維摩經疏 1.13

1.13

下利他中開閉一切諸惡趣門。自無惡因。三途修羅是其惡趣。諸業煩惱通人趣入名惡趣門。聖道遮防稱曰開閉。而生道以現其身隨物現授。三塗人天是其五道。若分修羅道別有六。初入名生。終出名現。為大醫下隨生攝益。為大醫王療治眾病。總明化益。能治曰醫。自在稱王。醫王中勝故名為大。下別顯之。應病與藥量宣授法。貪教不淨。瞋教慈心。如是等也。令得服行勸物修習。令得服者。教起聞思攝受法也。令得行者。教使依法起修行也。

Below, in parārtha, "opening and closing all gates to the evil destinies": they themselves have no evil causes. The three bad paths and the asuras are the evil destinies. The various karmas and kleśas leading people to enter them are called "gates to the evil destinies." The noble path warding them off is designated as "opening and closing." "And taking birth in the paths to manifest their bodies" means manifesting and conferring [teachings] according to beings. The three bad paths, humans, and devas are the five destinies; if asuras are divided, there are distinctively six. Initial entry is called "taking birth"; final emerging is called "manifesting." From "acting as a great king of physicians" onward, they gather and benefit [beings] according to their births. "Acting as a great king of physicians to heal all illnesses" universally clarifies the benefit of conversion. Being able to heal is called "physician"; sovereign is called "king." Being supreme among kings of physicians, it is called "great." Below, it is specifically revealed: "providing medicine according to the illness" means preaching and conferring dharmas according to measure—for greed, teaching impurity; for anger, teaching maitrī; and so forth. "Causing them to take and practice it" means encouraging beings to cultivate. "Causing them to take" means teaching them to give rise to hearing and contemplating so as to assimilate the Dharma; "causing them to practice" means teaching them to arouse practice in accordance with the Dharma.