藥師經疏 1.36

1.36

經。若復此人至如大力士　六天人受福。謂聞藥師如來名故。命終生天。此人雖復未凡生淨土亦是正定聚人終能往生故。此經云雖生天中本昔吾根無有窮盡。不復更生諸餘惡趣。若是不定聚人豈得善根無盡不生惡趣。本昔善根者。謂本出世善根。或聞藥師如來名號善根。轉輪王者。俱舍十二云。輪王出世為在何時。幾種幾俱何威何相。從此洲人壽無量歲。乃至八萬歲有轉輪王生。減八萬時。有情富樂壽量損減。眾惡漸盛。非大人器故無輪王。此王由輪旋轉應導威伏一切名轉輪王。施設足中說有四種。金銀銅鐵。如其次第。勝上中下。逆次能王領一二三四洲謂鐵輪王王一洲界。銅輪王二。銀輪王三。若金輪王王四洲界。契經就勝但說金輪故。契經言。若王生在剎帝利種。紹灑頂位。於十五日受齋戒時。沐浴首身受勝齋戒。非高臺殿。臣僚輔翼。東方忽有金輪寶現。其輪千輻。具足轂輞。眾相圓淨。如巧匠成。舒妙光明。來應王所。此王定是金轉輪王。餘轉輪王應知亦爾。如是所說四種輪王威定諸方亦有差別。謂金輪者。諸小國王。各自來迎。作如是請。我等國土寬廣豐饒安隱富樂多諸人眾。唯願天尊親垂教勅。我等皆是天尊翼從。若銀輪王自往彼土威嚴近至彼方臣伏。若銅輪王至彼國已宣威競德彼方椎勝。若鐵輪王亦至彼國現威列陣剋勝便止。一切輪王皆無傷害。令伏得勝已各安其所居。勸化令修十善業道故。輪王死定得生天。云何四洲。東勝身洲。南贍部洲。西牛貨洲。北俱盧洲。十善業道者。廣如瑜伽雜集論說。十惡業道所有果相翻彼即是十善業道。

Sūtra: “If this person again…” to “…like a mighty champion.” Sixth, the gods and humans who receive bliss. This means that through hearing the name of Bhaiṣajyaguru Tathāgata, when their life ends they are born in the heavens. Although this person has not yet been born in the pure land, they are still a person of the positively determined collection and will ultimately attain rebirth there; therefore, this sūtra says: “Although they are born in the heavens, their original roots of virtue are never exhausted, and they will never again be born in any of the evil destinies.” If they were a person of the indeterminate collection, how could their roots of virtue be inexhaustible, and how could they avoid being born in evil destinies? “Original roots of virtue” refers to original supramundane roots of virtue, or the roots of virtue from having heard the name of Bhaiṣajyaguru Tathāgata. Regarding the wheel-turning king (cakravartin): Kośa, fascicle 12 says: “At what time does a wheel-turning king appear in the world? How many kinds are there, how many appear simultaneously, and with what majesty and characteristics? When the lifespan of humans in this continent ranges from immeasurable years down to 80,000 years, a wheel-turning king is born. When it decreases below 80,000 years, the wealth, happiness, and lifespan of sentient beings diminish, and various evils gradually increase; they are not vessels for a great man, so there is no wheel-turning king. Because this king turns the wheel to lead, awe, and subdue all, he is called a wheel-turning king.” The Prajñapti-śāstra says there are four kinds: gold, silver, copper, and iron. In that order, they are superior, high, middling, and low. In reverse order, they rule one, two, three, and four continents. That is to say, an iron-wheel king rules a realm of one continent; a copper-wheel king rules two; a silver-wheel king rules three; and if he is a gold-wheel king, he rules a realm of four continents. The sūtra speaks only of the golden wheel in terms of superiority. Therefore the sūtra says: “If a king is born into the kṣatriya caste, succeeds to the anointed throne, and on the fifteenth day observes the fast-day vows, washes his head and body, takes the superior fast-day vows, and mounts a high palace tower flanked by ministers and assistants, then in the eastern direction there suddenly appears a precious golden wheel. Its wheel has a thousand spokes, fully equipped with hub and rim, all its marks perfect and clear, as if fashioned by a skilled artisan. Emitting wondrous radiance, it comes before the king. This king is definitely a golden wheel-turning king.” The other wheel-turning kings should be understood likewise. In this manner, the majesty with which the four kinds of wheel-turning kings subdue the various directions also differs: for the gold-wheel king, the kings of all the small nations come of their own accord to welcome him and make this request: “Our realms are vast, abundant, peaceful, prosperous, and full of people. We only pray that the heavenly sovereign personally deign to instruct us; we are all the heavenly sovereign's retinue.” For a silver-wheel king, he goes to that land himself, and when his majesty approaches, that region submits. For a copper-wheel king, after he arrives in that country, he proclaims his majesty and contends in virtue, and only then does that region yield. For an iron-wheel king, he also arrives in that country, displays his might, arrays his troops, and ceases as soon as he conquers. All wheel-turning kings cause no harm; after subduing and conquering them, they settle each in their dwelling place and exhort and transform them to practice the ten paths of wholesome action; therefore, upon death, a wheel-turning king is certain to be born in heaven. What are the four continents? Pūrvavideha in the east, Jambudvīpa in the south, Aparagodānīya in the west, and Uttarakuru in the north. Regarding the ten paths of wholesome action: they are explained in detail in the Yogācāra and Abhidharma-samuccaya treatises. Flipping the characteristics of the fruits of the ten unwholesome paths of action constitutes the ten paths of wholesome action.