting of Breaths Practice Sūtra (one fascicle); the Dhyāna Methods Sūtra (one fascicle); the Dhyāna Secret Essentials Sūtra (one fascicle); the Worldly Words on Beautiful Form Sūtra (one fascicle); the All Conditioned Things Do Not Abide Permanently Sūtra (one fascicle); the Sūtra on a Person Receiving a Body and Entering the Aggregates (one fascicle); the Sūtra on Sentient Beings with Many Inverted Views (one fascicle); the Sūtra on the Four Hundred and Four Diseases of the Human Body (one fascicle); the Sūtra on Human Illness That Physicians Cannot Cure (one fascicle); the Distinguishing Good and Evil Arising Sūtra (one fascicle); the Chopping the Poisonous Tree and It Grows Again Sūtra (one fascicle); the Precept Violations and Gravity of Retributions Sūtra (one fascicle); the Progressive Methods of Dhyāna Upāya Sūtra (one fascicle); the Araṇya Dhyāna Practice Method Sūtra (one fascicle); the Names of Four Hundred Samādhis Sūtra (one fascicle); the Self-Vow Samādhi Sūtra (one fascicle); the King Virūḍhaka Sūtra (one fascicle); the Sūtra on Bathing the Sangha in the Bathhouse (one fascicle); the Kāśyapa Compilation Sūtra (one fascicle); the Abusive Words Sūtra (one fascicle); the Various Places Sūtra (one fascicle); the Sūtra on the Buddha Explaining Similitudes for the Brāhmaṇa Piṇḍola (one fascicle); the Sūtra on the Brāhmaṇa Asking the Buddha about Gaining Merit through Giving (one fascicle); the Sūtra on the Buddha Expounding the Dharma to the Horse-Trainer Village Head (one fascicle); the Brāhmaṇa Conduct Sūtra (one fascicle); the Sūtra on the Brāhmaṇa Dhūja Debating and Leaving the Household Life (one fascicle); the Sūtra on the Buddha Expounding the Dharma to the Fire-Worshiping Brāhmaṇa Who Awoke to the Way (one fascicle); the False Brāhmaṇa Sūtra (one fascicle); the Sūtra on the Buddha Converting the Great Xing Brāhmaṇa to Pravrajyā (one fascicle); the Sūtra on the Buddha Explaining Self-Made and Other-Made Suffering to Acela Kāśyapa (one fascicle); the Sūtra on the Brāhmaṇa's Son Dying and Cherished Love Not Departing (one fascicle); the Four Ṭha Brāhmaṇas Leaving the Household Life and Attaining the Way Sūtra (one fascicle); the Sūtra on the Buddha Speaking Verses to the Arrogant Brāhmaṇa (one fascicle); the White-Clothed Brāhmaṇa Sūtra (one fascicle); the Sūtra on the Brāhmaṇa Asking the World-Honoured One How Many Buddhas There Will Be in Future Ages (one fascicle); the Brāhmaṇa Escaping Death Sūtra (one fascicle); the Sūtra on the Buddha Expounding Plowing Fields for the Brāhmaṇa (one fascicle); the Seven Old Brāhmaṇas Requesting to Become Disciples Sūtra (one fascicle); the Brāhmaṇa Penetrating Sūtras and Treatises Sūtra (one fascicle); the Buddha Covering the Naked Ascetic Sūtra (one fascicle); the Brāhmaṇa Understanding Many Arts Sūtra (one fascicle); the Sūtra on the Buddha Expounding Four Dharmas for the Brāhmaṇa (one fascicle); the Sūtra on the Buddha Expounding Knowing Good and Unwholesome for the Young Brāhmaṇa (one fascicle); the Māyopama-samādhi Sūtra (one fascicle); the Ānāpāna Sūtra (one fascicle); the Inner Repository Sūtra (one fascicle); the Five Gates Dhyāna Essentials Practice Sūtra (one fascicle); the Water Simile Sūtra (one fascicle); the Floating Wood Parable Sūtra (one fascicle); the Turtle Parable Sūtra (one fascicle); the Sūtra on Devadatta Entering Hell in His Physical Body (one fascicle); the Sūtra on the Woman Ciñcā Slandering the Buddha and Entering Hell in Her Physical Body (one fascicle); the Ghosts Questioning Maudgalyāyana Sūtra (one fascicle); the Eighteen Hells Sūtra (one fascicle); the Many Sufferings of Hell Sinners Sūtra (one fascicle); the Retributions of Hell Sūtra (one fascicle); the Sūtra on Maudgalyāyana Seeing Sentient Beings Whose Body Hairs Are Like Arrows (one fascicle); the Chapter on Retributions in the Mahāyāna Vīrya-pāramitā Sūtra (one fascicle); the Venerable Bakkula Sūtra (one fascicle); the Sūtra on Ānanda Asking about Auspicious and Inauspicious Matters in Serving the Buddha (one fascicle); the Kātyāyana on Impermanence Sūtra (one fascicle); the Future Transformation and Destruction Sūtra (one fascicle); the Crown Prince Mūkapangu Sūtra (one fascicle); the Four Unattainables Sūtra (one fascicle); the Resolute Mind and Upright Intention Sūtra (one fascicle); the Clearly Distinguishing Sins and Merits Sūtra (one fascicle); the Multiple Increasing Ways Chapters Sūtra (one fascicle); the Āmrapālī and Jīvaka Sūtra (one fascicle); the Golden Woman Sūtra (one fascicle); the Mātaṅgī Woman Sūtra (one fascicle); the Quarrel over a Woman in a Past Life Sūtra (one fascicle); the Serving Those Superior to Oneself Sūtra (one fascicle); the Repentance Method Sūtra (one fascicle); the Śāriputra Repentance Sūtra (one fascicle); the Crown Prince's Dream Sūtra (one fascicle); the Lesser Parinirvāṇa Sūtra (one fascicle); the Benevolent Non-Killing Sūtra (one fascicle); the Ānanda's Fellow Students Sūtra (one fascicle); the Merchant Escaping the Calamity of Thieves Sūtra (one fascicle); the Lute Player of the Past Sūtra (one fascicle); the Śigālaka Worshipping in Six Directions Sūtra (one fascicle); the Worldly Robbers Giving Alms Sūtra (one fascicle); the Merchant's Son Performing Buddhist Deeds Sūtra (one fascicle); the Incantation against Thieves Sūtra (one fascicle); the Suddenly Encountering Thieves and Tying the Sash Incantation Sūtra (one fascicle); the Brahmā Visiting the Brāhmaṇa Lecture Hall Sūtra (one fascicle); the Formation and Disintegration of the Five Aggregates Sūtra (one fascicle); the Eightfold Light Sūtra (one fascicle); the Five Fighting Men Sūtra (one fascicle); the Five Dharmas Sūtra (one fascicle); the Five Elements Sūtra (one fascicle); the Three Poisons Sūtra (one fascicle); the Āgama Correct Practice Sūtra (one fascicle); the Good Timing Difficult to Meet Sūtra (one fascicle); the Seeking Release from Prison Sūtra (one fascicle); the Lotus Maiden Sūtra (one fascicle); the Solitary Mother Losing an Only Son Sūtra (one fascicle); the Sūtra on Two Persons Who Formerly Loved and Respected Each Other (one fascicle); the Abiding in the Skandhadhātvāyatana Sūtra (one fascicle); the King with the Mirror-Face Sūtra (one fascicle); the Son Dying Sūtra (one fascicle); the King of Gandhara Sūtra (one fascicle); the Praising the Jewel Maiden Sūtra (one fascicle); the Mahākāśyapa Encountering the Nirgrantha Sūtra (one fascicle); the Proper Fasting Sūtra (one fascicle); the Sūtra on Aniruddha Contemplating Maudgalyāyana's Supernatural Powers (one fascicle); the Ratnakūṭa Samādhi Sūtra on Mañjuśrī Bodhisattva Inquiring into the Dharmakāya (one fascicle); the Śāriputra Inquiring of the Jewel Maiden Sūtra (one fascicle); the Candrapradīpa Samādhi Sūtra (one fascicle); the Ānanda's Doubt Sūtra (one fascicle); the Buddha-Seal Samādhi Sūtra (one fascicle); the Kāśyapa Questioning Ānanda Sūtra (one fascicle); the Mahāyāna Vaipulya Essential Wisdom Sūtra (one fascicle); the Responding Samādhi of the Pure Space Deva Sūtra (one fascicle); the Mind Abandoning Sin Sūtra (one fascicle); the Bhaiṣajyarāja and Bhaiṣajyasamudgata Bodhisattva Contemplation Sūtra (one fascicle); and the Vinaya of Determining Meanings (one fascicle)—in all, he translated one hundred and seventy-six works in a total of one hundred and ninety-seven fascicles.

