律戒本疏 1.54

1.54

第一妄語　有呵提比丘。聰明好論。有梵志來欲與亢辨。呵提畏之。誑言。乞食遂云不還。惡名流布。因是結戒。不得妄語。妄語攝四篇五種戒。妄語得過人法犯重。言而不辯。辯而還隱犯偷。以無根謗人四重犯僧殘。僧殘誣人犯墮。墮事誣人突。凡見聞知識疑妄言。不見聞知識。不見聞知識疑妄妄見聞知識疑妄。盡名知而妄語犯墮。以貪悉癡。故知而妄語。爪語與知異。悉是知而妄語犯波逸提也。

First: Lying speech.
There was a monk named Hati who was intelligent and fond of debate. A brahmacārin came wishing to debate him. Hati was afraid of him and spoke falsely, saying he had gone to beg for food and then saying he would not return. An evil reputation spread, and for this reason the precept was established: one must not tell lies. Lying speech encompasses five kinds of precepts across four sections: lying that one has attained superhuman states is a grave offense (pārājika); speaking without making it distinct, or making it distinct and then concealing it, is a sthūlāccaya; slandering someone groundlessly with a pārājika is a saṃghāvaśeṣa; falsely accusing someone of a saṃghāvaśeṣa is an offense of pāyattika; and falsely accusing someone of a pāyattika matter is a duṣkṛta. In general, falsely speaking of what is seen, heard, known, or understood as doubtful; or falsely speaking of what is not seen, heard, known, or understood, or doubtful, as seen, heard, known, or understood—all this is called conscious lying and is an offense of pāyattika. Because of greed, hatred, and delusion, one consciously tells lies; whether joking speech or conscious speech, it is entirely conscious lying and constitutes a pāyattika.