開元釋教錄 10.4

English (machine translation) 10.4

Language: English

10.4.1

*Gu jing lu* (Catalogue of Ancient Sūtras), one fascicle.
The above, upon investigating various old catalogues, is often called the *Gu lu* (Ancient Catalogue). It seems to be the catalogue of sūtras brought by Shili Fang and others in the time of the First Emperor of Qin.
*Jiu jing lu* (Catalogue of Old Sūtras), one fascicle.
The above seems to be [dating from when] Liu Xiang of the Former Han collated books in the Tian Pavilion and formerly saw that there were Buddhist sūtras. It was therefore called the catalogue of an ancient cache of sūtras, referring to those concealed within the walls of Confucius's house, or those hidden among the people when the First Emperor of Qin burned the books.
*Han shi fojing mulu* (Catalogue of Buddhist Sūtras of the Han Period), one fascicle.
The above seems to have been composed on the occasion when Kāśyapa Mātanga first translated the *Sūtra of Forty-two Chapters* during the reign of Emperor Ming.
*Zhu Shixing han lu* (Zhu Shixing's Han Catalogue), one fascicle.
The above: during the Cao Wei, the śramaṇa Zhu Shixing of Yingchuan composed this catalogue while lecturing on the *Daoxing jing* in Luoyang. Later he traveled to the Western Regions in search of sūtras and died there.
*Zhongjing lu* (Catalogue of Various Sūtras), one fascicle.
The above: in the reign of Emperor Wu of the Western Jin, the Western Regions śramaṇa Dharmarakṣa translated various sūtras at the Great Monastery outside the Qing Gate of Chang'an, and subsequently produced this catalogue.
*Zhongjing lu* (Catalogue of Various Sūtras), one fascicle.
The above: in the reign of Emperor Hui of the Western Jin, during the Yongjia era, the pure-faith upāsaka Nie Daozhen, who served as the scribe receiving [translations] under Master [Dharma]rakṣa, later translated sūtras himself and subsequently produced this catalogue.
*Zhao lu* (Catalogue of the Zhao), one fascicle.
The above: it seems to date from the time of the Two Zhao. Various catalogues note it from afar, but its author's surname and given name are unknown.
*Zongli zhongjing mulu* (Comprehensive Catalogue of Various Sūtras), one fascicle.
The above was compiled by the śramaṇa Shi Dao'an during the Fu Qin. Before this, earlier catalogues merely listed the titles of sūtras, while as for categories and periods, they were completely deficient and unrecorded, so that later people perusing them could not fathom their origins. Dao'an then collected all the titles and indicated their periods, evaluated the new and old, and settled their authorship. Reliable evidence for the various sūtras became clear from this point onward. Subsequent catalogues all drew upon it and expanded it. One thus knows that his lofty mind and unique insight were well sufficient to bequeath a model to later generations. The text he compiled is seen in Sengyou's catalogue.
*Er Qin lu* (Catalogue of the Two Qin), one fascicle.
The above was compiled by the śramaṇa Shi Sengrui of Chang'an during the Hongshi era of Yao Xing of the Later Qin. Sengrui was a disciple of Master Dao'an; his mental faculties were penetrating and luminous, and his intellect was preeminent. He participated in the translations of Kumārajīva's school and produced numerous writings and compilations.
*Zhongjing lu* (Catalogue of Various Sūtras), four fascicles (*Wei shi lu* [Catalogue of the Wei Era], *Wu shi lu* [Catalogue of the Wu Era], *Jin shi za lu* [Miscellaneous Catalogue of the Jin Era], and *Hexi lu* [Catalogue of Hexi]).
The above was initially compiled by Shi Daoliu, a disciple of Master [Hui]yuan of Donglin Temple on Mount Lu in the Eastern Jin, but he died before completing it. His fellow student Zhu Daozu continued and finished it.
*Jing lun dou lu* (General Catalogue of Sūtras and Śāstras), one fascicle (*Bie lu* [Classified Catalogue], one fascicle).
The above was compiled by the śramaṇa Zhi Mindu of Mount Yuzhang during the reign of Emperor Cheng of the Eastern Jin. Because he comprehensively collated the various ancient and modern sūtras, he compiled the *Dou lu*. Mindu also compiled one copy of a *Bie lu*.
*Zhongjing mulu* (Catalogue of Various Sūtras), two fascicles.
The above was compiled by the śramaṇa Shi Wangzong during the time of Emperor Wu of the Xiao Qi. It is seen in the *Liang sanzang ji*.
*Shi Hongchong lu* (Shi Hongchong's Catalogue), one fascicle (a native of the capital Yangdu under the Southern Qi).
*Shi Daohui Song Qi lu* (Shi Daohui's Song and Qi Catalogue), one fascicle (Southern Qi).