1.8

The śramaṇa Zhu Foshuo was a man from India. Discerning and perceptive, he had a comprehensive mastery of diverse arts. In the first year of the Jiaping reign era of Emperor Ling, year cyclical renzi, he translated the Daoxing jing (one fascicle) in Luoyang. In the sixth year of the Guanghe reign era, year cyclical guihai, he translated the Pratyutpanna-samādhi Sūtra (two fascicles). Lokakṣema translated the spoken words, and Meng Fu, Zhang Lian, and others served as scribes. Casting aside ornamentation to retain simplicity, it deeply captured the purport of the sūtra.

1.9

The upāsaka and Chief Commandant An Xuan, also called An Hou, Cavalry Commandant, was a man of Parthia. His disposition was upright and pure, and he was deeply attuned to the principles of truth. Widely reciting the various sūtras, he fully comprehended their profound meaning. In the fourth year of Guanghe of Emperor Ling, the year xinyou [181 CE], he translated at Luoyang: the Fajing jing (two fascicles) and the Duan shier yinyuan jing (one fascicle). Yan Fodiao was the scribe. It fully captured the correct sounds and completely conveyed the subtle intent of the scriptures. The excellence of his craftsmanship was celebrated by his contemporaries.

1.10

The śramaṇa Zhi Yao was a man of the Western Regions. He was widely versed in the various scriptures and had a subtle understanding of the profound and abstruse. Between the capital and Luoyang, all admired his demeanor. In the second year of Zhongping of Emperor Ling, the year yichou [185 CE], he translated at Luoyang: the Chengju guangming jing (two fascicles), the Xiao benqi jing (two fascicles), the Laitahuoluo jing (one fascicle), the Ma you batai jing (one fascicle), the Shouzhi wen fo shisi shi jing (one fascicle), the Wencheng shier yinyuan jing (one fascicle), the Duoluo youpose jing (one fascicle), the Xiao daodi jing (one fascicle), the Ma you sanxiang jing (one fascicle), the Analü banian jing (one fascicle), and the Mohe moye jing (one fascicle); altogether eleven texts in thirteen fascicles. His words were direct, their principle thorough, and without added embellishment.

1.11

The śramaṇa Kang Ju was a man of the Western Regions. His mind was set on traveling and transforming [beings], and his aspiration was to propagate the scriptures. In the fourth year of Zhongping of Emperor Ling, the year dingmao [187 CE], he translated at Luoyang: the Wen diyu shi jing (one fascicle).

