The Institutes of Akbar 73.8

73.8

The following caligraphists are likewise well known: Cufi Nasrullah, also called Cadri ’Iraqi; Arghun ’Abdullah; Khwajah ’Abdullah i Qairafi; Haji Muhammad; Maulana ’Abdullah i Ashpaz; Maulana Muhi of Shiraz; Mu’inuddin i Tanuri; Shamsuddin i Khatai; ’Abdurrahim i Khalili (?); ’Abdulhay; Maulana Ja’far of Tabriz; Maulana Shah of Mashhad; Maulana Ma’ruf of Baghdad; Maulana Shamsuddin i Baysanghur; Mu’inuddin of Farah; Abdulhaq of Sabzwar; Mauláná Ni’matullah i Bawwab; Khajah Manin i Marwaríd, the inventor of variegated papers and sands for strewing on the paper; Sultan Ibrahim, son of Mírzá Shahrukh; Mauláná Muhammad Hakim Hafiz; Mauláná Mahmud Siyáwush; Mauláná Jamáluddin Husain; Mauláná Pir Muhammad; Mauláná Fazlulhaq of Qazwin. A seventh kind of writing is called Ta’liq, which has been derived from the Riqa’ and the Tauqi’. It contains very few straight lines, and was brought to perfection by Khajah Táj i Salmání, who also wrote well the other six characters. Some say that he was the inventor. Of modern caligraphists I may mention: Mauláná ’Abdulhay, the Private Secretary of Sultán Abú Sa’íd Mírzá, who wrote Ta’liq well; Maulana Darwish; Amir Mansúr; Mauláná Ibrahim of Astarábád; Khajah Ikhtiyar; Munshi Jamáluddin; Muhammad of Qazwin; Mauláná Idris; Khajah Muhammad Husain Munshí; and Ashraf Khán, the Private Secretary of His Majesty, who improved the Ta’liq very much.