*Shi Daoping lu* (Shi Daoping's Catalogue), one fascicle (Northern Qi).
*Shi Zhengdu lu* (Shi Zhengdu's Catalogue), one fascicle.
*Wang cheji lu* (General of Chariots and Cavalry Wang's Catalogue), one fascicle.
*Shixing lu* (Catalogue of Shixing), one fascicle (author unknown; also called the *Nan lu* [Southern Catalogue]).
*Lushan lu* (Mount Lu Catalogue), one fascicle (author unknown).
*Cen Hao lu* (Cen Hao's Catalogue), one fascicle.
*Bodhiruci lu* (Bodhiruci's Catalogue), one fascicle (he was an Indian śramaṇa of Yongning Temple in the capital Luoyang under the Northern Wei).
*Hualin fodian zhongjing mulu* (Catalogue of the Various Sūtras of the Hualin Buddha Hall), four fascicles (compiled by the śramaṇa Sengshao by imperial order in the fourteenth year of the Tianjian era of the Liang).
*Sui shamen Shi Lingyu yijing lu* (Sui Śramaṇa Shi Lingyu's Catalogue of Translated Sūtras), one fascicle (the character 'Sui' is absent in Changfang's catalogue).
*Zhongjing dou lu* (General Catalogue of Various Sūtras), eight fascicles (seems to combine various authors; author unknown).
The above twenty-five catalogues: the two catalogues of [Fei] Changfang and the *Neidian [lu]* state that when examining biographies and records, the above catalogues exist, but their texts have not been seen, and so only their titles are listed.
*Zhongjing bie lu* (Classified Catalogue of Various Sūtras), two fascicles (author unknown; said to seem to date from the Song period; divided overall into ten categories, fully listed below):
First, Catalogue of Mahāyāna Sūtras (370 works, 779 fascicles);
Second, Catalogue of Teachings Common to the Three Vehicles (51 works, 97 fascicles);
Third, Catalogue of the Mahāyāna within the Three Vehicles (17 works, 38 fascicles).
The above three catalogues comprise the upper fascicle (in total, 438 works, 914 fascicles).
Fourth, Catalogue of Hīnayāna Sūtras (436 works, 610 fascicles);
Fifth: the title is missing in the original text (this lost catalogue does not show works and fascicles; it is probably because they were scattered among the various other catalogues);
Sixth, Catalogue of Undifferentiated Mahāyāna and Hīnayāna (174 works, 184 fascicles);
Seventh, Catalogue of Suspected Sūtras (17 works, 20 fascicles);
Eighth, Catalogue of Vinaya (12 works, 195 fascicles);
Ninth, Catalogue of Numerical [Texts] (6 works, 121 fascicles);
Tenth, Catalogue of Śāstras (6 works, 152 fascicles).
The above seven catalogues comprise the lower fascicle (in total, 651 works, 1,682 fascicles).
The two fascicles, upper and lower, contain ten sections in total, amounting to 1,089 works, 2,596 fascicles (when checking the number of works in the seven catalogues of the lower fascicle, it agrees, but the number of fascicles is 400 fewer; the reason is not clear).
*Yuan Wei zhongjing mulu* (Northern Wei Catalogue of Various Sūtras) (compiled in one fascicle by the Secretariat Drafter Li Kuo by imperial order during the Yongxi era):
1. Catalogue of Mahāyāna Sūtras (214 works);
2. Catalogue of Mahāyāna Śāstras (29 works);
3. Catalogue of Sub-commentaries on Mahāyāna Sūtras (12 works);
4. Catalogue of Untranslated Mahāyāna Sūtras and Śāstras (23 works);
5. Catalogue of Hīnayāna Sūtras (69 works);
6. Catalogue of Hīnayāna Śāstras (2 works);
7. Catalogue of Sūtras Having Titles but Not Yet Obtained (16 works);
8. Catalogue of Inauthentic Sūtras (62 works);
9. Catalogue of Inauthentic Śāstras (4 works);
10. Catalogue of Delusive Fabrications by Foolish Persons Completely Non-sūtra (11 works).
In all, ten categories: authentic and spurious sūtras, vinayas, and śāstras, 427 works, 2,053 fascicles (when collating the number of works against the grand total, it does not match, exceeding it by 15 works; the reason is not clear).
*Liang dai zhongjing mulu* (Liang Dynasty Catalogue of Various Sūtras) (compiled by the śramaṇa Baochang by imperial order in the seventeenth year of the Tianjian era):
*Zhongjing mulu*, Fascicle One (Mahāyāna: 262 works, 674 fascicles):
1. Multi-fascicle with known translators (69 works, 467 fascicles);
2. Multi-fascicle without known translators (5 works, 19 fascicles);
3. Single-fascicle with known translators (90 works, 90 fascicles);
4. Single-fascicle without known translators (98 works, 98 fascicles).
*Zhongjing mulu*, Fascicle Two (Hīnayāna: 285 works, 400 fascicles):
1. Multi-fascicle with known translators (17 works, 120 fascicles);
2. Multi-fascicle without known translators (5 works, 17 fascicles);
3. Single-fascicle with known translators (50 works, 50 fascicles).