1.12

The upāsaka Yan Fodiao was a man of Linhuai. In his youth he was perceptive, quick-witted, and fond of learning. He translated in collaboration with An Xuan and was well skilled in Sanskrit. In the fifth year of Zhongping of Emperor Ling, the year wuchen [188 CE], he translated at Luoyang: the Gu weimojie jing (two fascicles), the Rushou pusa wushang qingjing fenwei jing (two fascicles), the Huishang pusa wen da shanquan jing (two fascicles), the Siyi jing (one fascicle), the Nei liu boluomi jing (one fascicle), the Jiaye jie anan jing (one fascicle), and the Shi hui jing (one fascicle); altogether seven texts in ten fascicles. The principles were grasped and the sounds were accurate, fully conveying the subtle intent of the scriptures. Therefore An Xuan praised Fodiao's scriptural translations as succinct without verbosity, preserving the original with marvelous subtlety.

1.13

The śramaṇa Kang Mengxiang was a man of the Western Regions. He enjoyed renown for his learning and wisdom. From the first year of Xingping of Emperor Xian, the year jiaxu [194 CE], to the fourth year of Jian'an, the year jimao [199 CE], he translated at Luoyang: the Taizi benqi ruiying jing (two fascicles), the Xingqixing jing (two fascicles), the Fanwang jing (two fascicles), the Shelifu mulian you siqu jing (one fascicle), the Baofu jing (one fascicle), and the Sidi jing (one fascicle); altogether six texts in nine fascicles. In an elegant and fluent style, he fully expressed the profound mysteries.

1.14

The śramaṇa Zhu Dali was a man of the Western Regions. He loved distant travel, undaunted by hardship and danger. Propagating the Way throughout the day, he never considered it laborious. In the second year of Jian'an of Emperor Xian, the year dingchou [197 CE], he translated at Luoyang: the Xiuxing benqi jing (two fascicles), with Kang Mengxiang rendering the text.

1.15

The śramaṇa Tan Guo was a man of the Western Regions. His learning encompassed the inner and outer [teachings], and his understanding penetrated both the ultimate and the conventional truth. In the country of Kapilavastu, he obtained the Zhong benqi jing, which he brought to Luoyang. In the twelfth year of Jian'an of Emperor Xian, the year dinghai [207 CE], he translated the Zhong benqi jing (two fascicles), with Kang Mengxiang translating the spoken words.

1.16

Texts whose translators' names have been lost: one hundred twenty-three works, totaling one hundred forty-eight fascicles. All are drawn from the two older catalogues, as well as Dao'an's lost translators, Sengyou's Sanzang ji, and Fei Changfang's Sanbao lu, and are recorded here following the Han catalogue. Although the translators are unknown, the sūtras are authentic scriptures; collated with the Sanskrit texts, they fully accord with the true principle. Following the old catalogues, they are appended here to the Later Han: Dafangbian bao'en jing (seven fascicles), Fenbie gongde jing (five fascicles), Fanben jing (four fascicles), Nihuan hou qiansui zhong bianji jing (four fascicles), Hedaoshenzu jing (four fascicles), Rulai xingqi jing (two fascicles), Zhujing foming (two fascicles), Jiu piyu jing (two fascicles), Za piyu jing (two fascicles), Guan wuliangshou fo jing (one fascicle), Longzhongzun guo bianhua jing (one fascicle), Guoqu xianglianhua fo shijie jing (one fascicle), Jian muchuzhe shi dao jing (one fascicle), Zuo fo xingxiang jing (one fascicle), Sanqian foming jing (one fascicle), Qianfo yinyuan jing (one fascicle), Wushisan foming jing (one fascicle), Babu foming jing (one fascicle), Shifang foming jing (one fascicle), Xianjie qianfo ming jing (one fascicle), Chengyang baiqishi foming jing (one fascicle), Nanfang foming jing (one fascicle), Mie zui de fu foming jing (one fascicle), Guanshiyin suoshuo xingfa jing (one fascicle), Mile wei nüshen jing (one fascicle), Jidiaoyi suowen jing (one fascicle), Sadatuobolun pusa qiu shen banruo tuxiang jing (one fascicle), Pusa shengdi jing (one fascicle), Pusa suoshengdi jing (one fascicle), Pusa shoujie fa jing (one fascicle), Shou pusa jie cidi shi fa (one fascicle), Pusa chanhui fa (one fascicle), Chufayi pusa chang zhouye liushi xing wushi fa (one fascicle), Liu pusa ming jing (one fascicle), Jiaye fu fo nihuan jing (one fascicle), Shanbai biqiu jing (one fascicle), Seng mingshu shixing jing (one fascicle), Biqiu zhu jinlü (one fascicle), Mohesengqi lü biqiu yaoji (one fascicle), Youpoli wen fo jing (one fascicle), Shami weiyi (one fascicle), Shami shijie jing (one fascicle), Biqiuni shijie jing (one fascicle), Shou shishan jie jing (one fascicle), Shamini jie (one fascicle), Xianzhe wujie jing (one fascicle), Youpose weiyi jing (one fascicle), Sitianwang jing (one fascicle), Mo raoluan jing (one fascicle), Dingsheng wang yinyuan jing (one fascicle), Xing tan boluomi jing (one fascicle), Gongde zhuangyan wang bawan sisi sui qing fo jing (one fascicle), Motiao wang jing (one fascicle), Huizi jing (one fascicle), Jiaozi jing (one fascicle), Fuzi jing (one fascicle), Xiao'er wenfa ji jie jing (one fascicle), Pusa xiuxing jing (one fascicle), Zhangzhe xianshou jing (one fascicle), Zhangzhe mingzhong wuzi fushu jing (one fascicle), Zhituo zhangzhe qing biqiu jing (one fascicle), Shande poluomen qiu sheli jing (one fascicle), Waidao you zhituo zhangzhe jing (one fascicle), Wuhai fanzhi zhizhi jing (one fascicle), Fanzhi bi si jing (one fascicle), Fanzhi sang nü jing (one fascicle), Fanzhi guan wuchang de jietuo jing (one fascicle), Pinzi de cai fa kuang jing (one fascicle), Xiaogou nie zhu jing (one fascicle), Jushi wugu wei fu bishi chong jing (one fascicle), Tiecheng nili jing (one fascicle), Nili jing (one fascicle), Qinku nili jing (one fascicle), Diyu jing (one fascicle), Yanwang wu tianshi zhe jing (one fascicle), Jigu jing (one fascicle), Kuyin jing (one fascicle), Chizhai jing (one fascicle), Hai bade jing (one fascicle), Jizhi guo jing (one fascicle), Ren hongfa jing (one fascicle), Weicengyou jing (one fascicle), Huayan yingluo jing (one fascicle), Guanshi loutan jing (one fascicle), Banruo de jing (one fascicle), Weiri zanan jing (one fascicle), Neishen guan zhang jing (one fascicle), Mohechatou jing (one fascicle), Qingjing faxing jing (one fascicle), Jingang qingjing jing (one fascicle), Jingchu yezhang jing (one fascicle), Moheyan bao yan jing (one fascicle), Shizhu piposha jing (one fascicle), Fo yi ri monibao jing (one fascicle), Zhuan nüshen pusa jing (one fascicle), Shouchi foming bu duo e jing (one fascicle), Qibao jing (one fascicle), Shier yinyuan zhang jing (one fascicle), Shamen wei shier toutuo jing (one fascicle), Sanshier xiang yinyuan jing (one fascicle), Sanshiqi pin jing (one fascicle), Banzhou sanmei nianfo zhang jing (one fascicle), Yujiasanmasi jing (one fascicle), Chanyao heyu jing (one fascicle), Xuhe pi jing (one fascicle), Fajü piyu jing (one fascicle), Piyu jing (one fascicle), Fanyin jieben jing (one fascicle), Amituofo jie jing (one fascicle), Houchu amituofo jie (one fascicle), Zan qi fo jie (one fascicle), Dahuoni baiju (one fascicle), Wuyan yongsong benqi (one fascicle), Daoxingpin zhujing fanyin jie (one fascicle), Banruo boluomi shenzhou jing (one fascicle), Qi fo suo jie mayou shu zhou (one fascicle), Huanshi botuo shenzhou (one fascicle), Wu long zhoudu jing (one fascicle), Quxueqi shenzhou (one fascicle), Zhou chichi zhou (one fascicle), Zhou yatong zhou (one fascicle), Zhou yantong zhou (one fascicle), Zhou zei fayong (one fascicle), Qi fo anzhai shenzhou (one fascicle), and Anzhai zhoufa (one fascicle).

