四分戒本疏卷第一．第二．第三 3.76

3.76

"If a bhikṣu receives food and eats at an improper time, it is a prāyaścittika." / In this full text of the precept, there are four clauses: first, the offender; second, the improper time; third, eating; fourth, the assignment of the offense. The first clause is clear. Second, "improper time": from midday until the break of dawn has not yet appeared. Third, "food": the Vinaya states: "There are two kinds of food: khādanīya food and bhojanīya food." The Mahāsāṃghika Vinaya says: "First, the five principal foods; second, foods other than the principal foods. Branches, leaves, flowers, fruits, and finely ground grains are called khādanīya." The Samantapāsādikā says: "Khādanīya food includes rice and wheat made into cooked rice, parched barley flour, and the like. Bhojanīya is all fruits." Fourth, "prāyaścittika": this is the clause assigning the offense for transgression. Therefore the Vinaya states: "If one eats at an improper time, with each swallow one falls [into an offense]. If it is an improper-time broth and the break of dawn appears, or if it is seven-day medicine exceeding seven days, all constitute offenses." This is because one eats food past the time, and because when medicine exceeds its limit, the reception is lost. If it is lifetime medicine taken without the appropriate conditions, one incurs a duṣkṛta. The Vinaya states: "Regarding non-offense: preparing black rock-sugar mixed with rice as a procedure; if one has an illness requiring limited medicine, when the time has passed, boiling wheat so that the skin does not break and filtering the juice to drink; if [food] comes up in the throat and is swallowed back down, there is no offense. If five or six sick persons miss their meal and their bellies feel empty and faint, it is permitted [to relieve them]: if anointing the body with ghee does not cure it, anointing the body with flour still does not cure it, anointing with ghee mixed with parched barley flour still does not cure it, and washing with hot broth does not cure it, filling a jar with meat broth and having them sit in it—such methods are sufficient; until dawn, one must not eat any past the time."