10.4.2

Single-fascicle works with unknown translators, section 4 (213 works, 213 fascicles).
Catalogue of Scriptures, fascicle 3 (362 works, 1,682 fascicles):
1. Earlier and alternative translations of scriptures (45 multi-fascicle works, 279 fascicles; 38 single-fascicle works, 38 fascicles);
2. Dhyāna scriptures (9 multi-fascicle works, 38 fascicles; 31 single-fascicle works, 31 fascicles);
3. Vinaya rules (68 works, 273 fascicles);
4. Suspect scriptures (62 works, 67 fascicles);
5. Commentaries on scriptures (40 works, 246 fascicles);
6. Abhidharma (31 works, 367 fascicles);
7. Doctrinal treatises (38 works, 341 fascicles).
Catalogue of Scriptures, fascicle 4 (229 works, 985 fascicles; collating the count of works afterward leaves a discrepancy of five fewer):
1. Specific titles categorized by theme (13 works, 413 fascicles);
2. Common titles categorized by theme (35 works, 470 fascicles);
3. Parables (15 works, 36 fascicles);
4. Names of Buddhas (14 works, 29 fascicles);
5. Dhāraṇī mantras (47 works, 47 fascicles).
In total, four fascicles comprising twenty sections: altogether 1,433 works, 3,741 fascicles (collating this total count of works against the preceding figures shows a surplus of 395 works; the reason is unclear).
Catalogue of Scriptures of the Northern Qi (compiled in the Wuping era by the Director of Śramaṇas Fashang, whose Sanskrit name was Dharmottara; in 1 fascicle):
1. Miscellany Piṭaka Catalogue (291 works, 874 fascicles);
2. Sūtra Catalogue (179 works, 320 fascicles);
3. Vinaya Catalogue (19 works, 256 fascicles);
4. Abhidharma Catalogue (50 works, 421 fascicles);
5. Classified Catalogue (37 works, 74 fascicles);
6. Excerpts from Scriptures Catalogue (127 works, 137 fascicles);
7. Compilations Catalogue (33 works, 147 fascicles);
8. Catalogue of Works by Human Authors (51 works, 106 fascicles).
Comprising 8 sections in all: authentic and spurious sūtras, vinayas, and śāstras, numbering 787 works, 2,334 fascicles (collating this total against the preceding figures shows a discrepancy of 11 fascicles fewer; the reason is unclear).
For the four catalogues from the Classified Catalogue of Scriptures downward, Fei Zhangfang’s catalogue and the Neidian Lu give full lists of section headings; currently, search has failed to secure their full texts, so only their titles are preserved here.
Tang Catalogue of Scriptures in 5 fascicles (compiled in the early Zhenguan era by the śramaṇa Xuanwan of Puguang Temple; cited from the Neidian Lu):
Regarding the above: in the Neidian Lu it is cited as the “Old Tang Catalogue,” but its text has not been seen. It appears to take the Sui five-fascicle Catalogue of Scriptures and interpolate newly translated scriptures, the rest being broadly identical.
Catalogue of Scriptures in 5 fascicles (adding Xuanzang’s translated scriptures into the Sui catalogue, the rest being otherwise identical; compiled by the śramaṇa Jingtai of the Great Da Jing’ai Temple under the Great Tang):
Regarding the above: for the thirty-one cataloguers from the Ancient Catalogue downwards, though all are comprehensively discussed in the various catalogues, when one wishes to search for their original texts it is difficult to find them complete. Their titles are listed here merely to record that they are based on evidence. (The compiler notes: In addition, just as Zhangfang’s catalogue cites the Yicheng Temple Canon Catalogue, and the Zhou Catalogue cites the Zhenji Temple Catalogue, Yishan Temple Catalogue, Xuanfa Temple Catalogue, and Fulin Temple Catalogue—these five catalogues above are only cited by title without stating their fascicle counts; and there is also a 4-fascicle Dacheng Temple Canon Catalogue from the Chen dynasty, none of whose compilers are known. They appear to be brief inventories of the canons of those specific temples. Since their origins are confined to particular temples and their titles are monastic catalogues, they are not suitable for general circulation, and therefore in the sequence of recorded catalogues they are omitted and not recorded.)
Liang Collection of Records on the Tripiṭaka's Translation in 15 fascicles (compiled by the śramaṇa Shi Sengyou of Jianchu Temple):
Its preface states in summary: “With mediocre and shallow abilities, I, Sengyou, have devoted myself to the gate of the Dharma, gazing up at the profound teaching and vowing to propagate it in this latter age. Whenever dusk or dawn arrives, reciting and upholding; throughout autumn and summer, lecturing and explaining—never has my mind not galloped to Āmrapālī's Grove, nor my shadow leaped toward the Vulture Peak. Thereupon, exerting my feeble determination, I traced the streams back to their springs, and gathered what I had heard into a work titled Collection of Records on the Tripiṭaka's Translation. First, to record the accounts of origin; second, to establish the catalogue of names; third, to collect sūtra prefaces; fourth, to recount the series of biographies. Compiling the accounts of origin makes the fundamental genesis clearly evident; establishing the catalogue of names keeps the chronological records from falling into obscurity; collecting sūtra prefaces provides adequate testimony for the times of these wondrous assemblies; recounting the series of biographies allows the character of these men to be perceived. All of this is done through analyzing the inner scriptures and scrutinizing external texts, and so forth.”
Collection of Records on the Tripiṭaka's Translation, fascicle 1 (fascicle 1 compiles the accounts of origin; fascicles 2 through 5 establish the catalogue of names; fascicles 6 through 12 collect sūtra prefaces; fascicles 13 through 15 recount the series of biographies):
1. Record of the Origins of the Compilation of the Tripiṭaka (drawn from the Mahāprajñāpāramitopadeśa);
2. Record of the Compilation of the Tripiṭaka by the Five Hundred Arhats from the Sarvāstivāda-vinaya;
3. Record of the Compilation of the Eight Piṭakas from the Bodhisattva-garbhastha-sūtra;
4. Record of Similarities and Differences in the Characters, Sounds, and Meanings of Hu and Han Translations of Scriptures (it should say ‘Fan and Han’);
5. Record of Variations Among Successive Translations of Scriptures.
Collection of Records on the Tripiṭaka's Translation, fascicle 2:
1. Newly Compiled Catalogue of Translated Sūtras, Vinayas, and Śāstras (450 works, 1,867 fascicles);
2. Newly Compiled Catalogue Distinguishing Alternative Translations of Scriptures (directly coordinating re-translations merely by work title, without mentioning fascicle counts, making calculation extremely difficult);
3. Newly Compiled Catalogue Recording Prefaces to the Four Vinayas (the initial title lists fascicles, but the body does not: four divisions, 180 fascicles).
Collection of Records on the Tripiṭaka's Translation, fascicle 3:
1. Newly Compiled Catalogue of Ancient and Atypical Scriptures of Master Dao’an (92 works, 92 fascicles);
2. Newly Compiled Catalogue of Scriptures with Anonymous Translators of Master Dao’an (142 works, 147 fascicles);
3. Newly Compiled Catalogue of Atypical Scriptures from the Liang Region of Master Dao’an (59 works, 79 fascicles);
4. Newly Compiled Catalogue of Atypical Scriptures from the Guanzhong Region of Master Dao’an (24 works, 24 fascicles);
5. Newly Compiled Record of the Division of the Vinaya into Five Sections (drawn from the Vibhāṣā);
6. Newly Compiled Record of the Division of the Vinaya into Eighteen Sections;
7. Newly Compiled Record of the Arrival of the Fourfold Vinaya in the Han Land.
Collection of Records on the Tripiṭaka's Translation, fascicle 4:
1. Newly Compiled Supplementary Catalogue of Miscellaneous Anonymous Scriptures (1,306 works, 1,570 fascicles).
Collection of Records on the Tripiṭaka's Translation, fascicle 5:
1. Newly Compiled Catalogue of Excerpted Scriptures (46 works, 351 fascicles);
2. Newly Compiled Catalogue of Suspect Scriptures of Master Dao’an (26 works, 30 fascicles);
3. Newly Compiled Miscellaneous Catalogue of Suspect and Spurious Works (20 works, 26 fascicles);
4. Newly Compiled Catalogue of Sūtra Commentaries and Miscellaneous Records of Master Dao’an (48 works, 359 fascicles);
5. Record of the Heterodox Observances Created by Zhu Fadu, a Confused Student of the Hīnayāna;
6. Dharma Master Rui of Chang’an's Clarification of Doubts.