1.17

The Cao family of the Wei dynasty. Their capital was first at Luoyang, and later at Xuchang.

1.18

The śramaṇa Dharmakāla—translated here as Fatishi ('Time of Dharma')—was a man of India. In his youth he was talented and acute, with an extraordinary constitution and presence. Upon perusing texts just once, he completely understood both words and principles. He was skilled in the four Vedas and proficient in the five treatises of science (pañcavidyā), with nothing in prophetic charts or occult cycles beyond his grasp. He considered himself to have no equal in the world. Once, entering a monastery, he happened to see the Abhidharmahṛdaya of Dharmaśreṣṭhin. Though he studied it earnestly, he could not fathom its purport. He then sighed deeply, saying: 'The Buddha's teaching plumbs profound depths.' He thereupon went forth into the homeless life, reciting the scriptures of the Mahāyāna and Hīnayāna along with the various vinayas. In the third year of Huangchu of Emperor Wen, the year renyin [222 CE], he traveled and taught in Xu and Luo. Seeing that the monastic sangha in the territory of Wei was entirely lacking in vinaya standards, in the second year of Jiaping of King Fang of Qi, the year gengwu [250 CE], he assembled Sanskrit monks at Luoyang to perform the ordination karma (karmavācanā), and translated the Sengqi jieben (one fascicle). This was the beginning of monastic vinaya in this land.

1.19

The śramaṇa Saṅghavarman was a man of India. He studied widely the various scriptures and eloquently explained their profound meaning. In the fourth year of Jiaping, the year renshen [252 CE], he translated at the Baima Monastery in Luoyang: the Youjia zhangzhe suowen jing (two fascicles) and the Wuliangshou jing (two fascicles).

1.20

The śramaṇa Dharmasatya was a man of Parthia. He was skilled in studying the Vinayapiṭaka and subtly penetrated its profound mysteries. In the first year of Zhengyuan of the Duke of Gaoguixiang, the year jiaxu [254 CE], he translated at Luoyang: the Tanwude jiemo (one fascicle).

1.21

The śramaṇa Bo Yan was a man of the Western Regions. His talent and brilliance surpassed his generation, and his deep understanding excelled his peers. In the third year of the Ganlu era of the Duke of Gaoguixiang, the cyclical year dingchou, he translated at Baima Monastery in Luoyang: the Śūraṅgamasamādhi Sūtra (two fascicles), the Wuliang qingjing pingdengjue jing (two fascicles), the Cha xulai jing (one fascicle), the Chu zaihuai jing (one fascicle), the Pingdengjue jing (one fascicle), and the Pusa xiuxing jing (one fascicle); in total, six works in eight fascicles.

