四分戒本疏卷第一．第二．第三 3.80

3.80

"If a bhikṣu puts unoffered food or medicine into his mouth, except for water and a tooth-stick, it is a prāyaścittika." This complete precept text has five clauses: first, the offender; second, not offered; third, the nature of the food; fourth, the exceptions; fifth, fixing the offense. In analyzing the characteristics, the first clause is obvious. Second, regarding "not offered": the Vinaya states that it refers to what another person has not given and what has not been received. There are five kinds of receiving: 1. hand giving to hand receiving; 2. hand giving to an object held receiving; 3. an object held giving to hand receiving; 4. an object held giving to an object held receiving; 5. if handed over at a distance, both giver and receiver aware that there is no obstruction between them, falling into the hand—this is it. There are also another five kinds: 1. body giving to body receiving; 2. robe giving to robe receiving; 3. bent elbow giving to bent elbow receiving; 4. vessel giving to vessel receiving; 5. if there is a reason, setting it on the ground to give. These are the five. Third, "food" clarifies the substance of what is eaten. The Vinaya states that khādanīya, edible roots, fine flour, ground meal, and the five staple foods, and so forth, constitute the substance of food. Fourth, "except for water and a tooth-stick" clarifies the exceptions. The Mahāsāṃghika Vinaya states: If one swallows the juice of a tooth-stick, it must be offered; turbid water must be offered; snow and hail must also be offered. The Mahīśāsaka Vinaya states: If water is naturally salty and no salt has been added, it is permitted to drink it without receiving it; furthermore, if water is naturally yellow, drinking it by oneself is not an offense. Fifth, "prāyaścittika" is the clause fixing the offense. The Vinaya states: If one takes unoffered food as above, an offense is incurred with every swallow. The Vinaya-vibhāṣā states: If one who has broken the precepts, is expelled, lives separately, is subject to the thirteen disqualifications, has had the three formal acts of suspension, dismissal, or probation imposed on them, or who is undergoing penance offers clean food, if one takes that food, it does not count as receiving it. The Mahīśāsaka Vinaya states: Receiving from a human counts; receiving from a non-human or an animal does not count. If in a wilderness where there is no kappiya-kāraka, one is permitted to wash and heat the vessel oneself and put in water; the kappiya-kāraka puts in rice and one cooks it oneself; when cooked, one receives it from another. The Mahāsāṃghika Vinaya states: When traveling in the wilderness, food is received on an ox. A long sack with connecting cords is tied and placed upon the ox once each day; people must not touch it. When the time comes, one bhikṣu pulls the cord and another bhikṣu receives and takes it, saying aloud, "Received, received," and so forth. The Sarvāstivāda Vinaya states: If a flying bird comes and pecks a bite away, one merely discards what was pecked and received; the remainder can be eaten. The Samantapāsādikā states: Devas, humans, ghosts, spirits, animals, and flying birds all count [for giving]. Furthermore, if dust falls into the bowl, remove what can be removed; the rest is no offense; if it is fine [dust], have it received again. If in an emergency of illness, due to defecation or urination, one may take ash and soil oneself. The Sarvāstivāda Vinaya states: One is permitted to carry food on a pole while traveling, not letting people see it; when eating, one should step off the path, take a handful, and eat it without it being offered—this is for uninhabited places. If in an inhabited place, one carries one's own provisions, but it must be purified by another. Furthermore, in mountainous wildernesses where there are no people and one cannot travel back and forth within the day, one should for seven days personally take rice that has been purified beforehand. The Mahāsāṃghika Vinaya states: If there is heat in the mouth producing sores, and one needs to swallow the juice of a tooth-stick, it should be received; if accidentally swallowed, there is no offense. If a kappiya-kāraka distributes fruits, salt, and vegetables, one should tell him to drop them from above; if the fruit falls onto the grass and he leaves immediately, it does not count as received; if he pauses briefly, it counts as received. If a kappiya-kāraka is difficult to obtain, one may go to the food place oneself, receive the whole, and distribute it. If the kappiya-kāraka lifts it without it leaving the ground, it also counts as received, but it is a breach of deportment. The Vinaya states: If one takes staple or non-staple food into the mouth by oneself without it being given, a downfall occurs with every swallow. If the time limit of the afternoon or seven days is exceeded, a downfall also occurs. If for one's whole life without reason one eats unoffered food, one commits a duṣkṛta. As for non-offenses: taking pure water or a tooth-stick; or if one does not receive ghee or oil to drop into the nose and it comes out together with saliva, the rest is not a duṣkṛta. While begging for food, if a bird holds food in its beak or the wind blows food into the bowl, remove this food; if it is as much as a fingernail that can be removed, there is no offense.