10.4.3

Collection of Records of the Translation of the Tripiṭaka, Fascicle 6 (ten prefaces, including the preface to the Sūtra of Forty-two Chapters);
Collection of Records of the Translation of the Tripiṭaka, Fascicle 7 (twenty prefaces, including the preface to the Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra);
Collection of Records of the Translation of the Tripiṭaka, Fascicle 8 (nineteen prefaces, including the preface to the Prajñā Extract Sūtra);
Collection of Records of the Translation of the Tripiṭaka, Fascicle 9 (twenty-four records, including the record of the Avataṃsaka-sūtra);
Collection of Records of the Translation of the Tripiṭaka, Fascicle 10 (twenty-one prefaces, including the preface to the Yogācārabhūmi-sūtra);
Collection of Records of the Translation of the Tripiṭaka, Fascicle 11 (sixteen prefaces, including the preface to the Mūlamadhyamakakārikā);
Collection of Records of the Translation of the Tripiṭaka, Fascicle 12 (ten miscellaneous records and prefaces);
Collection of Records of the Translation of the Tripiṭaka, Fascicle 13 (twelve biographies, including the biography of An Shigao);
Collection of Records of the Translation of the Tripiṭaka, Fascicle 14 (ten biographies, including the biography of Kumārajīva);
Collection of Records of the Translation of the Tripiṭaka, Fascicle 15 (ten biographies, including the biography of Bo Fazu).
(The cataloguer says: The organizational principles of Sengyou's catalogue are worthy of consideration, yet if one investigates them in detail, errors and discrepancies are not lacking. For instance, in Fascicle 1, in the 'Record of Differences in Earlier and Later Translations of Sūtras,' equating the older sūtras' dasa'ajie aluohe sanyesanfo with the newer sūtras' anoutuoluo sanmiao sanputi is the first error. If pairing old and new opposites, one should say: the older sūtras' dasa'ajie aluohe sanyesanfo corresponds to the newer sūtras' duotuo'aqiedu aluohe sanmiao sanfoutuo, and the older sūtras' anoutuoluo sanyesanpu corresponds to the newer sūtras' anoutuoluo sanmiao sanputi. The two meanings are completely different and must not be conflated. Furthermore, Dharmarakṣa (Tanmoluoca) and Zhu Fahu are the same person—'Tanmo' means 'Fa' (Dharma), and 'Luoca' means 'Hu' (Rakṣa)—yet he splits him into two persons; this is the second error. In the catalogue of different translations of sūtras and śāstras, whenever titles merely resemble one another, he calls them re-translations, without scrutinizing them carefully, thus conflating Mahāyāna and Hīnayāna; this is the third error. The preface to the Saṅgharakṣa Compilation states that it was compiled by Zhonghu; 'Sengqie' means 'Zhong' (Saṅgha), and 'Luoca' means 'Hu' (Rakṣa). Zhonghu was the person who compiled the sūtras, but the preface was written by the translator, yet [Sengyou] attributed its title to Zhonghu; this is the fourth error. These various mistakes are exceedingly glaring; they are indeed blemishes on fine jade.)

Sui Catalogue of the Various Sūtras, 7 fascicles (1 fascicle of General Catalogue, 6 fascicles of Classified Catalogue; compiled in the fourteenth year of the Kaihuang era by imperial order by Fajing and twenty other Venerables of the translation bureau):
1. Catalogue of the Mahāyāna Sūtrapiṭaka (6 sections, totaling 784 works in 1,718 fascicles):
Section of Sūtras of a Single Translation (totaling 133 works in 421 fascicles);
Section of Sūtras of Different Translations (totaling 195 works in 522 fascicles);
Section of Anonymous Translations of Sūtras (totaling 134 works in 275 fascicles);
Section of Extracted Texts of Sūtras (totaling 221 works in 264 fascicles);
Section of Doubtful Sūtras (totaling 21 works in 30 fascicles);
Section of Spurious Sūtras (totaling 80 works in 196 fascicles).
2. Catalogue of the Hīnayāna Sūtrapiṭaka (6 sections, totaling 842 works—calculated as 45 works—in 1,301 fascicles—calculated as 304 fascicles):
Section of Sūtras of a Single Translation (totaling 72 works in 292 fascicles);
Section of Sūtras of Different Translations (totaling 100 works in 270 fascicles);
Section of Anonymous Translations of Sūtras (totaling 150 works in 272 fascicles);
Section of Extracted Texts of Sūtras (totaling 342 works in 346 fascicles);
Section of Doubtful Sūtras (totaling 29 works in 31 fascicles);
Section of Spurious Sūtras (totaling 53 works in 93 fascicles).
3. Catalogue of the Mahāyāna Vinayapiṭaka (6 sections, totaling 50 works in 82 fascicles):
Section of Vinayas of a Single Translation (totaling 12 works in 32 fascicles);
Section of Vinayas of Different Translations (totaling 7 works in 7 fascicles);
Section of Anonymous Translations of Vinayas (totaling 11 works in 14 fascicles);
Section of Extracted Texts of Vinayas (totaling 16 works in 16 fascicles);
Section of Doubtful Vinayas (totaling 1 work in 2 fascicles);
Section of Spurious Vinayas (totaling 2 works in 11 fascicles).
4. Catalogue of the Hīnayāna Vinayapiṭaka (6 sections, totaling 63 works in 381 fascicles):
Section of Vinayas of a Single Translation (totaling 15 works in 198 fascicles);
Section of Vinayas of Different Translations (totaling 8 works in 126 fascicles);
Section of Anonymous Translations of Vinayas (totaling 29 works in 45 fascicles);
Section of Extracted Texts of Vinayas (totaling 6 works in 6 fascicles);
Section of Doubtful Vinayas (totaling 2 works in 2 fascicles);
Section of Spurious Vinayas (totaling 3 works in 2 fascicles).
5. Catalogue of the Mahāyāna Abhidharmapiṭaka (6 sections, totaling 68 works in 381 fascicles):
Section of Śāstras of a Single Translation (totaling 42 works in 206 fascicles);
Section of Śāstras of Different Translations (totaling 8 works in 52 fascicles);
Section of Anonymous Translations of Śāstras (totaling 1 work in 2 fascicles);
Section of Extracted Texts of Śāstras (totaling 15 works in 19 fascicles);
Section of Doubtful Śāstras (totaling 1 work in 1 fascicle);
Section of Spurious Śāstras (totaling 1 work in 1 fascicle).
6. Catalogue of the Hīnayāna Abhidharmapiṭaka (6 sections, totaling 116 works in 482 fascicles):
Section of Śāstras of a Single Translation (totaling 14 works in 276 fascicles);
Section of Śāstras of Different Translations (totaling 8 works in 66 fascicles);
Section of Anonymous Translations of Śāstras (totaling 5 works in 22 fascicles);
Section of Extracted Texts of Śāstras (totaling 86 works in 107 fascicles);
Section of Doubtful Śāstras (totaling 1 work in 1 fascicle);
Section of Spurious Śāstras (totaling 2 works in 10 fascicles).
7. Catalogue of Compilations and Extracts Made after the Buddha's Parinirvāṇa (2 sections, totaling 144 works in 627 fascicles):
Section of Compilations and Extracts by Sages and Worthies of the Western Regions (totaling 48 works in 119 fascicles);
Section of Compilations and Extracts by Various Worthies of this Land (totaling 96 works in 508 fascicles).
8. Catalogue of Biographies and Records Made after the Buddha's Parinirvāṇa (2 sections, totaling 68 works in 185 fascicles):
Section of Biographies and Records of Sages and Worthies of the Western Regions (totaling 13 works in 30 fascicles);
Section of Biographies and Records of Various Worthies of this Land (totaling 55 works in 155 fascicles).
9. Catalogue of Writings and Compositions Made after the Buddha's Parinirvāṇa (2 sections, totaling 119 works in 120 fascicles):
Section of Writings and Compositions by Sages and Worthies of the Western Regions (totaling 15 works in 19 fascicles);
Section of Writings and Compositions by Various Worthies of this Land (totaling 104 works in 115 fascicles).
The above nine catalogues total 2,257 works in 5,310 fascicles (calculated as 2,254 works in 5,191 fascicles; a detailed verification of the works and fascicles in the Classified Catalogue also shows discrepancies with the General Catalogue), divided into