1.22

The śramaṇa An Faxian was a man of the Western Regions. His learning and attainments were truly deep, and his wisdom and understanding were exceptionally lofty. Shaking his mendicant staff, he travelled between states and arrived from afar. He translated one work, the Luomojia jing (three fascicles), and one work, the Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra (two fascicles).

1.23

The Sun house of Wu: Its capital was originally Wuchang, and later Jianye.

1.24

The upāsaka Zhi Qian, courtesy name Gongming, was a man of the Yuezhi kingdom. At the end of the Han dynasty he travelled to Luoyang. Zhi Qian read widely in sūtras and secular works, excelled in various arts, and was fluent in the languages of various countries. He was tall, thin, and dark, with white scleras and yellow irises. People of the time had a saying: 'Master Zhi has yellow eyes; though his frame is slender, he is a bag of wisdom.' Emperor Wulie, recognizing his talent and wisdom, appointed him Erudite (boshi); he guided the Crown Prince with great benefit. From the second year of the Huangwu era, the cyclical year guimao, down to the second year of the Jianxing era, the cyclical year guiyou, he corrected old translations and made new ones, in total one hundred twenty-nine works in one hundred fifty-two fascicles. Indeed, Zhi Qian's translations of scriptures penetrated deeply into their principles and meanings. They are: the Da mingdu jing (four fascicles), the Chan miyao jing (four fascicles), the Aksayamati-bodhisattva Sūtra (four fascicles), the Pusa benyuan ji jing (four fascicles), the Vimalakīrtinirdeśa Sūtra (three fascicles), the Xiuxing fangbian jing (two fascicles), the Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra (two fascicles), the Ruiying benqi jing (two fascicles), the Fajing jing (two fascicles), the Xiao axiamo jing (two fascicles), the Amitābha Sūtra (two fascicles), the Yizu jing (two fascicles), the Fangdeng shoulengyan jing (two fascicles), the Dharmapada (two fascicles), the Huiyin jing (one fascicle), the Benye jing (one fascicle), the Xulai jing (one fascicle), the Fanmoyu jing (one fascicle), the Si'amo jing (one fascicle), the Weimichi jing (one fascicle), the Yueming tongzi jing (one fascicle), the Anan sishi jing (one fascicle), the Chamaojie jing (one fascicle), the Youduoluo mu jing (one fascicle), the Qinu jing (one fascicle), the Ugra-paripṛcchā Sūtra (one fascicle), the Bashi jing (one fascicle), the Shimonan ben jing (one fascicle), the Bo chao jing (one fascicle), the Laonü jing (one fascicle), the Zhai jing (one fascicle), the Huiguo fa jing (one fascicle), the Xianzhe de jing (one fascicle), the Fo cong shang suoxing sanshi ji jing (one fascicle), the Liaoben shengsi jing (one fascicle), the Weiming ershi ji jing (one fascicle), the Longshi nü jing (one fascicle), the Luzi jing (one fascicle), the Shier men da fangdeng jing (one fascicle), the Laizhaheluo jing (one fascicle), the Sūtra of Forty-two Chapters (one fascicle), the Nan longwang jing (one fascicle), the Bu zishouyi jing (one fascicle), the Wuyin shi jing (one fascicle), the Qizhi jing (one fascicle), the Renmin qiyuan jing (one fascicle), the Fo kaijie Aba fanzhi jing (one fascicle), the Baohai fanzhi chengjiu dabi jing (one fascicle), the Fanzhi zi si daobai jing (one fascicle), the Fanzhi wen foshi jing (one fascicle), the Jiang qian fanzhi jing (one fascicle), the Fanzhi jing (one fascicle), the Du fanzhi jing (one fascicle), the Waidao xianju shuo du jing (one fascicle), the Fanzhi jiejing jing (one fascicle), the Fanzhi wen fo shijian zengjian jing (one fascicle), the Fo wei waidao Xushen shuo liyu jing (one fascicle), the Fanwang liushier jian jing (one fascicle), the Azhi guowang jing (one fascicle), the Jietan wang jing (one fascicle), the Guowang chengjiu wufa jiucun yushi jing (one fascicle), the Weilou wang shizi tong piyu jing (one fascicle), the Zhufa ben jing (one fascicle), the Wumu zi jing (one fascicle), the Jie xiaofu zai jing (one fascicle), the Kushu jing (one fascicle), the Shi wosuo jing (one fascicle), the Ganlu dao jing (one fascicle), the Bujing guan jing (one fascicle), the Shuishang pao jing (one fascicle), the Hengshui jie jing (one fascicle), the Se wuchang jing (one fascicle), the Hukou yi jing (one fascicle), the Shouming cu jing (one fascicle), the Fashi sheng jing (one fascicle), the Zhulou jin jing (one fascicle), the Xiuxing ci jing (one fascicle), the Xumoti zhangzhe jing (one fascicle), the Modiao wang jing (one fascicle), the Siyuan jing (one fascicle), the Jingxing pin jing (one fascicle), the Jingang qingjing jing (one fascicle), the Weiri zanan jing (one fascicle), the Fo wei Heli kuangye gui shuofa jing (one fascicle), the Asheshi wang nü Ashuda pusa jing (one fascicle), the Quanjin xuedao jing (one fascicle), the Beiduo shu xia siwei shi'er yinyuan jing (one fascicle), the Jianyi jing (one fascicle), the Sanpin dizi jing (one fascicle), the Mohe jingjin jing (one fascicle), the Pusa xiuxing jing (one fascicle), the Puguang pusa jing (one fascicle), the Tuoluoni ju zhou jing (one fascicle), the Huaji tuoluoni zhou jing (one fascicle), the Baxiang jing (one fascicle), the Mohe bore boluomi zhou jing (one fascicle), the Qifo shenzhou jing (one fascicle), the Daci wujian jing (one fascicle), the Baonü ming sanshier xiang jing (one fascicle), the Sanyu shishui jing (one fascicle), the Yandao suye jing (one fascicle), the Buzhuangjiao nü jing (one fascicle), the Shenri jing (one fascicle), the Sunduoyezhi jing (one fascicle), the Zhangzhe Yinyue jing (one fascicle), the Heishi fanzhi jing (one fascicle), the Falü jing (one fascicle), the Chujia gongde jing (one fascicle), the Bimo shi Mujianlian jing (one fascicle), the Qilou jing (one fascicle), the Landa wang jing (one fascicle), the Monü wen fo shuofa de nanshen jing (one fascicle), the Mo hua zuo biqiu jing (one fascicle), the Fo yi sanche huan jing (one fascicle), the Weishengyuan jing (one fascicle), the Fujiesha wang jing (one fascicle), the Xumoti nü jing (one fascicle), the Baiyu jing (one fascicle), the Xueshan mihu jing (one fascicle), the Datuo gouzi jing (one fascicle), the Jigou jing (one fascicle), the Sanzhong liangma jing (one fascicle), the Chiwu shi jing (one fascicle), the Hezhong caogui jing (one fascicle), the Xiabie jing (one fascicle), the Sizhong liangma jing (one fascicle), the Yingyao lie jing (one fascicle), the Fameijin jing (one fascicle), and the Wumu zi jing (one fascicle). He also composed the 'Three Chants' (sanqi) of Sanskrit chanting, which remain widely practiced throughout the Jiang and Huai regions to this day.

