Nyayasutra 12.23

12.23

viśeṣo bhedo na viśeṣo'viśeṣo'bheda ityarthaḥ | tena samā aviśeṣasamā | tathā cānvarthasaṃjñālabdhaṃ lakṣaṇamanūdyate | ekasya dharmasya kṛtakatvādeḥ pakṣe dṛṣṭānte copapattyā sattvena pakṣadṛṣṭāntayoranityatvenā viśeṣe vādinocyamāne sarveṣāmaviśeṣaprasaṅgāt pratyavasthānamaviśeṣasametyarthaḥ | nanu kathaṃ sarvāviśeṣa ityata āha-sadbhāvopapatteḥ | satāṃ prāmāṇikāṇāṃ bhāvānāṃ vā ye dharmāḥ prameyatvavācyatvasattvabhāvatvādayastadupapatterityarthaḥ | ekapadena yatkiñcit sādhāraṇadharmamātramuktam | tena sādhāraṇadharmamātrasyāniṣṭāpādanasāmarthyamityabhimānena yat kiñcitpakṣadṛṣṭāntasādhāraṇadharmāṇaṃ viśeṣaḥ syāt | tathā ca tādātmye pakṣādyavibhāgastajjātīyatvena viśeṣe jātisaṅkaraḥ | viruddhajātyoḥ samāveśāṅgīkāre virodhaścetyādi | utkarṣasamānyāvṛttyarthaṃ yatkiñciditi | tatra sādhyasādhanābhyāmeva prasañjanamatra tu yena kenāpīti pratidharmeṇāpratyavasthānācca na sādharmyasamāsāṅkaryamapi | nāpi vikalpasamāsaṃbhedaḥ | vikalpenānupakramādanupasaṃhārācceti | sarvadoṣadeśanābhāsā ceyam |