10.4.4

[Fascicle] 6. The General Catalogue is the seventh, bringing the total to seven fascicles. (The compiler notes: Upon examining this catalogue, I find it is not without errors. For instance, Dharmarakṣa—in the Jin language, Fahu—is completely the same person, yet the catalogue divides him into two, claiming each produced a two-fascicle *Sujintianzi jing* and cataloguing them as re-translations. Failing to recognise Sanskrit and Jin words is the first error. For another example, the *Lü ershi'er mingliao lun* is entirely a single text, yet the catalogue splits it into two works: twenty-two fascicles of the *Vinaya* are catalogued under vinaya, while a one-fascicle *Mingliao lun* is placed under the catalogue of śāstras. Splitting the title of a single text into two entries in the catalogue is the second error. That 'twenty-two of the vinaya' is simply half of the title *Mingliao lun*; saying now that it is 'twenty-two fascicles' is an extreme error. Paramārtha's *Mahāyānasaṃgraha* in twelve fascicles and the one in fifteen fascicles are not different texts, yet he keeps them as two works and calls them re-translations, which is the third error. Cataloguing the *Renwang jing*, the *Awakening of Faith*, and so forth under the catalogue of doubtful texts is the fourth error. I cannot detail them all, but have briefly stated them as such.)
Sui dynasty: *Kaihuang Sanbao lu*, fifteen fascicles (its inner title is *Lidai sanbao ji*; compiled in the seventeenth year of Kaihuang by Fei Changfang of Chengdu, scholar at the translation bureau of Xingshan Temple).
*Lidai sanbao ji*, fascicle 1 (Chronology of Emperors, part 1: Zhou and Qin).
From the tenth year (*jiawu*) of King Zhuang of Zhou to the *jiawu* year of Ziying, son of the First Emperor of Qin, there were twenty-six rulers and 481 years in all.
*Lidai sanbao ji*, fascicle 2 (Chronology of Emperors, part 2: Former Han, Xin-Wang, and Later Han).
From the first year (*yiwei*) of Emperor Gao of the Former Han to the twenty-fourth year (*yihai*) of the Jian'an reign of Emperor Xian of the Later Han, there were twenty-six rulers and 425 years in all.
*Lidai sanbao ji*, fascicle 3 (Chronology of Emperors, part 3: Wei, Jin, Song, Qi, Liang, Zhou, and Sui).
From the first year (*gengzi*) of the Huangchu reign of Emperor Wen of Wei to the seventeenth year (*dingsi*) of the Kaihuang reign of the Sui, there were forty-four rulers and 378 years in all.
*Lidai sanbao ji*, fascicle 4 (Translated Sūtras: Later Han).
The above spans from the tenth year (*dingmao*) of the Yongping reign of Emperor Ming to the final year of Emperor Xian, through eleven rulers and 152 years. Twelve people—Chinese and foreign, clergy and laity—together with ancient anonymous translations, produced a total of 334 works in 416 fascicles of sūtras and vinaya.
*Lidai sanbao ji*, fascicle 5 (Translated Sūtras: Wei and Wu).
The above covers the two dynasties of Wei and Wu. Ten individuals, clergy and laity, along with former anonymous translations, produced a total of 312 works in 482 fascicles of sūtras, vinaya, and karmans.
*Lidai sanbao ji*, fascicle 6 (Translated Sūtras: Western Jin).
The above covers the Western Jin dynasty. Thirteen individuals—Chinese and foreign, clergy and laity—together with previous anonymous translations of various sūtras, precepts, and so on, produced a total of 451 works in 717 fascicles.
*Lidai sanbao ji*, fascicle 7 (Translated Sūtras: Eastern Jin).
The above covers the Eastern Jin dynasty. Twenty-seven individuals—Chinese and foreign, clergy and laity—together with old anonymous translations, produced a total of 263 works in 585 fascicles of translated sūtras.
*Lidai sanbao ji*, fascicle 8 (Translated Sūtras: Fu Qin and Yao Qin).
The above covers the era of the two Qins. Sixteen individuals—Chinese and foreign of the Śākya clan—produced a total of 164 works in 904 fascicles of sūtras, śāstras, biographies, and so on.
*Lidai sanbao ji*, fascicle 9 (Translated Sūtras: Western Qin, Northern Liang, Yuan Wei, Northern Qi, and Chen).
The above covers five dynasties. A total of twenty-seven people, clergy and laity, produced 203 works in 855 fascicles of the tripiṭaka, records, and so on, together with anonymous translations.
*Lidai sanbao ji*, fascicle 10 (Translated Sūtras: Song).
The above covers the Song dynasty. Twenty-three individuals—Chinese and foreign, clergy and laity—produced a total of 210 works in 490 fascicles of sūtras, vinaya, śāstras, biographies, catalogues, and so on.
*Lidai sanbao ji*, fascicle 11 (Translated Sūtras: Qi, Liang, and Zhou).
The above covers three dynasties. A total of fifty-one people, clergy and laity, produced 162 works in 1,326 fascicles of sūtras, vinaya, śāstras, biographies, catalogues, and so on.
*Lidai sanbao ji*, fascicle 12 (Translated Sūtras: Great Sui).
The above covers the Sui dynasty. Nineteen people—Chinese and foreign, clergy and laity—translated new texts and various old versions of śāstras, biographies, and ceremonial manuals, totalling 75 works in 462 fascicles.
*Lidai sanbao ji*, fascicle 13 (Mahāyāna Catalogue: texts admitted into the canon, 551 works in 1,586 fascicles).
Mahāyāna sūtras with known translators, 1 (334 works in 885 fascicles);
Sūtras with anonymous translators, 2 (335 works in 402 fascicles);
Vinaya with known translators, 3 (19 works in 40 fascicles);
Vinaya with anonymous translators, 4 (12 works in 14 fascicles);
Abhidharma with known translators, 5 (49 works in 238 fascicles);
Abhidharma with anonymous translators, 6 (2 works in 7 fascicles).
*Lidai sanbao ji*, fascicle 14 (Hīnayāna Catalogue: texts admitted into the canon, 525 works in 1,739 fascicles; the catalogue's statement of 712 fascicles is an error).
Hīnayāna sūtras with known translators, 1 (108 works in 527 fascicles);
Sūtras with anonymous translators, 2 (316 works in 482 fascicles);
Vinaya with known translators, 3 (39 works in 185 fascicles);
Vinaya with anonymous translators, 4 (31 works in 67 fascicles);
Abhidharma with known translators, 5 (21 works in 351 fascicles);
Abhidharma with anonymous translators, 6 (10 works in 27 fascicles).
*Kaihuang Sanbao lu*, general table of contents, one fascicle (The *Neidian lu* states that the sūtras, vinaya, śāstras, and biographies recorded in Changfang's catalogue total 2,146 works in 6,235 fascicles; counting the works not admitted into the canon yields 74 works in 37 fascicles, which differs from the *Neidian lu*).
The above, together with the general table of contents, forms fifteen fascicles in all (its thirteenth and fourteenth fascicles, the catalogues of Mahāyāna and Hīnayāna texts admitted into the canon, total 1,076 works in 2,325 fascicles; the original number in Changfang's catalogue of 3,392 fascicles was a calculation error). The *Neidian lu* states: 'In the work compiled by Changfang, earthenware and jade are intermingled among the texts admitted into the canon. Its merit lies in its rich profusion, though it cannot be fully verified; yet it is not without grounding, and ought not to be dismissed unilaterally.' (The compiler notes: Upon examining Changfang's catalogue of texts admitted into the canon, the facts and actual contents are mixed and erroneous. Lost texts as well as doubtful and spurious ones are all catalogued as canonical, which I personally consider unacceptable. Furthermore, as in the Mahāyāna catalogue, the *Bhadrakalpika-sūtra* and *Bhadrakalpa-samādhi-sūtra* are two titles for one sūtra, yet he keeps them as two works: the first error. The *Subhūti Chapter* and *Chang'an Chapter* are both alternative titles for the *Prajñā Excerpts*, yet he preserves them separately as two works: the second error. The *Sujintianzi jing* and *Sujintianzi wen sishi jing* are also two titles for one sūtra, yet he duplicates them as two