1.25

The śramaṇa Vighna—which means 'Obstacle' [in Chinese]—was a man of India. In his studies he had mastered the Tripiṭaka and was profoundly versed in the four Āgamas. Taking itinerant conversion as his vocation, he set out from the Western Regions together with Zhu Lüyan and consequently arrived south of the Yangtze. In the third year of the Huangwu era, the cyclical year jiachen, he translated in Wuchang commandery: the Axiamo jing (four fascicles) and the Dharmapada Anthology (two fascicles).

1.26

The śramaṇa Zhu Lüyan was a man of India. His understanding and practice were pure and rigorous, and he was broadly learned in both Buddhist and non-Buddhist texts. He traveled to the realm of Wu together with Vighna. In the second year of the Huanglong era of Emperor Wulie, the cyclical year gengxu, he translated in Yangdu: the Fanzhi jing (one fascicle), the Foyi jing (one fascicle), and the Sanmojie jing (one fascicle).

1.27

The śramaṇa Kang Senghui was the eldest son of the grand prime minister of the kingdom of Kangju. His family had resided in India for generations. Before he reached the age for schooling, he lost both parents; his innate nature was devotedly filial, renowned throughout the country. When the mourning period was complete, he entered the religious life, rigorously upholding purity and nobility of conduct. Magnanimous and cultured, with great forbearance, he was sincere of purpose and fond of learning. His understanding encompassed the Tripiṭaka, and his wisdom penetrated the five sciences (pañcavidyā). Eloquent on crucial matters, he was also quite gifted in literary composition. Since Wu had only recently been exposed to the Buddha's teachings and the grand transformation was not yet complete, he wished to establish stūpas and monasteries south of the Yangtze. Thus, in the fourth year of the Chiwu era of Emperor Wulie, the cyclical year xinyou, leaning on his staff he came to Jiankang, erected a thatched hut, set up an image, and practiced the Way. By the tenth year, the cyclical year dingmao, the Wu authorities regarded this as heterodox and bizarre, and the officials reported it to the throne. The Emperor summoned Senghui and asked: 'What efficacy and miraculous signs does the Buddha have?' Senghui said: 'Although the Tathāgata passed into extinction a thousand years ago, his remaining bone-relics (śarīra) possess boundless divine radiance. For this reason King Aśoka erected eighty-four thousand stūpas.' The Emperor said: 'If you obtain a śarīra, I will build a stūpa for it; but if it is false, the realm has its regular punishments.' Senghui thereupon prayed earnestly for three times seven days and finally obtained a śarīra. Five-colored light illuminated the sky, and its brilliance emitted fire, forming a great lotus that shone upon the palace halls. The Emperor personally held the flask and poured it into a bronze platter; the śarīra struck the platter, and the platter immediately shattered. The ministers throughout the court were all awed and solemn. They also placed the śarīra on an iron anvil and had strong men strike it; the anvil and hammer both dented, but the śarīra was undamaged. The Emperor was greatly reverent and pleased, and forthwith constructed a śarīra stūpa and Jianchu Monastery. Indeed, Senghui spread the virtue of the four reliances and propagated the merit of the ten stages. Evoking the śarīra in the imperial palace, the stūpas of the Three Wu were established; defeating the powerful eloquence of Zhang Yu, the monasteries of the Five Lakes were preserved. He humbled the quick and overbearing temper of Emperor Hao and resonated with the profound chants of Sanskrit hymns. In the second year of the Taiyuan era of Wu, the cyclical year xinwei, he translated in Yangdu: the Liudu ji jing (nine fascicles), the Wupin jing (five fascicles), the Pusa jingxing jing (two fascicles), the Za piyu ji jing (two fascicles), the Anan nianmi jing (one fascicle), the Jingmian wang jing (one fascicle), the Chawei wang jing (one fascicle), the Fanhang wang jing (one fascicle), the Quanfangbian jing (one fascicle), the Zuochan jing (one fascicle), the Pusa erbai wushi fa (one fascicle), the Fajing jiezi zhu (two fascicles), the Daoshu jing zhujie (one fascicle), and the Anban jing zhujie (one fascicle); in total, fourteen works in twenty-nine fascicles.

1.28

The śramaṇa Zhi Jiangliangjie—which means 'Fearless' [in Chinese]—was a man of the Western Regions. In the second year of the Wufeng era, the cyclical year yihai, he translated in Jiaozhou: the Saddharmapuṇḍarīka-samādhi Sūtra (six fascicles). The śramaṇa Zhu Daoxin served as scribe.

1.29

Sūtras whose translators' names are lost: one hundred and ten works, comprising two hundred and ninety-one fascicles. When checked against various catalogues, as well as the Record of the Tripiṭaka by Sengyou and the Record of the Three Treasures by Fei Changfang, all are recorded after [the dynasty of] Wu. Although the translators are not known in detail, the period of their translation is well known. In delving into their Tripiṭaka flavour, they truly accord with the genuine truth. In following the previous catalogues, they are recorded after Wu: namely, the Za piyu jing (Miscellaneous Parables Sūtra, eight fascicles); the Zashu jing (Miscellaneous Numbers Sūtra, twenty fascicles); the Awei yuezhe zhuan jing (Avaivartikacakra Sūtra, eighteen fascicles); the Mohecheng jing (Mahāyāna Sūtra, fourteen fascicles); the Shu puyao jing (Shu Lalitavistara Sūtra, eight fascicles); the Moheyan youbotishe jing (Mahāyāna Upadeśa Sūtra, five fascicles); the Sanmei wang jing (Samādhirāja Sūtra, five fascicles); the Fanwang qingwen jing (Sūtra of the Questions of the Brahma King, five fascicles); the Butuizhuanlun jing (Avaivartikacakra Sūtra, four fascicles); the Fo cong doushuai jiang zhongyin jing (Sūtra on the Buddha Descending from Tuṣita into the Intermediate State, four fascicles); the Si tianwang jing (Four Heavenly Kings Sūtra, four fascicles); the Mowang qingwen jing (Sūtra of the Questions of the Māra King, four fascicles); the Naxian piyu jing (Nāgasena Parable Sūtra, four fascicles); the Duwuji pi jing (Sūtra of Parables on Crossing over the Limitless, three fascicles); the Shiti huanyin suo wen jing (Sūtra of the Questions Asked by Śakra Devānām Indra, three fascicles); the Dafantian wang qing zhuan falun jing (Sūtra of the Great Brahma Heavenly King Requesting the Turning of the Wheel of Dharma, three fascicles); the Fahua guangrui pusa xianshou jing (Sūtra on Bodhisattva Saddharmapuṇḍarīka-prabhāsa Revealing His Lifespan, three fascicles); the Puxian pusa danan erqian jing (Sūtra of Bodhisattva Samantabhadra Answering Two Thousand Difficult Questions, two fascicles); the Rushou pusa jing (Bodhisattva Mañjuśrī Sūtra, two fascicles); the Taizi shiyi benqi jing (Sūtra of the Past Deeds of the Prince Testing His Arts, two fascicles); the Xiao benqi jing (Shorter Past Deeds Sūtra, two fascicles); the Busiyiyi gongde jing (Inconceivable Merit Sūtra, two fascicles); the Shu shoulengyan jing (Shu Śūraṅgama Sūtra, two fascicles); the Houchu shoulengyan jing (Later Translated Śūraṅgama Sūtra, two fascicles); the Fantian wang qing fo qianshou jing (Sūtra of the Brahma Heavenly King Requesting a Thousand Heads of the Buddha, two fascicles); the Shenduanlian jing (Shenduanlian Sūtra, two fascicles); the Ganluwei apitan (Amṛtarasa Abhidharma, two fascicles); the Qifo fumu xingzi jing (Sūtra of the Family and Names of the Parents of the Seven Buddhas, one fascicle); the Aweiyuezhe pusa jie jing (Avaivartika Bodhisattva Śīla Sūtra, one fascicle); the Pusa changxing jing (Sūtra of the Constant Practices of Bodhisattvas, one fascicle); the Mohemujianlian yu fo jiaoneng jing (Sūtra of Mahāmaudgalyāyana Contending in Prowess with the Buddha, one fascicle); the Anan dedao jing (Sūtra of Ānanda Attaining the Path, one fascicle); the Anan bannihuan jing (Sūtra of the Parinirvāṇa of Ānanda, one fascicle); the Analü nian fusheng jing (Sūtra of Aniruddha Thinking of Rebirth, one fascicle); the Shamen fenwei jian guaiyi jing (Sūtra of the Śramaṇa Begging Alms and Seeing Strange Wonders, one fascicle); the Ren zha ming wei dao jing (Sūtra of Those Who Falsely Claim to Follow the Path, one fascicle); the Dajie jing (Great Precepts Sūtra, one fascicle); the Yifu zhi jing (Sūtra on the Regulations of Robes, one fascicle); the Shamili weiyi (Deportment of the Śrāmaṇerikā, one fascicle); the Dizi benxing jing (Sūtra of the Original Deeds of Disciples, one fascicle); the Daoben wujie jing (Sūtra on the Five Precepts as the Basis of the Path, one fascicle); the Weiyi jing (Deportment Sūtra, one fascicle); the Wei shoujin tianzi shuofa jing (Sūtra of Preaching the Dharma for the Deva Whose Life Was Ending, one fascicle); the Mo shi fo jing (Sūtra of Māra Testing the Buddha, one fascicle); the Axulun wen bashi jing (Sūtra of the Asura Inquiring about Eight Matters, one fascicle); the Mojie wang jing (King Magadha Sūtra, one fascicle); the Saboda wang jing (King Sarvadā Sūtra, one