10.4.5

texts, which is the third error. The Xiangbu jing is an alternate title for the Wusuoxingwang jing, yet both titles are retained, which is the fourth error. The Puti wuxing jing is an alternate title for the Wenshushili wen puti jing, yet both recensions are retained, which is the fifth error. Placing the Sāṃkhya non-Buddhist treatise into the Mahāyāna section is the sixth error. In the Hīnayāna catalogue, the Dharmatrāta-dhyāna-sūtra and the Fujingguan jing are fundamentally the same sūtra; the 'contemplation of impurity' is named after its method, while 'Dharmatrāta' derives its appellation from the person, yet both works are retained, which is the seventh error. The Sarvâstivāda-vinaya in sixty-one fascicles and the Sarvâstivāda-vinaya in fifty-nine fascicles are not different texts; the sixty-one-fascicle version merely placed Vimalākṣa's Vinaya preface at the end, and the remainder is completely identical, yet the catalogue calls it a retranslation and retains both recensions, which is the eighth error. The 'Vinaya in Twenty-two [Stanzas]' is placed under the vinaya section, while the Mingliao lun is placed under the śāstra section, splitting a single title into two, which is the ninth error. Furthermore, that 'Vinaya in Twenty-two' is half the title of the Mingliao lun, yet retaining it now as a 'Vinaya in twenty-two fascicles' is a repeated mistake upon a mistake. As for the Fenbie gongde lun (Abhidharma treatise of the Fenbie gongde), in the chronological dynastic catalogue it is said to have been translated under the Song dynasty by Guṇabhadra together with Bodhiyaśas, yet in the canon entry it is recorded as having an unknown origin; this discrepancy between front and back is the tenth error. The others remain in the catalogue, but cannot be recounted in full).

Sui Catalogue of Buddhist Scriptures in Five Fascicles (Compiled in the second year of Renshou by imperial decree ordering the venerable elders of Xingshan Temple along with translating śramaṇas and scholars).
Totaling 2,109 works in 5,059 fascicles.
Sole translations (originally a single text with no other translation: totaling 370 works in 1,786 fascicles).
The above is the first fascicle.
Retranslations (originally a single scripture, with some translated twice or even up to six times: totaling 277 works in 583 fascicles).
Compilations and biographies of the sages and worthies (composed by sages and worthies, whose translations have an origin: totaling 41 works in 164 fascicles).
The above is the second fascicle. (The preceding two fascicles, comprising three categories, total 688 works in 2,533 fascicles, entered into the canon and found in the catalogue).
Extracted texts (excerpts copied out from their primary works to circulate separately: totaling 810 works in 1,288 fascicles).
The above is the third fascicle.
Doubtful and spurious texts (titles may seem genuine, but their doctrinal purport involves human fabrication: totaling 209 works in 491 fascicles).
The above is the fourth fascicle. (The preceding two fascicles, comprising two categories, total 1,019 works in 1,779 fascicles, and do not need to be copied).
Lost texts (titles are in older catalogues, but no manuscripts survive: totaling 402 works in 747 fascicles, sought for inquiry).
The above is the fifth fascicle.
Its preface states in brief: 'Extracted texts and doubtful or spurious texts need not be copied; the other three categories outside of these are collected and entered into the canon. Works such as the Fabao ji and Jingzhuzi are treated like abridgments and by rule entered into the extracted texts. Remaining works such as biographies of monks contain prose mingled with civil history and are not pure in style; although their events may be investigated, their doctrinal purport does not warrant inclusion in the catalogue.' The Neidian lu states: 'At present, throughout the capital, copying flourishes widely; it merely lists scripture titles and arranges their translations, but omits more than half, making it insufficient for reference.' (The compiler says: I have examined this catalogue, and it is not without errors. For instance, the Hongdao guangxian sanmei jing and the Anavatapta-nāgarāja-sūtra are two titles for a single scripture, yet both are said to be translated by Dharmarakṣa and both texts are retained, which is the first error. Furthermore, the Lalitavistara in eight fascicles is said to be translated by Dharmarakṣa of the Western Jin, but in the catalogue of lost texts, the Lalitavistara in eight fascicles is again said to be translated by Dharmarakṣa; recording it both as extant and lost is the second error. Again, in the catalogue of texts entered into the canon, the Lalitavistara in eight fascicles is called a sole translation, yet in the catalogue of lost texts it is called a retranslation; this contradiction between the extant and lost sections is the third error. The Mahāyānasaṃgraha in twelve fascicles and that in fifteen fascicles translated by Paramārtha, though varying in fascicle count, do not differ in text; yet now both recensions are retained, which is the fourth error. The Mahīśāsaka-karman is repeatedly recorded in the catalogue of lost texts, which is the fifth error. Categorizing the Suiyuan wangsheng jing and Yijiao lun as doubtful or spurious is the sixth error. The remainder in the catalogue cannot be fully noted).

Da Tang Neidian Lu in Ten Fascicles (Compiled in the first year of Linde, a jiazi year, by the śramaṇa Shi Daoxuan of Ximing Temple).
Chronological Account of the Transmission and Translation of All Scriptures from Successive Dynasties, Part 1 (referring to texts produced in individual dynasties and works composed by people, all of which convey the Dharma and are collected into the scriptures, hence they are set forth alongside the scriptures):
Twelve persons, both clergy and laity, who transmitted and translated in the Later Han dynasty, and the scriptures, vinayas, etc. produced by them (334 works in 416 fascicles; anonymous translations: 125 works in 148 fascicles).
Six monks who transmitted and translated in the Former Wei dynasty, and the scriptures, vinayas, etc. produced by them (13 works in 25 fascicles).
Four persons, clergy and laity, who transmitted and translated in the Southern Wu of the Sun clan, and the scriptures, biographies, etc. produced by them (148 works in 195 fascicles; anonymous translations: 110 works in 292 fascicles).
Thirteen persons, clergy and laity, who transmitted and translated in the Western Jin dynasty, and the scriptures, precepts, etc. produced by them (446 works in 713 fascicles; anonymous translations: 8 works in 15 fascicles).
Twenty-seven persons, clergy and laity, who transmitted and translated in the Eastern Jin dynasty, and the scriptures, biographies, etc. produced by them (264 works in 574 fascicles; anonymous translations: 50 works in 54 fascicles).
Eight monks who transmitted and translated in the Former Qin of the Fu clan, and the scriptures, biographies, etc. produced by them (40 works in 239 fascicles).
One monk who transmitted and translated in the Western Qin of the Qifu clan, and the scriptures, etc. produced by him (15 works in 22 fascicles; anonymous translations: 8 works in 11 fascicles).
Eight monks who transmitted and translated in the Later Qin of the Yao clan, and the scriptures, biographies, etc. produced by them (124 works in 676 fascicles).
Nine persons, clergy and laity, who transmitted and translated in the Northern Liang of the Juqu clan, and the scriptures, biographies produced by them (34 works in 270 fascicles; anonymous translations: 5 works in 17 fascicles).
Twenty-four persons, clergy and laity, who transmitted and translated in the Song dynasty, and the scriptures, biographies produced by them (217 works in 503 fascicles).
Twenty persons, clergy and laity, who transmitted and translated in the Former Qi dynasty, and the scriptures, biographies produced by them (12 works in 396 fascicles).
Twenty-one persons, clergy and laity, who transmitted and translated in the Liang dynasty, and the scriptures, vinayas, biographies, etc. produced by them (89 works in 903 fascicles).
Fourteen persons, clergy and laity, who transmitted and translated in the Later Wei of the Yuan clan, and the scriptures, treatises, biographies, catalogues produced by them (88 works in 298 fascicles).
Two persons, clergy and laity, who transmitted and translated in the Northern Qi of the Gao clan, and the scriptures, treatises produced by them (8 works in 52 fascicles).
Eleven persons, clergy and laity, who transmitted and translated in the Northern Zhou of the Yuwen clan, and the scriptures, treatises, astronomy, etc. produced by them (32 works in 105 fascicles).
Three persons, clergy and laity, who transmitted and translated in the Chen dynasty, and the scriptures, treatises, biographies, commentaries, etc. produced by them (54 works in 251 fascicles).