fascicle); the Shihebian wang jing (King Śiha-bian Sūtra, one fascicle); the Nianshao wang jing (Youthful King Sūtra, one fascicle); the Taizi fahui jing (Prince Dharmamati Sūtra, one fascicle); the Shiguang taizi jing (Prince Prabhāsa Sūtra, one fascicle); the Zhangzhe Nandi jing (Elder Nandi Sūtra, one fascicle); the Zhangzhezi shi jing (Sūtra of the Elder's Son's Vow, one fascicle); the Wubai poluomen wen youwu jing (Sūtra of Five Hundred Brāhmaṇas Asking about Existence and Nonexistence, one fascicle); the Nü lihang jing (Sūtra on the Profitable Conduct of Women, one fascicle); the Pinnü tingjing she nie mingzhong jing (Sūtra of the Poor Woman Who Listened to Scripture and Died from a Snake Bite, one fascicle); the Guowang chi furen jing (Sūtra of the King's Foolish Lady, one fascicle); the Sifu yinyuan jing (Sūtra on the Causes and Conditions of Four Wives, one fascicle); the Yinren yezhong xing jing (Sūtra on the Lustful Person Walking Dragging Their Heels, one fascicle); the Sutuoluo jing (Sūtra Sūtra, one fascicle); the Duojia jing (Duojia Sūtra, one fascicle); the Panda longwang niu lai zi gongyang jing (Sūtra of the Bull of Dragon King Pandaka Coming of Itself to Make Offerings, one fascicle); the Xing shoushi niu jing (Sūtra on Collecting Food for Cattle, one fascicle); the Sui Shijia mouniu jing (Sūtra on Herding Cattle Following Śākya, one fascicle); the Fayan jing (Dharmavyūha Sūtra, one fascicle); the Pisi jing (Four Parables Sūtra, one fascicle); the Mai zhihui jing (Sūtra on Selling Wisdom, one fascicle); the Chu shoudao jing (Sūtra on First Receiving the Path, one fascicle); the Xue jing (Learning Sūtra, one fascicle); the Fu jing (Merit Sūtra, one fascicle); the Zhi sizhong jing (Sūtra on Residing in the Monastery, one fascicle); the Wuduan echu jing (Sūtra on the Endless Covering Retention, one fascicle); the Anban xingdao jing (Ānāpāna Practicing the Path Sūtra, one fascicle); the Jiehui weimiao jing (Subtle Understanding and Wisdom Sūtra, one fascicle); the Shidao dedao jing (Sūtra on Losing the Path and Attaining the Path, one fascicle); the Xinqing xinshi jing (Sūtra on the Heart's Feelings and the Mind's Consciousness, one fascicle); the Jianyi xiangzheng jing (Sūtra on Restraining the Mind and Heading towards Rectitude, one fascicle); the Daode guozheng jing (Sūtra on Realisation of the Fruits of the Way and Virtue, one fascicle); the Fuzi yinyuan jing (Sūtra on the Causes and Conditions of Father and Son, one fascicle); the Yinghuo liudu jing (Sūtra on the Firefly and the Six Pāramitās, one fascicle); the Za ahan jing (Saṃyuktāgama Sūtra, one fascicle); the Xiao guanshi loutan jing (Shorter Lokatantratā Sūtra, one fascicle); the Nei poluomi jing (Inner Pāramitā Sūtra, one fascicle); the Sibei jing (Four Classes Sūtra, one fascicle); the Da siting jing (Great Four Truths Sūtra, one fascicle); the Wu fangbian jing (Five Skillful Means Sūtra, one fascicle); the Wu weiyueluo ming jieshuo jing (Sūtra Explaining the Names of the Five Vihāras, one fascicle); the Wuyin jing (Five Skandhas Sūtra, one fascicle); the Zhong wuzhuoshi jing (Sūtra in the World of Five Turbidities, one fascicle); the Liu poluomi jing (Six Pāramitās Sūtra, one fascicle); the Da qiche jing (Great Seven Carts Sūtra, one fascicle); the Ba zhengxie jing (Sūtra on the Eight Rectitudes and Errors, one fascicle); the Ba zongchi jing (Eight Dhāraṇīs Sūtra, one fascicle); the Babeijing (Eight Classes Sūtra, one fascicle); the Babu senghang jing (Sūtra on the Saṅgha Practices of the Eight Groups, one fascicle); the Da shi'er yinyuan jing (Great Twelve Nidānas Sūtra, one fascicle); the Shiba nan jing (Eighteen Difficulties Sūtra, one fascicle); the Wushier zhang jing (Fifty-two Chapters Sūtra, one fascicle); the Bai ba'ai jing (One Hundred and Eight Affections Sūtra, one fascicle); the Daihui sanmei jing (Attaining Wisdom Samādhi Sūtra, one fascicle); the Xiao anbanzhou sanmei jing (Shorter Pratyutpanna-samādhi Sūtra, one fascicle); the Chanxing lianyi jing (Sūtra on Dhyāna Practice and Restraining the Mind, one fascicle); the Chanshu jing (Dhyāna Numbers Sūtra, one fascicle); the Huapi jing (Transformation Parables Sūtra, one fascicle); the Qunsheng ji jing (Sentient Beings Gāthā Sūtra, one fascicle); the Da zongchi shenzhou jing (Great Dhāraṇī Incantation Sūtra, one fascicle); the Sahe pusa jing (Bodhisattva Sarva Sūtra, one fascicle); the Huiding pubian shentong pusa jing (Sūtra of the Bodhisattva of Wisdom, Concentration, and Universal Supernormal Powers, one fascicle); the Pinnü jing (Poor Woman Sūtra, one fascicle); [and] the Aqiuna jing (Arjuna Sūtra, one fascicle).

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古今譯經圖紀 — Classical Chinese