10.4.6

Sūtras, śāstras, and other works produced by twenty-five translators, clergy and laity, during the Sui dynasty (106 works, 633 fascicles);
Sūtras, śāstras, and other works produced by twelve translators, monks and others, during the present imperial dynasty (117 works, 1,668 fascicles).
In total, for all eighteen eras, the sūtras and other works produced amount altogether to 2,487 works, 8,476 fascicles (the total count at the beginning of the first fascicle differs from the total count in the tenth fascicle, and when collated against other editions there are also minor discrepancies; it is not yet clear which is correct).
The above single catalogue is divided into five fascicles (from the first to the fifth).
Second: Catalogue of Successive Dynasties' Translated Texts, Sole and Multiple, with the Translators' and Dynasties' Extant or Lost Status (meaning that different translations were produced at earlier and later times under different dynasties, and having suffered through disorders and upheavals, clergy and laity were scattered; now summing them up, there are sole and multiple translations, yet the circumstances of their transmission are obscure, leading to anonymous translations).
Catalogue of Sole and Multiple Translations of Mahāyāna Sūtras with Translators Extant or Lost (in total, 386 works, 1,152 fascicles, 18,522 sheets);
Catalogue of Sole and Multiple Translations of Mahāyāna Vinayas with Translators Extant or Lost (in total, 22 works, 34 fascicles);
Catalogue of Sole and Multiple Translations of Mahāyāna Śāstras with Translators Extant or Lost (in total, 72 works, 500 fascicles, 9,220 sheets);
Catalogue of Sole and Multiple Translations of Hīnayāna Sūtras with Translators Extant or Lost (in total, 204 works, 544 fascicles, 7,674 sheets);
Catalogue of Hīnayāna Vinayas with Translators Extant or Lost (in total, 35 works, 274 fascicles, 5,813 sheets);
Catalogue of Sole and Multiple Translations of Hīnayāna Śāstras with Translators Extant or Lost (in total, 33 works, 676 fascicles, 12,177 sheets);
Catalogue of Compilations by Worthies and Saints, Spanning Both Mahāyāna and Hīnayāna (in total, 47 works, 184 fascicles, 2,760 sheets).
The above single catalogue is divided into the sixth and seventh fascicles.
Third: Catalogue of Successive Dynasties' Canonical Texts Classified by Vehicle and Entered into the Canon (meaning that because the scriptural works are voluminous, their essential outlines are fully set forth, following cases and entering the canon grouped by category; hence, they are divided into the two vehicles of Mahāyāna and Hīnayāna, showing both sole and multiple translations).
Sūtras, vinayas, śāstras, and biographical accounts (in total, 801 works, 3,361 fascicles, 56,170 sheets, 326 cases);
Mahāyāna sūtras in a single translation (204 works, 685 fascicles, 11,043 sheets, 66 cases);
Mahāyāna sūtras in retranslations (202 works, 497 fascicles, 7,290 sheets, 49 cases);
Hīnayāna sūtras in a single translation (108 works, 435 fascicles, 6,690 sheets, 39 cases);
Hīnayāna sūtras in retranslations (96 works, 114 fascicles, 977 sheets, 6 cases);
Hīnayāna vinayas (35 works, 274 fascicles, 5,813 sheets, 28 cases);
Mahāyāna śāstras (74 works, 502 fascicles, 9,130 sheets, 52 cases);
Hīnayāna śāstras (33 works, 676 fascicles, 12,177 sheets, 68 cases);
Compilations and biographical accounts of worthies and saints (49 works, 184 fascicles, 2,084 sheets, 18 cases).
The above single catalogue forms the eighth fascicle (The cataloguer remarks: "Examining the counts in this catalogue, some agree with the works and fascicles in the preceding catalogue while others differ. The preceding catalogue separately listed Mahāyāna vinayas, but here they are merged into the sūtras; moreover, sole and multiple translations are mixed together and inconsistent from beginning to end. On what basis can they be definitively settled?").
Fourth: Catalogue of Successive Dynasties' Canonical Texts with Key Works Selected for Chanting and Study (meaning that for chanting, reading, study, and perusal, the emphasis is on concision and comprehensiveness; voluminous text and redundant meanings are not suited to the times; therefore, selecting and extracting according to works, it chooses those that communicate the Path, while leaving the remaining duplicate versions preserved without immediate attention).
Primary texts of Mahāyāna sūtras (254 works, 795 fascicles, 13,079 sheets);
Texts of Mahāyāna vinayas (20 works, 32 fascicles, 430 sheets);
Texts of Mahāyāna śāstras (63 works, 445 fascicles, 8,115 sheets);
In total, Mahāyāna sūtras, vinayas, and śāstras amount to 337 works, 1,267 fascicles (21,625 sheets);
Hīnayāna sūtras (in total, 118 works, 433 fascicles, 6,713 sheets);
Hīnayāna vinayas (in total, 35 works, 274 fascicles, 5,718 sheets);
Hīnayāna śāstras (in total, 29 works, 565 fascicles, 9,997 sheets);
In total, Hīnayāna sūtras, vinayas, and śāstras amount to 182 works, 1,252 fascicles (22,428 sheets);
Compilations and biographical accounts of worthies and saints (in total, 43 works, 177 fascicles, 2,997 sheets).
The above single catalogue forms the ninth fascicle (The cataloguer remarks: "Examining the intent here, what is listed above are counts for chanting and reading. For all sūtras with multiple translations, only one version is preserved, and the rest, having no difference in meaning or principle, have been excised and not retained").
Fifth: Catalogue of Successive Dynasties' Canonical Texts with Titles but Lost Texts (meaning that when comprehensively checking the various catalogues, the texts are missing when collating; having been produced separately across different regions, they could not circulate everywhere; therefore, their titles are separately displayed to search for them).
Sixth: Catalogue of Successive Dynasties' Treatises and Commentaries by Clergy and Laity (meaning that they annotate and explicate the sacred words to make them accessible to those who have not yet understood; earlier they were displayed in a mixed manner, which was not sufficient to elucidate them clearly; now their titles are recorded separately to make them easy to understand upon perusal).
Seventh: Catalogue of Successive Dynasties' Branch Streams of Sūtras Deployed for Transformation (meaning the various extracted texts; adapting to worldly customs, when they had not yet grasped the broad texts, they temporarily received beginners; even a single four-line verse should not be lightly excised, and this is the reason).
Eighth: Catalogue of Successive Dynasties' Doubtful and Spurious Sūtras and Śāstras (meaning that the true Dharma is profound and far-reaching, and ordinary, ignorant people do not comprehend it; accommodating vulgar practices down below, they violate the authentic tradition; if they are not clearly identified, jade and stone will be commingled).
Ninth: Preface on the Beginnings and Ends of Successive Dynasties' Scriptural Catalogues (meaning that scriptural catalogues were produced dynasty by dynasty, and one must know their origins).
Tenth: Catalogue of Successive Dynasties' Canonical Texts Responding to Sentiments and Inspiring Reverence (meaning that when sūtras were translated into the Eastern Xia, they responded with auspicious signs, and there was received protection that increased faith; thus, causing transmission and preservation to last long into the future).
The above six catalogues are combined into the tenth fascicle (as wishing to detail them fully might prove overly verbose, they are abridged).
In the Neidian lu, Vinaya Master Xuan says: "In my youth I bathed in the stream of Dharma, for over fifty years. The masters of the lineage established the teachings, exemplary and wise. Whenever I encountered scriptural proclamations or virtuous capabilities, there were none I did not personally read and visit. As for the great catalogues of scriptural divisions, I rejoiced and comprehended exceedingly. Regardless of authentic or spurious, I wished to hear their differences [and so forth]. Therefore, after the Wei and Jin dynasties, translations flourished vigorously, and composing catalogues and discussing them was by no means solitary. Some arranged by number, some used titles..."

First 6 of 12 passages. Read on

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開元釋教錄 — 智昇, Classical Chinese